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Du X, Osoro EK, Chen Q, Yan X, Gao D, Wu L, Ren J, Feng L, Wu N, Lu K, Yang X, Zhong B, Han Y, Zhang F, Li D, Lan X, Lu S. Pdcd4 promotes lipid deposition by attenuating PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 545:111562. [PMID: 35051553 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. The involvement of programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) in inflammation and metabolic diseases has been widely reported. However, the precise regulatory role of Pdcd4 in hepatocytic lipid metabolism and NAFLD is not well known. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We established a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD (HFD-NAFLD) rat model and a free fatty acids (FFAs)-treated cell model, and analyzed the expression and distribution of PDCD4. The lentivirus for Pdcd4 knockout and the vector for Pdcd4 overexpression were used to alter Pdcd4 expression in BRL 3A cells. Thereafter, lipid accumulation, FA metabolic gene expression, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα)-dependent peroxisomal β-oxidation-related gene expression, especially that of the critical transcription factors and enzymes acyl-CoA oxidases 1-3 (Acox1-3), were detected both at the mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS PDCD4 expression increased and it was mainly distributed in hepatocyte nuclei of the HFD-NAFLD rats. as well as the FFAs-treated CBRH-7919 and BRL 3A cell lines. Pdcd4 knockout significantly suppressed FFAs-induced lipid accumulation, and Pdcd4 overexpression accelerated FFAs-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Mechanistically, Pdcd4 negatively regulated the expression Pparα and Acox1-3. In addition, rescue experiments confirmed that Pparα knockdown could attenuate the expression of Acox1-3 in Pdcd4 knockout cells, which ultimately restored lipid deposition to normal levels. PPARα expression decreased in the liver of the HFD-NAFLD rats. The enrichment of PDCD4 in hepatocyte nuclei correlated with lower PPARα expression after FFAs treatment in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the abundance of PDCD4 under high-fat conditions facilitates hepatocellular lipid accumulation by decreasing PPARα-dependent FA peroxisomal β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ezra Kombo Osoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Litao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Kaikai Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.
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Hennessy EJ. LncRNAs and Cardiovascular Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1363:71-95. [PMID: 35220566 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92034-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of RNA molecule emerged from human transcriptome sequencing studies termed long non-coding RNAs. These RNA molecules differ from other classes of non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs in their sizes, sequence motifs and structures. Studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs play a prominent role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. They provide the cell with tiered levels of gene regulation interacting with DNA, other RNA molecules or proteins acting in various capacities to control a variety of cellular mechanisms. Cell specificity is a hallmark of lncRNA studies and they have been identified in macrophages, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and hepatocytes. Recent lncRNA studies have uncovered functional micropeptides encoded within lncRNA genes that can have a different function to the lncRNA. Disease associated mutations in the genome tend to occur in non-coding regions signifying the importance of non-coding genes in disease associations. There is a great deal of work to be done in the non-coding RNA field and tremendous therapeutic potential due to their cell type specificity. A better understanding of the functions and interactions of lncRNAs will inevitably have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Hennessy
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kim M, Huda MN, O'Connor A, Albright J, Durbin-Johnson B, Bennett BJ. Hepatic transcriptional profile reveals the role of diet and genetic backgrounds on metabolic traits in female progenitor strains of the Collaborative Cross. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:173-192. [PMID: 33818129 PMCID: PMC8424536 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00140.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have provided critical mechanistic understandings of clinical traits underlying metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and susceptibility to MetSyn in mice is known to vary among inbred strains. We investigated the diet- and strain-dependent effects on metabolic traits in the eight Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains (A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ). Liver transcriptomics analysis showed that both atherogenic diet and host genetics have profound effects on the liver transcriptome, which may be related to differences in metabolic traits observed between strains. We found strain differences in circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentration and liver triglyceride content, both of which are traits associated with metabolic diseases. Using a network approach, we identified a module of transcripts associated with TMAO and liver triglyceride content, which was enriched in functional pathways. Interrogation of the module related to metabolic traits identified NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), a gene for a key enzyme in the production of reactive oxygen species, which showed a strong association with plasma TMAO and liver triglyceride. Interestingly, Nox4 was identified as the highest expressed in the C57BL/6J and NZO/HILtJ strains and the lowest expressed in the CAST/EiJ strain. Based on these results, we suggest that there may be genetic variation in the contribution of Nox4 to the regulation of plasma TMAO and liver triglyceride content. In summary, we show that liver transcriptomic analysis identified diet- or strain-specific pathways for metabolic traits in the Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsuk Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
- USDA-ARS-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - M Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
- USDA-ARS-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Annalouise O'Connor
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Jody Albright
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | | | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
- USDA-ARS-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
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Berihulay H, Li Y, Gebrekidan B, Gebreselassie G, Liu X, Jiang L, Ma Y. Whole Genome Resequencing Reveals Selection Signatures Associated With Important Traits in Ethiopian Indigenous Goat Populations. Front Genet 2019; 10:1190. [PMID: 31850061 PMCID: PMC6892828 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia is considered as the main gateway for the introduction of livestock species, including goat, to the African continent. Ethiopian goats are characterized by their unique adaptive ability, and different physical characteristics in terms of morphology, body size, coat colors, and other important traits. The comparative population genomic analysis provides useful genomic information associated with important traits. Whole-genome resequencing of 44 Ethiopian indigenous goats produced 16 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as 123,577 insertions and deletions. Specifically, 11,137,576, 10,760,581, 10,833,847, 12,229,657 and 10,749,996 putative SNPs were detected in Abergelle, Afar, Begait, Central Highland and Meafure goat populations, respectively. In this study, we used population differentiation (FST) and pooled heterozygosity (HP) Cbased approaches. From the FST analysis, we identified 480 outlier windows. The HP approach detected 108 and 205 outlier windows for Abergelle, and Begait, respectively. About 11 and 5 genes under selective signals were common for both approaches that were associated with important traits. After genome annotation, we found 41 Gene ontology (GO) terms (12 in biological processes, 8 in cellular components and 11 in the molecular function) and 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Several of the candidate genes are involved in the reproduction, body weight, fatty acids, and disease related traits. Our investigation contributes to deliver valuable genetic information and paves the way to design conservation strategy, breed management, genetic improvement, and utilization programs. The genomic resources generated in the study will offer an opportunity for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haile Berihulay
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yefang Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Berihu Gebrekidan
- College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Xuexue Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fang J, Li Y, Zhang J, Yan M, Li J, Bao S, Jin T. Correlation between polymorphisms in microRNA-regulated genes and cervical cancer susceptibility in a Xinjiang Uygur population. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31758-31764. [PMID: 28423658 PMCID: PMC5458245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to cervical cancer (CC) in a Xinjiang Uygur population. Ten SNPs in eight miRNA-regulated genes were selected for analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to detect correlations between SNPs and CC. We found that minor allele "C" of rs512715 in NEAT1 was associated with an increased risk of CC in the allele, codominant, dominant, overdominant and log-additive models. Minor allele "C" of rs4777498 in CELF6 was associated with an increased risk of CC in the recessive model. Minor allele "C" of rs3094 in RNASE4 was associated with increased risk of CC in the allele, dominant and log-additive models. In clinical stage III/IV CC patients, minor allele "C" of rs3094 in RNASE4 and minor allele "C" of rs8004334 in JDP2 were associated with increased risk. In subtype squamous carcinoma CC patients, minor allele "C" of rs512715 in NEAT1 and minor allele "C" of rs3094 in RNASE4 were associated with increased risk. In subtype adenocarcinoma CC patients, minor allele "C" of rs3094 in RNASE was associated with increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Mengdan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Shan Bao
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
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6
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Ananthanarayanan M. A novel long noncoding RNA regulating cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis: A new kid on the block and a potential therapeutic target? Hepatology 2016; 64:16-8. [PMID: 26926771 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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7
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Lan X, Yan J, Ren J, Zhong B, Li J, Li Y, Liu L, Yi J, Sun Q, Yang X, Sun J, Meng L, Zhu W, Holmdahl R, Li D, Lu S. A novel long noncoding RNA Lnc-HC binds hnRNPA2B1 to regulate expressions of Cyp7a1 and Abca1 in hepatocytic cholesterol metabolism. Hepatology 2016; 64:58-72. [PMID: 26663205 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholesterol metabolism disorder in hepatocytes predicts a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical players in cellular cholesterol metabolism, but their functions are not systematically clarified. Here, we have identified a novel lncRNA named lnc-HC negatively regulating cholesterol metabolism within hepatocytes through physical interaction with hnRNPA2B1. By further binding to the target messenger RNA of Cyp7a1 or Abca1, the lnc-HC-hnRNPA2B1 complex decreases expressions of the two genes that are implicated in cellular cholesterol excretion. lnc-HC knockdown can strongly recover the cholesterol disorder in vivo. In the upstream pathway, lnc-HC is up-regulated by high cholesterol by the transcription activator, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a subtle feed-forward regulation of lnc-HC in cholesterol metabolism and define a novel line of evidence by which lncRNAs modulate the metabolic system at the post-transcriptional level. (Hepatology 2016;64:58-72).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jidong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhu Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
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