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Oñate W, Ramos-Zurita E, Pallo JP, Manzano S, Ayala P, Garcia MV. NIR-Based Electronic Platform for Glucose Monitoring for the Prevention and Control of Diabetes Mellitus. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4190. [PMID: 39000969 PMCID: PMC11243983 DOI: 10.3390/s24134190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The glucose level in the blood is measured through invasive methods, causing discomfort in the patient, loss of sensitivity in the area where the sample is obtained, and healing problems. This article deals with the design, implementation, and evaluation of a device with an ESP-WROOM-32D microcontroller with the application of near-infrared photospectroscopy technology that uses a diode array that transmits between 830 nm and 940 nm to measure glucose levels in the blood. In addition, the system provides a webpage for the monitoring and control of diabetes mellitus for each patient; the webpage is hosted on a local Linux server with a MySQL database. The tests are conducted on 120 people with an age range of 35 to 85 years; each person undergoes two sample collections with the traditional method and two with the non-invasive method. The developed device complies with the ranges established by the American Diabetes Association: presenting a measurement error margin of close to 3% in relation to traditional blood glucose measurement devices. The purpose of the study is to design and evaluate a device that uses non-invasive technology to measure blood glucose levels. This involves constructing a non-invasive glucometer prototype that is then evaluated in a group of participants with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Oñate
- Carrera de Electrónica y Automatización, Universidad Politecnica Salesiana (UPS), Quito 170146, Ecuador
| | - Edwin Ramos-Zurita
- Faculty of Systems, Electronics and Industrial Engineering, Universidad Tecnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato 180206, Ecuador
| | - Juan-Pablo Pallo
- Faculty of Systems, Electronics and Industrial Engineering, Universidad Tecnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato 180206, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Manzano
- Faculty of Systems, Electronics and Industrial Engineering, Universidad Tecnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato 180206, Ecuador
| | - Paulina Ayala
- Faculty of Systems, Electronics and Industrial Engineering, Universidad Tecnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato 180206, Ecuador
| | - Marcelo V Garcia
- Faculty of Systems, Electronics and Industrial Engineering, Universidad Tecnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato 180206, Ecuador
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática, University of the Basque Country, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Fuentes P, Bernabeu E, Bertera F, Garces M, Oppezzo J, Zubillaga M, Evelson P, Jimena Salgueiro M, Moretton MA, Höcht C, Chiappetta DA. Dual strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of efavirenz employing nanomicelles and curcumin as a bio-enhancer. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123734. [PMID: 38142017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was focused on the development of Soluplus®-based nanomicelles (NMs) (10 % w/v) loaded with Efavirenz (EFV) (5 mg/mL) and Curcumin (natural bio-enhancer) (CUR) (5, 10 and 15 mg/mL) to improve the oral bioavalability of EFV. Micellar formulations were obtained employing an acetone-diffusion technique. Apparent aqueous solubility was increased up to ∼1250-fold and 25,000-fold for EFV and CUR, respectively. Drug-loaded nanoformulations showed an excellent colloidal stability with unimodal size distribution and PDI values < 0.30. In vitro drug release was 41.5 % (EFV) and 2.6 % (CUR) from EFV-CUR-NMs over 6 h in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. EFV-CUR-loaded NMs resulted as safe nanoformulations according to the in vitro cytocompatibility assays in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, CUR bio-enhancer activity was demonstrated for those nanoformulations. A CUR concentration of 15 mg/mL produced a significant (p < 0.05) increment (2.64-fold) of relative EFV oral bioavailability. Finally, the active role of the lymphatic system in the absorption process of EFV, after its oral administration was assessed in a comparative pharmacokinetic study in presence and absence of cycloheximide, a lymphatic transport inhibitor. Overall our EFV-CUR-NMs denoted their potential as a novel nanotechnological platform, representing a step towards an optimized "nano-sized" therapy for AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fuentes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Bernabeu
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Facundo Bertera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Garces
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Javier Oppezzo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Zubillaga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - María Jimena Salgueiro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Moretton
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Christian Höcht
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Chiappetta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Martins C, Chauhan VM, Selo AA, Al-Natour M, Aylott JW, Sarmento B. Modelling protein therapeutic co-formulation and co-delivery with PLGA nanoparticles continuously manufactured by microfluidics. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Formulating protein therapeutics into nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) provides key features such as protection against clearance, sustained release and less side effects by possible attachment of targeting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Martins
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-393 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
| | - Veeren M. Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2RD Nottingham
- UK
| | - Amjad A. Selo
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2RD Nottingham
- UK
| | - Mohammad Al-Natour
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2RD Nottingham
- UK
| | - Jonathan W. Aylott
- School of Pharmacy
- Boots Science Building
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2RD Nottingham
- UK
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-393 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
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Reynolds J, Ahmmed P, Bozkurt A. An Injectable System for Subcutaneous Photoplethysmography, Accelerometry, and Thermometry in Animals. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:825-834. [PMID: 31217129 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2923153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining physiological data from animals in a non-obtrusive and continuous manner is important to veterinary science. This paper demonstrates the design and deployment of a miniaturized capsule-based system for subdermal injection to provide real-time and continuous heart-rate, movement, and core-body-temperature measurements. The presented device incorporates sensors for photoplethysmography, motion detection, and temperature measurements. A bluetooth-low-energy enabled microcontroller configures the sensors, digitizes the sensor information, and wirelessly connects with external devices. The device is powered by a CR425 battery for this paper, and various other battery solutions are available based upon the use case. The design uses only commercially available integrated circuits in order to reduce the development cost and be modular. The encapsulation is a combination of medical epoxy and poly(methyl methacrylate) that fits within a 6-gauge hypodermic needle. The preliminary evaluation of the device included an in vitro assessment of its thermal response and measurement accuracy, the impact of one-month implantation on surrounding tissue, the power consumption with duty cycling of various sensors, and a measurement of physiological signals in a rat and a chicken. Having a form factor and implantation method similar to existing devices for animals, this novel system is a useful platform for both scientists and veterinarians to better study a diverse range of animals.
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Martins C, Araújo F, Gomes MJ, Fernandes C, Nunes R, Li W, Santos HA, Borges F, Sarmento B. Using microfluidic platforms to develop CNS-targeted polymeric nanoparticles for HIV therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 138:111-124. [PMID: 29397261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses the brain as reservoir, which turns it as a promising target to fight this pathology. Nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) are potential carriers of anti-HIV drugs to the brain, since most of these antiretrovirals, as efavirenz (EFV), cannot surpass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Forasmuch as the conventional production methods lack precise control over the final properties of particles, microfluidics emerged as a prospective alternative. This study aimed at developing EFV-loaded PLGA NPs through a conventional and microfluidic method, targeted to the BBB, in order to treat HIV neuropathology. Compared to the conventional method, NPs produced through microfluidics presented reduced size (73 nm versus 133 nm), comparable polydispersity (around 0.090), less negative zeta-potential (-14.1 mV versus -28.0 mV), higher EFV association efficiency (80.7% versus 32.7%) and higher drug loading (10.8% versus 3.2%). The microfluidics-produced NPs also demonstrated a sustained in vitro EFV release (50% released within the first 24 h). NPs functionalization with a transferrin receptor-binding peptide, envisaging BBB targeting, proved to be effective concerning nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (δ = -0.008 ppm; δ = -0.017 ppm). NPs demonstrated to be safe to BBB endothelial and neuron cells (metabolic activity above 70%), as well as non-hemolytic (1-2% of hemolysis, no morphological alterations on erythrocytes). Finally, functionalized nanosystems were able to interact more efficiently with BBB cells, and permeability of EFV associated with NPs through a BBB in vitro model was around 1.3-fold higher than the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Araújo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP - Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Nunes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Wei Li
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP - Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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Aernouts B, Sharma S, Gellynck K, Vlaminck L, Cornelissen M, Saeys W. Near-infrared bulk optical properties of goat wound tissue and human serum: consequences for an implantable optical glucose sensor. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1033-1043. [PMID: 26645103 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a promising technological platform for continuous glucose monitoring in the human body. Moreover, these measurements could be performed in vivo with an implantable single-chip based optical sensor. However, a thin tissue layer may grow in the optical path of the sensor. As most biological tissues are highly scattering, they only allow a small fraction of the collimated light to pass, significantly reducing the light throughput. To quantify the effect of a thin tissue layer in the optical path, the bulk optical properties of serum and tissue samples grown on implanted dummy sensors were characterized using double integrating sphere and unscattered transmittance measurements. The estimated bulk optical properties were then used to calculate the light attenuation through a thin tissue layer. The combination band of glucose was found to be the better option, relative to the first overtone band, as the absorptivity of glucose molecules is higher, while the reduction in unscattered transmittance due to tissue growth is less. Additionally, as the wound tissue was found to be highly scattering, the unscattered transmittance of the tissue layer is expected to be very low. Therefore, a sensor configuration which measures the diffuse transmittance and/or reflectance instead was recommended. (a) Dummy sensor; (b) explanted dummy sensor in tissue lump; (c) removal of dummy sensor from tissue lump; and (d) 900 µm slices of tissue lump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Aernouts
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien Gellynck
- Ghent University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, De Pintelaan 185 B3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Ghent University, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maria Cornelissen
- Ghent University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, De Pintelaan 185 B3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Van De Walle E, Van Nieuwenhove I, Vanderleyden E, Declercq H, Gellynck K, Schaubroeck D, Ottevaere H, Thienpont H, De Vos WH, Cornelissen M, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Polydopamine-Gelatin as Universal Cell-Interactive Coating for Methacrylate-Based Medical Device Packaging Materials: When Surface Chemistry Overrules Substrate Bulk Properties. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:56-68. [PMID: 26568299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite its widespread application in the fields of ophthalmology, orthopedics, and dentistry and the stringent need for polymer packagings that induce in vivo tissue integration, the full potential of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and its derivatives as medical device packaging material has not been explored yet. We therefore elaborated on the development of a universal coating for methacrylate-based materials that ideally should reveal cell-interactivity irrespective of the polymer substrate bulk properties. Within this perspective, the present work reports on the UV-induced synthesis of PMMA and its more flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based derivative (PMMAPEG) and its subsequent surface decoration using polydopamine (PDA) as well as PDA combined with gelatin B (Gel B). Successful application of both layers was confirmed by multiple surface characterization techniques. The cell interactivity of the materials was studied by performing live-dead assays and immunostainings of the cytoskeletal components of fibroblasts. It can be concluded that only the combination of PDA and Gel B yields materials possessing similar cell interactivities, irrespective of the physicochemical properties of the underlying substrate. The proposed coating outperforms both the PDA functionalized and the pristine polymer surfaces. A universal cell-interactive coating for methacrylate-based medical device packaging materials has thus been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Van De Walle
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ine Van Nieuwenhove
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Els Vanderleyden
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University , De Pintelaan 185 6B3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Karolien Gellynck
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University , De Pintelaan 185 6B3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - David Schaubroeck
- Center for Microsystems Technology (CMST), Imec and Ghent University , Technologiepark 914A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- B-PHOT Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- B-PHOT Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University , Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Cornelissen
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University , De Pintelaan 185 6B3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.,B-PHOT Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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