Up-regulation of miR-138 inhibits hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via down-regulating lipocalin-2 expression

Role of LCN2 in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia and in peripheral artery disease patients, and its potential regulation by miR-138-5P

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a leading cause of morbimortality worldwide. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been associated with higher risk of amputation or mortality in PAD and might be involved in muscle regeneration. Our aim is to unravel the role of LCN2 in skeletal muscle repair and PAD.

METHODS AND RESULTS

WT and Lcn2-/- mice underwent hindlimb ischemia. Blood and crural muscles were analyzed at the inflammatory and regenerative phases. At day 2, Lcn2-/- male mice, but not females, showed increased blood and soleus muscle neutrophils, and elevated circulating pro-inflammatory monocytes (p < 0.05), while locally, total infiltrating macrophages were reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, Lcn2-/- soleus displayed an elevation of Cxcl1 (p < 0.001), and Cxcr2 (p < 0.01 in males), and a decrease in Ccl5 (p < 0.05). At day 15, Lcn2 deficiency delayed muscle recovery, with higher density of regenerating myocytes (p < 0.04) and arterioles (αSMA+, p < 0.025). Reverse target prediction analysis identified miR-138-5p as a potential regulator of LCN2, showing an inverse correlation with Lcn2 mRNA in skeletal muscles (rho = -0.58, p < 0.01). In vitro, miR-138-5p mimic reduced Lcn2 expression and luciferase activity in murine macrophages (p < 0.05). Finally, in human serum miR-138-5p was inversely correlated with LCN2 (p ≤ 0.001 adjusted, n = 318), and associated with PAD (Odds ratio 0.634, p = 0.02, adjusted, PAD n = 264, control n = 54).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests a possible dual role of LCN2 in acute and chronic conditions, with a probable role in restraining inflammation early after skeletal muscle ischemia, while being associated with vascular damage in PAD, and identifies miR-138-5p as one potential post-transcriptional regulator of LCN2.

Lipocalin-2: a therapeutic target to overcome neurodegenerative diseases by regulating reactive astrogliosis

Glial cell activation precedes neuronal cell death during brain aging and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Under neuroinflammatory stress conditions, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin or 24p3, is produced and secreted by activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Lcn2 expression levels are known to be increased in various cells, including reactive astrocytes, through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the central nervous system, as LCN2 exerts neurotoxicity when secreted from reactive astrocytes, many researchers have attempted to identify various strategies to inhibit LCN2 production, secretion, and function to minimize neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. These strategies include regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels, as well as blocking its functions using neutralizing antibodies or antagonists of its receptor. The suppression of NF-κB signaling is a strategy to inhibit LCN2 production, but it may also affect other cellular activities, raising questions about its effectiveness and feasibility. Recently, LCN2 was found to be a target of the autophagy‒lysosome pathway. Therefore, autophagy activation may be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the levels of secreted LCN2 and overcome neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focused on research progress on astrocyte-derived LCN2 in the central nervous system.

Voluntary running exercise modifies astrocytic population and features in the peri-infarct cortex

Rehabilitative exercise following a brain stroke has beneficial effects on the morphological plasticity of neurons. Particularly, voluntary running exercise after focal cerebral ischemia promotes functional recovery and ameliorates ischemia-induced dendritic spine loss in the peri-infarct motor cortex layer 5. Moreover, neuronal morphology is affected by changes in the perineuronal environment. Glial cells, whose phenotypes may be altered by exercise, are known to play a pivotal role in the formation of this perineuronal environment. Herein, we investigated the effects of voluntary running exercise on glial cells after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Voluntary running exercise increased the population of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes born between post-operative days (POD) 0 and 3 on POD15 in the peri-infarct cortex. After exercise, transcriptomic analysis of post-ischemic astrocytes revealed 10 upregulated and 70 downregulated genes. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis showed that the 70 downregulated genes were significantly associated with neuronal morphology. In addition, exercise reduced the number of astrocytes expressing lipocalin 2, a regulator of dendritic spine density, on POD15. Our results suggest that exercise modifies the composition of astrocytic population and their phenotype.

Lipocalin-2: Structure, function, distribution and role in metabolic disorders

Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a novel, 198 amino acid adipocytokine also referred to as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). LCN-2 is a circulatory protein responsible for the transportation of small and hydrophobic molecules (steroid, free fatty acids, prostaglandins and hormones) to target organs after binding to megalin/glycoprotein and GP330 SLC22A17 or 24p3R LCN-2 receptors. LCN-2 has been used as a biomarker for acute and chronic renal injury. It is present in a large variety of cells including neutrophil, hepatocytes, lung, bone marrow, adipose tissue, macrophages, thymus, non-neoplastic breast duct, prostate, and renal cells. Different functions have been associated with LCN-2. These functions include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and protection against cell and tissue stress. Moreover, LCN-2 can increase the pool of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in human neutrophil granulocytes. Other reported functions of LCN-2 include its ability to destroy the extracellular matrix, which could enable cancer progression and spread of metastasis. Recent reports show that the tissue level of LCN-2 is increased in metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, suggesting an association between LCN-2 and insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. The precise role of LCN-2 in the modulation of insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism is still unclear. This review explores the structure of LCN-2, tissue distribution, and its interaction with important metabolic pathways.

MicroRNAs as monitoring markers for right-sided heart failure and congestive hepatopathy

The last decades showed a worrying increase in the evolution of cardiovascular diseases towards different stages of heart failure (HF), as a stigma of the western lifestyle. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), non-coding RNAs, which are approximately 22-nucleotide long, were shown to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of HF. miRNAs research is of high interest nowadays, as these molecules display mechanisms of action that can influence the course of evolution of common chronic diseases, including HF. The potential of post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs concerning the diagnosis, management, and therapy for HF represents a new promising approach in the accurate assessment of cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to assess the current knowledge of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases, especially right-sided heart failure and hepatomegaly. Moreover, attention is focused on their role as potential molecular biomarkers and more promising aspects involving miRNAs as future therapeutic targets in the pathophysiology of HF.

Biotherapeutic-loaded injectable hydrogels as a synergistic strategy to support myocardial repair after myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) has been considered as the leading cause of cardiovascular-related deaths worldwide. Although traditional therapeutic agents including various bioactive species such as growth factors, stem cells, and nucleic acids have demonstrated somewhat usefulness for the restoration of cardiac functions, the therapeutic efficiency remains unsatisfactory most likely due to the off-target-associated side effects and low localized retention of the used therapeutic agents in the infarcted myocardium, which constitutes a substantial barrier for the effective treatment of MI. Injectable hydrogels are regarded as a minimally invasive technology that can overcome the clinical and surgical limitations of traditional stenting by a modulated sol-gel transition and localized transport of a variety of encapsulated cargoes, leading to enhanced therapeutic efficiency and improved patient comfort and compliance. However, the design of injectable hydrogels for myocardial repair and the mechanism of action of bioactive substance-loaded hydrogels for MI repair remain unclear. To elucidate these points, we summarized the recent progresses made on the use of injectable hydrogels for encapsulation of various therapeutic substances for MI treatment with an emphasis on the mechanism of action of hydrogel systems for myocardial repair. Specifically, the pathogenesis of MI and the rational design of injectable hydrogels for myocardial repair were presented. Next, the mechanisms of various biotherapeutic substance-loaded injectable hydrogels for myocardial repair was discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and future prospects for the use of injectable hydrogels for MI treatment were proposed for the purpose of drawing theoretical guidance on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for efficient treatment of MI.

miR-383 reduces keratinocyte proliferation and induces the apoptosis in psoriasis via disruption of LCN2-dependent JAK/STAT pathway activation

Psoriasis is a chronic and relapsing disorder with considerable negative effects on patients' quality of life. The finer details associated with the molecular mechanism of psoriasis and its pathogenesis remain somewhat elusive. Extensive studies have highlighted the crucial role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of psoriasis. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-383 on a psoriasis rat model and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The rat psoriasis model was established via imiquimod (IMQ) induction followed by verification of miR-383 and LCN2 expression in the skin tissues of the models. ELISA was conducted to determine the secretion of inflammatory factors. Keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis. Down-regulation of miR-383 and up-regulation of LCN2 were detected in the psoriasis rat model. Our data indicated that miR-383 targeted LCN2 by binding to its 3'UTR and inhibited JAK/STAT pathway activation. Notably, miR-383 overexpression or LCN2 knockdown attenuated psoriasis-like symptoms, suppressed inflammatory response, reduced the expression of JAK3 and STAT3, ceased keratinocyte proliferation, and promoted the apoptosis. The findings of our study suggest that miR-383 may inhibit LCN2 and inactivate the JAK/STAT pathway, suppressing the progression of psoriasis in a rat model. This study provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis and offered potential targets for psoriasis treatment.

Hyperoside protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia‑induced injury via upregulation of microRNA‑138

Following hypoxia, cardiomyocytes are susceptible to damage, against which microRNA (miR)‑138 may act protectively. Hyperoside (Hyp) is a Chinese herbal medicine with multiple biological functions that serve an important role in cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Hyp in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and its effect on miR‑138. A hypoxia model was established in both H9C2 cells and C57BL/6 mice, which were stimulated by Hyp. The expression levels of miR‑138 were increased in the hypoxic myocardium in the presence of Hyp at concentrations of >50 µmol/l in vivo and >50 mg/kg in vitro. Using Cell Counting Kit‑8 and 5‑ethynyl‑2'‑deoxyuridine assays, it was observed that Hyp improved hypoxia‑induced impairment of cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and a TUNEL assay. The number of apoptotic cells in the Hyp group was lower than that in the control group. As markers of myocardial injury, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase‑myocardial band isoenzyme and malondialdehyde were decreased in the Hyp group compared with the control group, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase were increased. A marked decrease in the levels of cleaved caspase‑3 and cleaved poly(ADP) ribose polymerase and a marked increase in expression levels of Bcl‑2 were observed in the presence of Hyp. However, miR‑138 inhibition by antagomir attenuated the protective effects of Hyp. Furthermore, Hyp treatment was associated with marked downregulation of mixed lineage kinase 3 and lipocalin‑2, but not pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, in hypoxic H9C2 cells. These findings demonstrated that Hyp may be beneficial for myocardial cell survival and may alleviate hypoxic injury via upregulation of miR‑138, thereby representing a promising potential strategy for clinical cardioprotection.

Up-regulating microRNA-138-5p enhances the protective role of dexmedetomidine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury mice via down-regulating Ltb4r1

Both microRNAs (miRs) and dexmedetomidine (Dex) have been verified to exert functional roles in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Given that, we concretely aim to discuss the effects of Dex and miR-138-5p on ventricular remodeling in mice affected by MI/RI via mediating leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (Ltb4r1). MI/RI mouse model was established by ligating left anterior descending coronary artery. The cardiac function, inflammatory factors and collagen fiber contents were detected after Dex/miR-138-5p/Ltb4r1 treatment. MiR-138-5p and Ltb4r1 expression in myocardial tissues were tested by RT-qPCR and western blot assay. The target relationship between miR-138-5p and Ltb4r1 was verified by online software prediction and luciferase activity assay. MiR-138-5p was down-regulated while Ltb4r1 was up-regulated in myocardial tissues of MI/RI mice. Dex improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial damage, reduced inflammatory factor contents, collagen fibers, and Ltb4r1 expression while increased miR-138-5p expression in myocardial tissues of mice with MI/RI. Restored miR-138-5p and depleted Ltb4r1 improved cardiac function, abated inflammatory factor contents, myocardial damage, and content of collagen fibers in MI/RI mice. MiR-138-5p directly targeted Ltb4r1. The work evidence that Dex could ameliorate ventricular remodeling of MI/RI mice by up-regulating miR-138-3p and down-regulating Ltb4r1. Thus, Dex and miR-138-3p/Ltb4r1 may serve as potential targets for the ventricular remodeling of MI/RI.

Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Emodin: As an Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Drug

Emodin is a natural occurring anthraquinone derivative isolated from roots and barks of numerous plants, molds, and lichens. It is found to be an active ingredient in different Chinese herbs including Rheum palmatum and Polygonam multiflorum, and it is a pleiotropic molecule with diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Moreover, emodin has also been shown to have a wide activity of anti-cardiovascular diseases. It is mainly involved in multiple molecular targets such as inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-hypertrophy, anti-fibrosis, anti-oxidative damage, abnormal, and excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells in cardiovascular diseases. As a new type of cardiovascular disease treatment drug, emodin has broad application prospects. However, a large amount of evidences detailing the effect of emodin on many signaling pathways and cellular functions in cardiovascular disease, the overall understanding of its mechanisms of action remains elusive. In addition, by describing the evidence of the effects of emodin in detail, the toxicity and poor oral bioavailability of mice have been continuously discovered. This review aims to describe a timely overview of emodin related to the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The emphasis is to summarize the pharmacological effects of emodin as an anti-cardiovascular drug, as well as the targets and its potential mechanisms. Furthermore, the treatment of emodin compared with conventional cardiovascular drugs or target inhibitors, the toxicity, pharmacokinetics and derivatives of emodin were discussed.

MicroRNA-761 suppresses remodeling of nasal mucosa and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice with chronic rhinosinusitis through LCN2

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by persistent symptomatic inflammation of the nasal passage and sinus mucosa. Various microRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in CRS. Hence, the current study was conducted to explore the effect of microRNA-761 (miR-761) on remodeling of nasal mucosa and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was initially performed to predict the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with CRS. Gene targeting relationship between miR-761 and lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and verified using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Histopathological analyses of the nasal mucosa tissues were conducted via hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and alcian blue (AB)-periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. ELISA was employed to determine the IL-8 and MMP-9 levels. To define downstream pathway of miR-761, levels of proteins related to LCN2/Twist1 signaling pathway were assessed. Additionally, the effects of miR-761 on EMT, proliferation, and apoptosis were determined.

Results

LCN2 was highly expressed in CRS. LCN2 was a target of miR-761. miR-761 overexpression or LCN2 silencing decreased IL-8 and MMP-9 levels and morphological changes in nasal epithelial tissue from CRS mice. Overexpressed miR-761 or silenced LCN2 decreased the expression of LCN2 and Twist1, indicating LCN2/Twist1 signaling pathway was inactivated. Moreover, miR-761 overexpression or LCN2 silencing reduced the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin, while increased that of E-cadherin, suggesting inhibition of EMT. Furthermore, miR-761 overexpression or LCN2 silencing promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in CRS.

Conclusion

Taken together, miR-761 suppressed the remodeling of nasal mucosa through inhibition of LCN2 and the LCN2/Twist1 signaling pathway.

Ticagrelor Enhances Release of Anti-Hypoxic Cardiac Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes Through Increasing Cell Proliferation In Vitro

Despite the widespread clinical use of cardioprotection by long-term direct antagonism of P2Y12 receptor, underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we identify how release of pro-survival exosomes from human cardiac-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (hCPCs) is regulated by clinically relevant dose of ticagrelor (1 μM), an oral selective and reversible non-thienopyridine P2Y₁₂ inhibitor. Ticagrelor-induced enhancement of exosome levels is related to increased mitotic activity of hCPCs. We show a drug-response threshold above which the effects on hCPCs are lost due to higher dose of ticagrelor and larger adenosine levels. While it is known that pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor halts cell proliferation through dephosphorylation of histone H3 residue Ser10, we demonstrate that it also prevents ticagrelor-induced effects on release of cardiac progenitor cell-derived exosomes delivering anti-apoptotic HSP70. Indeed, sustained pre-treatment of cardiomyocytes with exosomes released from explant-derived hCPCs exposed to low-dose ticagrelor attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis through acute phosphorylation of ERK42/44. Our data indicate that ticagrelor can be leveraged to modulate release of anti-hypoxic exosomes from resident hCPCs.

The cross-talk between adipokines and miRNAs in health and obesity-mediated diseases

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies have revealed a direct correlation between obesity and the development of multiple comorbidities, including metabolic diseases, cardiovascular disorders, chronic inflammatory disease, and cancers. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the link between obesity and the progression of these diseases is not completely understood. Adipokines are factors that are secreted by adipocytes and play a key role in whole body homeostasis. Collaboratively, miRNAs are suggested to have key functions in the development of obesity and obesity-related disorders. Based on recently emerging evidence, obesity leads to the dysregulation of both adipokines and obesity-related miRNAs. In the present study, we described the correlations between obesity and its related diseases that are mediated by the mutual regulatory effects of adipokines and miRNAs.

METHODS

We reviewed current knowledge of the modulatory effects of adipokines on miRNAs activity and their relevant functions in pathological conditions and vice versa.

RESULTS

Our research reveals the ability of adipokines and miRNAs to control the expression and activity of the other class of molecules, and their effects on obesity-related diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

This study may help researchers develop a roadmap for future investigations and provide opportunities to develop new therapeutic and diagnostic methods for treating obesity-related diseases.

Exosomes derived from microRNA-138-5p-overexpressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells confer neuroprotection to astrocytes following ischemic stroke via inhibition of LCN2

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in the progression of ischemic stroke (IS) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes play a role in IS therapy. Herein we hypothesized that the BMSCs-derived exosomes containing overexpressed miR-138-5p could protect the astrocytes following IS involved with lipocalin 2 (LCN2).

Methods

The differentially expressed gene related to IS was initially identified by bioinformatics analysis. miR-138-5p was predicted to regulate LCN2. The expression of miR-138-5p and LCN2 was altered in the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced astrocytes. Furthermore, the cell behaviors and inflammatory responses were evaluated both in astrocytes alone and astrocytes co-cultured with exosomes derived from BMSCs overexpressing miR-138-5p to explore the involvement of miR-138-5p and LCN2 in IS. Besides, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was established to explore the effect of BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-138-5p in IS in vivo.

Results

LCN2 was highly expressed in IS. Besides, LCN2 was a target gene of miR-138-5p. BMSCs-derived exosomes could be endocytosed by astrocytes via co-culture. Overexpression of miR-138-5p promoted the proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of astrocytes injured by OGD, accompanied by the reduced expression of inflammatory factors, which was achieved by down-regulating LCN2. More importantly, BMSCs delivered miR-138-5p to the astrocytes via exosomes and BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-138-5p alleviated neuron injury in IS mice.

Conclusion

BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-138-5p reduces neurological impairment by promoting proliferation and inhibiting inflammatory responses of astrocytes following IS by targeting LCN2, which may provide a novel target for IS treatment.

Down-regulation of microRNA-138 improves immunologic function via negatively targeting p53 by regulating liver macrophage in mice with acute liver failure

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been frequently identified as key mediators in almost all developmental and pathological processes, including those in the liver. The present study was conducted with aims of investigating the role of microRNA-138 (miR-138) in acute liver failure (ALF) via a mechanism involving p53 and liver macrophage in a mouse model. The ALF mouse model was established using C57BL/6 male mice via tail vein injection of Concanamycin A (Con A) solution. The relationship between miR-138 and p53 was tested. The mononuclear macrophages were infected with mimic and inhibitor of miR-138 in order to identify roles of miR-138 in p53 and levels of inflammatory factors. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot analysis and ELISA were conducted in order to determine the levels of miR-138, inflammatory factors, and p53 during ALF. The results showed an increase in the levels of miR-138 and inflammatory factors in ALF mice induced by the ConA as time progressed and reached the peak at 12 h following treatment with ConA, while it was on the contrary when it came to the level of p53. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that p53 was a target gene of miR-138. Furthermore, the results from the in vitro transfection experiments in primary macrophages of ALF mouse showed that miR-138 down-regulated p53 and enhanced levels of inflammatory factors; thus, improving immune function in ALF mice. In conclusion, by negatively targeting p53, the decreased miR-138 improves immunologic function by regulating liver macrophage in mouse models of ALF.

LncRNA-LET relieves hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells through regulation of miR-138

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a common cardiovascular disease, occurs when coronary artery blood circularity cannot match with the heart's need. The present work attempted to study the effects of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) low expression in tumor (LET) on the progression of IHD. H9c2 cells were injured by hypoxia to mimic a cell model of IHD. The effects of lncRNA-LET on hypoxia-injured H9c2 cells were tested by using cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. MicroRNA-138 (miR-138) expression was tested by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38MAPK (p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase) proteins was measured by Western blot analysis. We found that hypoxia exposure significantly repressed the viability of H9c2 cells, and induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, phosphorylation of JNK and p38MAPK was enhanced by hypoxia. The expression of lncRNA-LET was repressed by hypoxia. Overexpression of lncRNA-LET attenuated hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells. Moreover, miR-138 was a downstream effector of lncRNA-LET, that miR-138 was highly expressed in lncRNA-LET-overexpressed cell. The cardioprotective effects of lncRNA-LET were abolished when miR-138 was silenced. In conclusion, this study revealed the cardioprotective function of lncRNA-LET. lncRNA-LET conferred its cardioprotective effects possibly via upregulation of miR-138 and thus repressing the JNK and p38MAPK pathways.

Characterization of mammalian Lipocalin UTRs in silico: Predictions for their role in post-transcriptional regulation

The Lipocalin family is a group of homologous proteins characterized by its big array of functional capabilities. As extracellular proteins, they can bind small hydrophobic ligands through a well-conserved β-barrel folding. Lipocalins evolutionary history sprawls across many different taxa and shows great divergence even within chordates. This variability is also found in their heterogeneous tissue expression pattern. Although a handful of promoter regions have been previously described, studies on UTR regulatory roles in Lipocalin gene expression are scarce. Here we report a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis showing that complex post-transcriptional regulation exists in Lipocalin genes, as suggested by the presence of alternative UTRs with substantial sequence conservation in mammals, alongside a high diversity of transcription start sites and alternative promoters. Strong selective pressure could have operated upon Lipocalins UTRs, leading to an enrichment in particular sequence motifs that limit the choice of secondary structures. Mapping these regulatory features to the expression pattern of early and late diverging Lipocalins suggests that UTRs represent an additional phylogenetic signal, which may help to uncover how functional pleiotropy originated within the Lipocalin family.

Emodin protects H9c2 cells from hypoxia-induced injury by up-regulating miR-138 expression

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common presentation for ischemic heart disease, which is a leading cause of death. Emodin is a Chinese herbal anthraquinone used in several diseases. However, the effect of emodin in hypoxia-induced injury in cardiomyocytes has not been clearly elucidated. Our study aimed to clarify the functions of emodin in hypoxia-induced injury in rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 and explore the underlying mechanism. The effects of emodin on cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by the Cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry assay, respectively. The cell proliferation- and cell apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. qRT-PCR was used to determine the relative expression of miR-138. Cell transfection was performed to alter miR-138 and MLK3 expression. miR-138 target was performed by dual luciferase activity assay. Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways-related factors phosphorylation were analyzed by western blot. Emodin inhibited hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells by promoting cell viability and reducing cell apoptosis. miR-138 was down-regulated by hypoxia treatment but up-regulated by emodin. Up-regulation of miR-138 alleviated hypoxia-induced cell injury. Down-regulation of miR-138 attenuated the growth-promoting effect of emodin on hypoxia-induced injury, whereas up-regulation of miR-138 enhanced the growth-promoting effects of emodin. The underlying mechanism might be by inactivating Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. MLK3 was negatively regulated by miR-138 expression and inactivated Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Emodin alleviated hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells via up-regulation of miR-138 modulated by MLK3, as well as by activating Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.

Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1 Inhibitor Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia Injury via Disturbing Procaspase-9 Recruitment by Apaf-1

(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-(4-((4-guanidinobutoxy)carbonyl)-2,6-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid (ZYZ-488) was discovered as a novel inhibitor of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1). In present work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay confirms the direct binding between ZYZ-488 and Apaf-1 and this interaction was found to be able to block the recruitment of procaspase-9 by Apaf-1. This study also shows that the treatment of MI (myocardial infarction) mice with this novel Apaf-1 inhibitor remarkably reduces the infarct size, improves cardiac functions, and attenuates the histopathology changes caused by MI. Meanwhile, here it is shown that ZYZ-488 decreases myocardial enzyme release, inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and suppresses the activation of the downstream cascade of caspases. Moreover, in silico prediction validated the drug-like properties of ZYZ-488. In conclusion, our findings present the first piece of evidence indicating the interaction between Apaf-1 and procaspase-9 as a novel therapeutic target in myocardial infarction and suggesting ZYZ-488 as a promising therapeutic option for myocardial infarction disease.

MicroRNA as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Remodeling

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that contain 18–25 nucleotides. The alterations in their expression level play crucial role in the development of many disorders including heart diseases. Myocardial remodeling is the final pathological consequence of a variety of myocardial diseases. miRNAs have central role in regulating pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling by modulating cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes injury, cardiac fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response through multiple mechanisms. The balancing and tight regulation of different miRNAs is a key to drive the cellular events towards functional recovery and any fall in this leads to detrimental effect on cardiac function following various insults. In this review, we discuss the impact of alterations of miRNAs expression on cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes injury, cardiac fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response. We have also described the targets (receptors, signaling molecules, transcription factors, etc.) of miRNAs on which they act to promote or attenuate cardiac remodeling processes in different type cells of cardiac tissues.

Fascin promotes migration and invasion and is a prognostic marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) prognosis is related to clinical stage and histological grade. However, this stratification needs to be refined. We conducted a comparative proteome study in microdissected samples from normal oral mucosa and OSCC to identify biomarkers for malignancy. Fascin and plectin were identified as differently expressed and both are implicated in several malignancies, but the clinical impacts of aberrant fascin and plectin expression in OSCCs remains largely unknown. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR were carried out in ex vivo OSCC samples and cell lines. A loss-of-function strategy using shRNA targeting fascin was employed to investigate in vitro and in vivo the fascin role on oral tumorigenesis. Transfections of microRNA mimics were performed to determine whether the fascin overexpression is regulated by miR-138 and miR-145. We found that fascin and plectin are frequently upregulated in OSCC samples and cell lines, but only fascin overexpression is an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator of disease-specific survival. In combination with advanced T stage, high fascin level is also an independent factor of disease-free survival. Knockdown of fascin in OSCC cells promoted cell adhesion and inhibited migration, invasion and EMT, and forced expression of miR-138 in OSCC cells significantly decreased the expression of fascin. In addition, fascin downregulation leads to reduced filopodia formation and decrease on paxillin expression. The subcutaneous xenograft model showed that tumors formed in the presence of low levels of fascin were significantly smaller compared to those formed with high fascin levels. Collectively, our findings suggest that fascin expression correlates with disease progression and may serve as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with OSCC.

Deletion of Stk40 impairs definitive erythropoiesis in the mouse fetal liver

The serine threonine kinase Stk40 has been shown to involve in mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation, pulmonary maturation and adipocyte differentiation. Here we report that targeted deletion of Stk40 leads to fetal liver hypoplasia and anemia in the mouse embryo. The reduction of erythrocytes in the fetal liver is accompanied by increased apoptosis and compromised erythroid maturation. Stk40^−/− fetal liver cells have significantly reduced colony-forming units (CFUs) capable of erythroid differentiation, including burst forming unit-erythroid, CFU-erythroid (CFU-E), and CFU-granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte and macrophage, but not CFU-granulocyte/macrophages. Purified Stk40^−/− megakaryocyte–erythrocyte progenitors produce substantially fewer CFU-E colonies compared to control cells. Moreover, Stk40^−/− fetal liver erythroblasts fail to form normal erythroblastic islands in association with wild type or Stk40^−/− macrophages, indicating an intrinsic defect of Stk40^−/− erythroblasts. Furthermore, the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool is reduced in Stk40^−/− fetal livers but still retains the multi-lineage reconstitution capacity. Finally, comparison of microarray data between wild type and Stk40^−/− E14.5 fetal liver cells reveals a potential role of aberrantly activated TNF-α signaling in Stk40 depletion induced dyserythropoiesis with a concomitant increase in cleaved caspase-3 and decrease in Gata1 proteins. Altogether, the identification of Stk40 as a regulator for fetal erythroid maturation and survival provides new clues to the molecular regulation of erythropoiesis and related diseases.

Experimental, Systems, and Computational Approaches to Understanding the MicroRNA-Mediated Reparative Potential of Cardiac Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes From Pediatric Patients

RATIONALE

Studies have demonstrated that exosomes can repair cardiac tissue post-myocardial infarction and recapitulate the benefits of cellular therapy.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the role of donor age and hypoxia of human pediatric cardiac progenitor cell (CPC)-derived exosomes in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Human CPCs from the right atrial appendages from children of different ages undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart defects were isolated and cultured under hypoxic or normoxic conditions. Exosomes were isolated from the culture-conditioned media and delivered to athymic rats after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Echocardiography at day 3 post-myocardial infarction suggested statistically improved function in neonatal hypoxic and neonatal normoxic groups compared with saline-treated controls. At 28 days post-myocardial infarction, exosomes derived from neonatal normoxia, neonatal hypoxia, infant hypoxia, and child hypoxia significantly improved cardiac function compared with those from saline-treated controls. Staining showed decreased fibrosis and improved angiogenesis in hypoxic groups compared with controls. Finally, using sequencing data, a computational model was generated to link microRNA levels to specific outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

CPC exosomes derived from neonates improved cardiac function independent of culture oxygen levels, whereas CPC exosomes from older children were not reparative unless subjected to hypoxic conditions. Cardiac functional improvements were associated with increased angiogenesis, reduced fibrosis, and improved hypertrophy, resulting in improved cardiac function; however, mechanisms for normoxic neonatal CPC exosomes improved function independent of those mechanisms. This is the first study of its kind demonstrating that donor age and oxygen content in the microenvironment significantly alter the efficacy of human CPC-derived exosomes.

The role of microRNAs in heart failure

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation and/or inducing mRNA degradation. In the past decade, many in vitro and in vivo studies have explored the involvement of microRNAs in various cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, studies focused upon the target genes and functionality of miRNAs in the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are reviewed. The selected miRNAs are categorized according to the biological relevance of their target genes in relation to four cardiovascular pathologies, namely angiogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. This review illustrates the involvement of miRNAs in different biological signaling pathways and provides an overview of current understanding of the roles of miRNAs in cardiovascular health and diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic control of heart failure - edited by Jun Ren & Megan Yingmei Zhang.

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) Expression in Hepatic Malfunction and Therapy

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein that belongs to the Lipocalins, a group of transporters of small lipophilic molecules such as steroids, lipopolysaccharides, iron, and fatty acids in circulation. Two decades after its discovery and after a high variety of published findings, LCN2's altered expression has been assigned to critical roles in several pathological organ conditions, including liver injury and steatosis, renal damage, brain injury, cardiomyopathies, muscle-skeletal disorders, lung infection, and cancer in several organs. The significance of this 25-kDa lipocalin molecule has been impressively increased during the last years. Data from several studies indicate the role of LCN2 in physiological conditions as well as in response to cellular stress and injury. LCN2 in the liver shows a protective role in acute and chronic injury models where its expression is highly elevated. Moreover, LCN2 expression is being considered as a potential strong biomarker for pathological conditions, including rheumatic diseases, cancer in human organs, hepatic steatosis, hepatic damage, and inflammation. In this review, we summarize experimental and clinical findings linking LCN2 to the pathogenesis of liver disease.