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Shan Q, Yu W, Xu Q, Liu R, Ying S, Dong J, Bao Y, Lyu Q, Shi C, Xia J, Tang J, Kuang H, Wang K, Tian G, Cao G. Detoxification and underlying mechanisms towards toxic alkaloids by Traditional Chinese Medicine processing: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155623. [PMID: 38703661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaloids have attracted enduring interest worldwide due to their remarkable therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, thus offering a rich source for lead compound design and new drug discovery. However, some of these alkaloids possess intrinsic toxicity. Processing (Paozhi) is a pre-treatment step before the application of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has been employed for centuries to mitigate the toxicity of alkaloid-rich TCMs. PURPOSE To explore the toxicity phenotypes, chemical basis, mode of action, detoxification processing methods, and underlying mechanisms, we can gain crucial insights into the safe and rational use of these toxic alkaloid-rich herbs. Such insights have the great potential to offer new strategies for drug discovery and development, ultimately improving the quality of life for millions of people. METHODS Literatures published or early accessed until December 31, 2023, were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. The following keywords, such as "toxicity", "alkaloid", "detoxification", "processing", "traditional Chinese medicine", "medicinal plant", and "plant", were used in combination or separately for screening. RESULTS Toxicity of alkaloids in TCM includes hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and other forms of toxicity, primarily induced by pyrrolizidines, quinolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, pyridines, terpenoids, and amines. Factors such as whether the toxic-alkaloid enriched part is limited or heat-sensitive, and whether toxic alkaloids are also therapeutic components, are critical for choosing appropriate detoxification processing methods. Mechanisms of alkaloid detoxification includes physical removal, chemical decomposition or transformation, as well as biological modifications. CONCLUSION Through this exploration, we review toxic alkaloids and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, discuss methods to reduce toxicity, and unravel the intricate mechanisms behind detoxification. These offers insights into the quality control of herbs containing toxic alkaloids, safe and rational use of alkaloid-rich TCMs in clinics, new strategies for drug discovery and development, and ultimately helping improve the quality of life for millions of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongfang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jie Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yini Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haodan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Shi L, Wang S, Zhang S, Wang J, Chen Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Zhao S, Wei B, Zhang L. Research progress on pharmacological effects and mechanisms of cepharanthine and its derivatives. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2843-2860. [PMID: 37338575 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cepharanthine (CEP) is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid compound found in plants of the Stephania genus, which has biological functions such as regulating autophagy, inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. It is often used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, viral infections, cancer, and immune disorders and has great clinical translational value. However, there is no detailed research on its specific mechanism and dosage and administration methods, especially clinical research is limited. In recent years, CEP has shown significant effects in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, suggesting its potential medicinal value waiting to be discovered. In this article, we comprehensively introduce the molecular structure of CEP and its derivatives, describe in detail the pharmacological mechanisms of CEP in various diseases, and discuss how to chemically modify and design CEP to improve its bioavailability. In summary, this work will provide a reference for further research and clinical application of CEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shi
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuaizhe Wang
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shangzu Zhang
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sichen Zhao
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjun Wei
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine and Transformation at Provincial and Ministerial Level, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Liying Zhang
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Exploration and Innovation Transformation in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
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Wu CH, Lin KL, Long CY, Feng CW. The Neuroprotective Effect of Isotetrandrine on Parkinson's Disease via Anti-Inflammation and Antiapoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:8444153. [PMID: 37854894 PMCID: PMC10581844 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8444153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most influential diseases in the world, and the current medication only can relieve the clinical symptoms but not slow the progression of PD. Therefore, we intend to examine the neuroprotective activity of plant-derived compound isotetrandrine (ITD) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, cells were cotreated with ITD and LPS to detect the inflammatory-related protein and mRNA. In vivo, zebrafish were pretreated with ITD and inhibitors prior to 6-OHDA treatment. Then, the behavior was monitored at 5 dpf. Our result showed ITD inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of iNOS, COX-2 protein expression, and iL-6, inos, cox-2, and cd11b mRNA expression in BV2 cells. The data in zebrafish also demonstrated a significant improvement of ITD on the 6-OHDA-induced locomotor deficiency. ITD also improved 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in zebrafish PD. We also pharmacologically validated the mechanism with three inhibitors, including LY294002, PI3K inhibitor; LY32141996, ERK inhibitor, SnPP, and HO-1 inhibitors. All of these inhibitors could abolish the neuroprotective effect of ITD partially in locomotor activity. Besides, the molecular level also showed the same trend. Treatment of these inhibitors could significantly abolish ITD-induced antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative stress effects in zebrafish PD. Our study showed ITD possessed a neuroprotective activity in zebrafish PD. The mRNA level also supported our arguments. The neuroprotection of ITD might be through antineuroinflammation and antiapoptosis pathways via PI3K, ERK, and HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siao-Gang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Ibrahim R, Alabi M, Yusuf B, Ibrahim L, Ahmad J, Ogunyale K, Oladiji E, Bashir R. Senna occidentalis Leaf Extracts Ameliorate Biochemical Parameters of Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetic Wistar Rats. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2022.208.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Wang X, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Teka T, Lv C, Han L, Huang Y, Pan G. Thirteen bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids in five Chinese medicinal plants: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113566. [PMID: 33166629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RELEVANCE Bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloids are generally present in plants of Berberidaceae, Monimiaceae and Ranunculaceae families in tropical and subtropical regions. Some species of these families are used in traditional Chinese medicine, with the effects of clearing away heat and detoxification, promoting dampness and defecation, and eliminating sores and swelling. This article offers essential data focusing on 13 representative BBIQ compounds, which are mainly extracted from five plants. The respective botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity are summarized comprehensively. In addition, the ADME prediction of the 13 BBIQ alkaloids is compared and analyzed with the data obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have conducted a systematic review of the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of BBIQ alkaloids based on literatures collected from PubMed, Web of Science and Elsevier during 1999-2020. ACD/Percepta software was utilized to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters of BBIQ alkaloids and their affinity with enzymes and transporters. RESULTS Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetic and toxicity of 13 alkaloids, namely, tetrandrine, dauricine, curine, trilobine, isotrilobine, cepharanthine, daurisoline, thalicarpine, thalidasine, isotetrandrine, liensinine, neferine and isoliensinine, have been summarized in this paper. It can't be denied that these alkaloids are important material basis of pharmacological effects of family Menispermaceae and others, and for traditional and local uses which has been basically reproduced in the current studies. The 13 BBIQ alkaloids in this paper showed strong affinity and inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp), with poor oral absorption and potent binding ability with plasma protein. BBIQ alkaloids represented by tetrandrine play a key role in regulating P-gp or reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) in a variety of tumors. The irrationality of their usage could pose a risk of poisoning in vivo, including renal and liver toxicity, which are related to the formation of quinone methide during metabolism. CONCLUSION Although there is no further clinical evaluation of BBIQ alkaloids as MDR reversal agents, their effects on P-gp should not be ignored. Considering their diverse distribution, pharmacokinetic characteristics and toxicity reported during clinical therapy, the quality standards in different plant species and the drug dosage remain unresolved problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Yaqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Xizi Zhao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Tekleab Teka
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Chunxiao Lv
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-300250, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China.
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-300250, China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-300250, China.
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Su L, Cao P, Wang H. Tetrandrine mediates renal function and redox homeostasis in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rat model through Nrf2/HO-1 reactivation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:990. [PMID: 32953790 PMCID: PMC7475465 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Tetrandrine (Tet), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots of Stephania tetrandra, possesses anti-oxidative, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory capacities. In this study, the maintenance role of Tet in DN was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods In vitro study, rats were divided into five groups (n=10): the control group, the DN model group, the Tet-treatment group (5, 15, 30 mg/kg). DN damage was assessed by levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine (CRE), proteinuria, and urea nitrogen. ELISA assay was used to detecte tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 levels. Kits were used to detecte contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) staining was used to detecte reactive oxygen species (ROS). HE staining assessed pathological damage. TUNEL staining assessed tissue apoptosis. Western Blot (WB) was used to detecte levels of Ki67, Survivin, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, -9, c-Myc, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), p-Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Results Compared with the control group, STZ-induced significantly inhibited proliferation proteins’ level, activated oxidative stress, aggravated tissue inflammation and promoted tissue apoptosis. STZ-induced further aggravated DN damage. Of note, these anomalies were restored by Tet pretreatment. Additionally, Tet upgraded the expression of p-Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusions These results indicated that Tet could significantly restrain diabetic process and renal damage. Tet is a potential therapeutic agent in DN treatment via the reactivation of the Nrf2/HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyu Su
- Department of Endocrinology Division, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine University Affiliated Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Ping Cao
- Department of ophthalmology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine University Affiliated Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
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Jiang Y, Liu M, Liu H, Liu S. A critical review: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Fen Fang Ji). PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2020; 19:449-489. [PMID: 32336965 PMCID: PMC7180683 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-020-09673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (S. tetrandra) is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. The root of this plant is known in Chinese as "Fen Fang Ji". It is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat arthralgia caused by rheumatism, wet beriberi, dysuria, eczema and inflamed sores. Although promising reports have been published on the various chemical constituents and activities of S. tetrandra, no review comprehensively summarizes its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Therefore, the review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of S. tetrandra in China, and meaningful guidelines for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Shao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
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Tetrandrine Ameliorates Airway Remodeling of Chronic Asthma by Interfering TGF- β1/Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Oxidative Stress. Can Respir J 2019; 2019:7930396. [PMID: 31781316 PMCID: PMC6875008 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7930396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalanced oxidative stress and antioxidant defense are involved in airway remodeling in asthma. It has been demonstrated that Tetrandrine has a potent role in antioxidant defense in rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension. However, the correlation between Tetrandrine and oxidative stress in asthma is utterly blurry. This study aimed to investigate the role of Tetrandrine on oxidative stress-mediated airway remolding. Materials and Methods Chronic asthma was established by ovalbumin (OVA) administration in male Wistar rats. Histopathology was determined by HE staining. Immunofluorescence was employed to detect the expression of α-SMA and Nrf-2. Level of oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinases were examined by ELISA kits. Cell viability and cell cycle of primary airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were evaluated by CCK8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Signal molecules were detected using western blot. Results Tetrandrine effectively impairs OVA-induced airway inflammatory and airway remodeling by inhibiting the expression of CysLT1 and CysLTR1. The increase of oxidative stress and subsequent enhancement of MMP9 and TGF-β1 expression were rescued by the administration of Tetrandrine in the rat model of asthma. In in vitro experiments, Tetrandrine markedly suppressed TGF-β1-evoked cell viability and cell cycle promotion of ASMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Tetrandrine promoted Nrf-2 nuclear transcription and activated its downstream HO-1 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Tetrandrine attenuates airway inflammatory and airway remodeling in rat model of asthma and TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation of ASMCs by regulating oxidative stress in primary ASMCs, suggesting that Tetrandrine possibly is an effective candidate therapy for asthma.
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