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Joya A, Plaza-García S, Padro D, Aguado L, Iglesias L, Garbizu M, Gómez-Vallejo V, Laredo C, Cossío U, Torné R, Amaro S, Planas AM, Llop J, Ramos-Cabrer P, Justicia C, Martín A. Multimodal imaging of the role of hyperglycemia following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:726-741. [PMID: 37728631 PMCID: PMC11197138 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231197946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia has been linked to worsening outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SAH have been scarcely evaluated so far. The role of hyperglycemia was assessed in an experimental model of SAH by T2 weighted, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (T2W and DCE-MRI), [18F]BR-351 PET imaging and immunohistochemistry. Measures included the volume of bleeding, the extent of cerebral infarction and brain edema, blood brain barrier disruption (BBBd), neutrophil infiltration and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation. The neurofunctional outcome, neurodegeneration and myelinization were also investigated. The induction of hyperglycemia increased mortality, the size of the ischemic lesion, brain edema, neurodegeneration and worsened neurological outcome during the first 3 days after SAH in rats. In addition, these results show for the first time the exacerbating effect of hyperglycemia on in vivo MMP activation, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression and neutrophil infiltration together with increased BBBd, bleeding volume and fibrinogen accumulation at days 1 and 3 after SAH. Notably, these data provide valuable insight into the detrimental effect of hyperglycemia on early BBB damage mediated by neutrophil infiltration and MMP activation that could explain the worse prognosis in SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Joya
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sandra Plaza-García
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniel Padro
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Laura Aguado
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leyre Iglesias
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Neurovascular Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Maider Garbizu
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Laredo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unai Cossío
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ramon Torné
- Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Amaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Area of Neurosciences. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Area of Neurosciences. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abraham Martín
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Solár P, Zamani A, Lakatosová K, Joukal M. The blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35410231 PMCID: PMC8996682 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Lakatosová
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Van Camp N, Lavisse S, Roost P, Gubinelli F, Hillmer A, Boutin H. TSPO imaging in animal models of brain diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:77-109. [PMID: 34245328 PMCID: PMC8712305 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the 18-kDa TSPO protein has been considered as the PET imaging biomarker of reference to measure increased neuroinflammation. Generally assumed to image activated microglia, TSPO has also been detected in endothelial cells and activated astrocytes. Here, we provide an exhaustive overview of the recent literature on the TSPO-PET imaging (i) in the search and development of new TSPO tracers and (ii) in the understanding of acute and chronic neuroinflammation in animal models of neurological disorders. Generally, studies testing new TSPO radiotracers against the prototypic [11C]-R-PK11195 or more recent competitors use models of acute focal neuroinflammation (e.g. stroke or lipopolysaccharide injection). These studies have led to the development of over 60 new tracers during the last 15 years. These studies highlighted that interpretation of TSPO-PET is easier in acute models of focal lesions, whereas in chronic models with lower or diffuse microglial activation, such as models of Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, TSPO quantification for detection of neuroinflammation is more challenging, mirroring what is observed in clinic. Moreover, technical limitations of preclinical scanners provide a drawback when studying modest neuroinflammation in small brains (e.g. in mice). Overall, this review underlines the value of TSPO imaging to study the time course or response to treatment of neuroinflammation in acute or chronic models of diseases. As such, TSPO remains the gold standard biomarker reference for neuroinflammation, waiting for new radioligands for other, more specific targets for neuroinflammatory processes and/or immune cells to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Van Camp
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sonia Lavisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Roost
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ansel Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, M20 3LJ, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Lu GW, Chou YE, Jin WL, Su XB. Usefulness of postoperative serum translocator protein as a predictive marker for delirium after breast cancer surgery in elderly women. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520910044. [PMID: 32529881 PMCID: PMC7294382 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520910044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Postoperative delirium (POD) has rarely been investigated in breast cancer patients. Herein, we assessed the association between serum levels of the inflammatory biomarker translocator protein (TP) and the occurrence of POD in breast cancer patients. Methods In this prospective, observational study, TP levels were detected in preoperative and postoperative serum samples from 152 elderly breast cancer patients, samples from 152 healthy elderly women, and samples from 152 elderly women with benign breast diseases. The relationship between serum TP levels and POD was investigated using multivariate analysis. Results TP levels in postoperative patient serum samples were significantly higher than in preoperative patient serum samples and serum from women in the two control groups. Postoperative serum TP levels were independently correlated with serum C-reactive protein levels and the occurrence of POD. Postoperative serum TP levels had a high discriminatory ability for POD under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Conclusions Increased postoperative serum TP levels are independently associated with the degree of inflammatory response and the risk of POD in elderly breast cancer patients, substantializing TP as an inflammatory biomarker that can efficiently discriminate POD after breast cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wen Lu
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Surgery, The Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi-Er Chou
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Surgery, The Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Wan-Ling Jin
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Surgery, The Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Su
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Surgery, The Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Zhang L, Hu K, Shao T, Hou L, Zhang S, Ye W, Josephson L, Meyer JH, Zhang MR, Vasdev N, Wang J, Xu H, Wang L, Liang SH. Recent developments on PET radiotracers for TSPO and their applications in neuroimaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:373-393. [PMID: 33643818 PMCID: PMC7893127 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is predominately localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane in steroidogenic cells. Brain TSPO expression is relatively low under physiological conditions, but is upregulated in response to glial cell activation. As the primary index of neuroinflammation, TSPO is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In this context, numerous TSPO-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracers have been developed. Among them, several radioligands have advanced to clinical research studies. In this review, we will overview the recent development of TSPO PET tracers, focusing on the radioligand design, radioisotope labeling, pharmacokinetics, and PET imaging evaluation. Additionally, we will consider current limitations, as well as translational potential for future application of TSPO radiopharmaceuticals. This review aims to not only present the challenges in current TSPO PET imaging, but to also provide a new perspective on TSPO targeted PET tracer discovery efforts. Addressing these challenges will facilitate the translation of TSPO in clinical studies of neuroinflammation associated with central nervous system diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
- ANT, adenine nucleotide transporter
- Am, molar activities
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells
- BP, binding potential
- BPND, non-displaceable binding potential
- BcTSPO, Bacillus cereus TSPO
- CBD, corticobasal degeneration
- CNS disorders
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRAC, cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus sequence
- DLB, Lewy body dementias
- EP, epilepsy
- FTD, frontotemporal dementia
- HAB, high-affinity binding
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HSE, herpes simplex encephalitis
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- KA, kainic acid
- LAB, low-affinity binding
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAB, mixed-affinity binding
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidase B
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MDD, major depressive disorder
- MMSE, mini-mental state examination
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- MSA, multiple system atrophy
- Microglial activation
- NAA/Cr, N-acetylaspartate/creatine
- Neuroinflammation
- OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- P2X7R, purinergic receptor P2X7
- PAP7, RIa-associated protein
- PBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor
- PCA, posterior cortical atrophy
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PDD, PD dementia
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PRAX-1, PBR-associated protein 1
- PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- PpIX, protoporphyrin IX
- QA, quinolinic acid
- RCYs, radiochemical yields
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RRMS, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
- SA, specific activity
- SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SCIDY, spirocyclic iodonium ylide
- SNL, selective neuronal loss
- SNR, signal to noise ratio
- SUV, standard uptake volume
- SUVR, standard uptake volume ratio
- TBAH, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy
- TSPO
- TSPO, translocator protein
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- VT, distribution volume
- d.c. RCYs, decay-corrected radiochemical yields
- dMCAO, distal middle cerebral artery occlusion
- fP, plasma free fraction
- n.d.c. RCYs, non-decay-corrected radiochemical yields
- p.i., post-injection
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Zhou J, Zhang X, Peng J, Xie Y, Du F, Guo K, Feng Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Jiang Y. TSPO ligand Ro5-4864 modulates microglia/macrophages polarization after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134977. [PMID: 32387718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is closely related to microglia/macrophages-induced neuroinflammation. Translocator protein (TSPO) is a hall marker of activated microglia/macrophages, and the TSPO ligands have been proved to be beneficial for controlling neuroinflammation. Ro5-4864, one of the TSPO ligands, has been reported to be able to regulate inflammation in neurological diseases. Here, we investigated the effects of Ro5-4864 on microglia/macrophages polarization in a SAH mice model, which was induced by endovascular perforation. Ro5-4864 was administered intraperitoneally dissolved in DMSO-saline. Post-SAH assessments included neurological tests, SAH grade, western blotting, ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that brain injury was accompanied by the accumulation of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the increase of iNOS protein levels. Finally, we found that Ro5-4864 improved neurological function, increased the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, and influenced phenotypes of M2 microglia/macrophages after SAH. Together, these data reveal a protective role of TSPO ligand Ro5-4864 in inflammatory processes of SAH as well as a potential alternative for SAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; (Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yuke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fengling Du
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Kecheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China; Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Brain Functions, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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7
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Vo SV, Banister SD, Freelander I, Werry EL, Reekie TA, Ittner LM, Kassiou M. Reversing binding sensitivity to A147T translocator protein. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:511-517. [PMID: 33479652 PMCID: PMC7489257 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a target for the development of neuroinflammation imaging agents. Clinical translation of TSPO PET ligands, such as [11C]DPA-713, has been hampered by the presence of a common polymorphism (A147T TSPO), at which all second-generation TSPO ligands lose affinity. Little is known about what drives binding at A147T compared to WT TSPO. This study aimed to identify moieties in DPA-713, and related derivatives, that influence binding at A147T compared to WT TSPO. We found changes to the nitrogen position and number in the heterocyclic core influences affinity to WT and A147T to a similar degree. Hydrogen bonding groups in molecules with an indole core improve binding at A147T compared to WT, a strategy that generated compounds that possess up to ten-times greater affinity for A147T. These results should inform the future design of compounds that bind both A147T and WT TSPO for use in neuroinflammation imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie V Vo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics , Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW 2050 , Australia
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia .
| | - Isaac Freelander
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia .
| | - Eryn L Werry
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia .
| | - Tristan A Reekie
- Research School of Chemistry , The Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2600 , Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Macquarie University , 2 Technology Place , North Ryde , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia .
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8
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Oka F, Chung DY, Suzuki M, Ayata C. Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Experimental-Clinical Disconnect and the Unmet Need. Neurocrit Care 2020; 32:238-251. [PMID: 30671784 PMCID: PMC7387950 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-018-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is among the most dreaded complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite advances in neurocritical care, DCI remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay, and high healthcare costs. Large artery vasospasm has classically been thought to lead to DCI. However, recent failure of clinical trials targeting vasospasm to improve outcomes has underscored the disconnect between large artery vasospasm and DCI. Therefore, interest has shifted onto other potential mechanisms such as microvascular dysfunction and spreading depolarizations. Animal models can be instrumental in dissecting pathophysiology, but clinical relevance can be difficult to establish. METHODS Here, we performed a systematic review of the literature on animal models of SAH, focusing specifically on DCI and neurological deficits. RESULTS We find that dog, rabbit and rodent models do not consistently lead to DCI, although some degree of delayed vascular dysfunction is common. Primate models reliably recapitulate delayed neurological deficits and ischemic brain injury; however, ethical issues and cost limit their translational utility. CONCLUSIONS To facilitate translation, clinically relevant animal models that reproduce the pathophysiology and cardinal features of DCI after SAH are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Oka
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Staib-Lasarzik I, Nagel N, Sebastiani A, Griemert EV, Thal SC. Analgesic treatment limits surrogate parameters for early stress and pain response after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:49. [PMID: 31533626 PMCID: PMC6751841 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In animal research, authorities require a classification of anticipated pain levels and a perioperative analgesia protocol prior to approval of the experiments. However, data on this topic is rare and so is the reported use of analgesics. We determined surrogate parameters of pain and general well-being after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), as well as the potential for improvement by different systemic analgesia paradigms. Brain injury was induced by filament perforation to mimic SAH. Sham-operated mice were included as surgical control groups with either neck or no-neck preparation. Mice with controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury were included as a control group with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but without neck preparation. Mice were randomized to buprenorphine, carprofen, meloxicam, or vehicle treatment. 24 h after SAH, CCI or sham surgery, pain and stress levels were assessed with a visual assessment score and the amount of food intake was recorded. Results Neck preparation, which is required to expose the surgical field for SAH induction, already increased pain/stress levels and sham surgeries for both CCI and SAH reduced food intake. Pain/stress levels were higher and food intake was lower after SAH compared with CCI. Pain/stress levels after CCI without analgesic treatment were similar to levels after SAH sham surgery. Pain treatment with buprenorphine was effective to reduce pain after SAH, whereas lower pain/stress intensity levels after CCI were not improved. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of pain and stress assessment after surgeries and the efficacy of buprenorphine to improve pain and comfort levels after experimental SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Staib-Lasarzik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Nagel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Recent Developments in TSPO PET Imaging as A Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133161. [PMID: 31261683 PMCID: PMC6650818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response in the brain and spinal cord, which can involve the activation of microglia and astrocytes. It is a common feature of many central nervous system disorders, including a range of neurodegenerative disorders. An overlap between activated microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokines and translocator protein (TSPO) ligand binding was shown in early animal studies of neurodegeneration. These findings have been translated in clinical studies, where increases in TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) signal occur in disease-relevant areas across a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. While this supports the use of TSPO PET as a biomarker to monitor response in clinical trials of novel neurodegenerative therapeutics, the clinical utility of current TSPO PET radioligands has been hampered by the lack of high affinity binding to a prevalent form of polymorphic TSPO (A147T) compared to wild type TSPO. This review details recent developments in exploration of ligand-sensitivity to A147T TSPO that have yielded ligands with improved clinical utility. In addition to developing a non-discriminating TSPO ligand, the final frontier of TSPO biomarker research requires developing an understanding of the cellular and functional interpretation of the TSPO PET signal. Recent insights resulting from single cell analysis of microglial phenotypes are reviewed.
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Xu Z, Shi WH, Xu LB, Shao MF, Chen ZP, Zhu GC, Hou Q. Resident Microglia Activate before Peripheral Monocyte Infiltration and p75NTR Blockade Reduces Microglial Activation and Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:412-423. [PMID: 30117729 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) contributes to high morbidity and mortality. Although it is well recognized that acute neuroinflammation reaction is one of the most important triggers of EBI, pharmacotherapy proved to be clinically effective against the initiating of neuroinflammation after SAH is lacking. The resident microglia and infiltrated peripheral monocyte are two main types of immune cells in central nervous system (CNS) and control the inflammation process in brain after SAH. But the time course and relative contributions of these two immune cell activations after SAH are unknown. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), member of TNF receptor superfamily, expresses on infiltrated peripheral monocytes and suppresses their proinflammatory action after brain insults. But the p75NTR expression on resident microglia in vivo is rarely explored and their function keeps elusive. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the time course of resident microglia activation and peripheral monocyte infiltration, as well as the microglial expression of p75NTR by using CX3C-chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1) and chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) double transgenic mice (Cx3cr1GFP/+Ccr2RFP/+) after SAH. The results showed activated microglia was observed in cortex as early as 24 h and further increased at 48 and 72 h post SAH, while the infiltrated monocyte was not found until 72h. In addition, activated microglia expressed p75NTR acutely and p75NTR specific antagonist TAT-Pep5 significantly reduced microglia activation, neuroinflammation and EBI from 24 to 72 h. Together, these data suggest that the early neuroinflammation reaction might be initiated and intensified mainly by resident microglia rather than infiltrated monocyte at least in the first 48 h after SAH and p75NTR blockading by TAT-Pep5P might alleviate EBI through mediating microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery , First affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University , 54 Youdian Lane , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Wei-Hua Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , 20 Xisi Road , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Long-Biao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery , Zhuji People's Hospital , 9 Jianmin Lane , Zhuji 311800 , China
| | - Min-Feng Shao
- Department of Nephrology , First People's Hospital of Yuhang District , No. 369 Yingbin Road , Linping, Yuhang, Hangzhou 311100 , China
| | - Zu-Peng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery , First affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University , 54 Youdian Lane , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Guo-Chong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery , First affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University , 54 Youdian Lane , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Qun Hou
- Department of Neurology , First affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University , 54 Youdian Lane , Hangzhou 310006 , China
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Chaney A, Williams SR, Boutin H. In vivo molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 149:438-451. [PMID: 30339715 PMCID: PMC6563454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Increased glial cell activation is consistently reported in both rodent models of AD and in AD patients. Moreover, recent genome wide association studies have revealed multiple genes associated with inflammation and immunity are significantly associated with an increased risk of AD development (e.g. TREM2). Non‐invasive in vivo detection and tracking of neuroinflammation is necessary to enhance our understanding of the contribution of neuroinflammation to the initiation and progression of AD. Importantly, accurate methods of quantifying neuroinflammation may aid early diagnosis and serve as an output for therapeutic monitoring and disease management. This review details current in vivo imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation being explored and summarizes both pre‐clinical and clinical results from molecular imaging studies investigating the role of neuroinflammation in AD, with a focus on positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve R Williams
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Vetel S, Sérrière S, Vercouillie J, Vergote J, Chicheri G, Deloye JB, Dollé F, Bodard S, Tronel C, Nadal-Desbarats L, Lefèvre A, Emond P, Chalon S. Extensive exploration of a novel rat model of Parkinson's disease using partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of dopaminergic neurons suggests new therapeutic approaches. Synapse 2018; 73:e22077. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vetel
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | | | - Johnny Vercouillie
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
- INSERM CIC 1415, University Hospital; Tours France
| | - Jackie Vergote
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
| | - Sylvie Bodard
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | - Claire Tronel
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | | | | | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
- CHRU Tours; Tours France
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
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Cacheux F, Médran-Navarrete V, Dollé F, Marguet F, Puech F, Damont A. Synthesis and in vitro characterization of novel fluorinated derivatives of the translocator protein 18 kDa ligand CfO-DPA-714. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:346-359. [PMID: 27688189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is today a validated target for a number of therapeutic applications, but also a well-recognized diagnostic/imaging biomarker for the evaluation of inflammatory related-disease state and progression, prompting the development of specific and dedicated TSPO ligands worldwide. For this purpose, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine acetamides constitute a unique class of high affinity and selectivity TSPO ligands; it includes DPA-714, a fluorine-containing derivative that has also been labelled with the positron-emitter fluorine-18, and is nowadays widely used as a Positron Emission Tomography imaging probe. Recently, to prevent defluorination issues encountered in vivo with this tracer, a first series of analogues was reported where the oxygen atom bridging the phenyl ring of the core structure and the fluorinated moiety was replaced with a more robust linkage. Among this new series, CfO-DPA-714 was discovered as a highly promising TSPO ligand. Herein, a novel series of fluorinated analogues of the latter molecule were synthesized and in vitro characterized, where the pharmacomodulation at the amide position of the molecule was explored. Thirteen compounds were thus prepared from a common key-ester intermediate (synthesized in 7 steps from 4-iodobenzoate - 11% overall yield) and a set of commercially available amines and obtained with moderate to good yields (23-81%) and high purities (>95%). With one exception, all derivatives displayed nanomolar to subnanomolar affinity for the TSPO and also high selectivity versus the CBR (Ki (CBR)/Ki (TSPO) > 103). Within this series, three compounds showed better Ki values (0.25, 0.26 and 0.30 nM) than that of DPA-714 (0.91 nM) and CfO-DPA-714 (0.37 nM), and favorable lipophilicity for brain penetration (3.6 < logD7.4 < 4.4). Among these three compounds, the N-methyl-N-propyl amide analogue (9) exhibited similar metabolic stability when compared to CfO-DPA-714 in mouse, rat and human microsomes. Therefore, the latter compound stands out as a promising candidate for drug development or for use as a PET probe, once fluorine-18-labelled, for in vivo neuroinflammation imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Cacheux
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; Inserm/CEA/Université Paris Sud, UMR 1023, ERL 9218 CNRS, IMIV, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Médran-Navarrete
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; Inserm/CEA/Université Paris Sud, UMR 1023, ERL 9218 CNRS, IMIV, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; Inserm/CEA/Université Paris Sud, UMR 1023, ERL 9218 CNRS, IMIV, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Annelaure Damont
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; Inserm/CEA/Université Paris Sud, UMR 1023, ERL 9218 CNRS, IMIV, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
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