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Osou S, Radjenovic S, Bender L, Gaal M, Zettl A, Dörl G, Matt E, Beisteiner R. Novel ultrasound neuromodulation therapy with transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) in Parkinson's disease: a first retrospective analysis. J Neurol 2024; 271:1462-1468. [PMID: 38032371 PMCID: PMC10896933 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) has been recently introduced as a novel ultrasound neuromodulation therapy with the potential to stimulate the human brain in a focal and targeted manner. Here, we present a first retrospective analysis of TPS as an add-on therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), focusing on feasibility, safety, and clinical effects. We also discuss the placebo response in non-invasive brain stimulation studies as an important context. METHODS This retrospective clinical data analysis included 20 PD patients who received ten sessions of TPS intervention focused on the individual motor network. Safety evaluations were conducted throughout the intervention period. We analyzed changes in motor symptoms before and after TPS treatment using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III). RESULTS We found significant improvement in UPDRS-III scores after treatment compared to baseline (pre-TPS: 16.70 ± 8.85, post-TPS: 12.95 ± 8.55; p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 1.38). Adverse events monitoring revealed no major side effects. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings suggest that TPS can further improve motor symptoms in PD patients already on optimized standard therapy. Findings have to be evaluated in context with the current literature on placebo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Osou
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Radjenovic
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Bender
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gaal
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Dörl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Matt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Beisteiner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Pateraki G, Anargyros K, Aloizou AM, Siokas V, Bakirtzis C, Liampas I, Tsouris Z, Ziogka P, Sgantzos M, Folia V, Peristeri E, Dardiotis E. Therapeutic application of rTMS in neurodegenerative and movement disorders: A review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 62:102622. [PMID: 34890834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation that makes use of the magnetic field generated when an electric current passes through a magnetic coil placed over the scalp. It can be applied as a single stimulus at a time, in pairs of stimuli, or repetitively in trains of stimuli (repetitive TMS, rTMS). RTMS can induce changes in brain activity, whose after-effects reflect the processes of long-term potentiation and long-term depression, as certain protocols, namely those using low frequencies (≤1 Hz) seem to suppress cortical excitability, while those using high frequencies (>1 Hz) seem to enhance it. It is a technique with very few and mostly mild side-effects, whose effects can persist for long time periods, and as such, it has been studied as a potential treatment option in a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases, including those affecting movement. Although rTMS has received approval as a treatment strategy of only a few aspects in movement disorders in the latest guidelines, its further use seems to also be promising in their context. In this review, we gathered the available literature on the therapeutic application of rTMS in movement disorders, namely Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Dystonia, Tic disorders and Essential Tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pateraki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Anargyros
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Ziogka
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Markos Sgantzos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Folia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni Peristeri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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Early Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Exerts Neuroprotective Effects and Improves Motor Functions in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:1763533. [PMID: 34987572 PMCID: PMC8723880 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1763533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a popular noninvasive technique for modulating motor cortical plasticity and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the therapeutic benefits and related mechanisms of rTMS in PD are still uncertain. Accordingly, preclinical animal research is helpful for enabling translational research to explore an effective therapeutic strategy and for better understanding the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the current study was designed to identify the therapeutic effects of rTMS on hemiparkinsonian rats. A hemiparkinsonian rat model, induced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was applied to evaluate the therapeutic potential of rTMS in motor functions and neuroprotective effect of dopaminergic neurons. Following early and long-term rTMS intervention with an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) paradigm (starting 24 h post-6-OHDA lesion, 1 session/day, 7 days/week, for a total of 4 weeks) in awake hemiparkinsonian rats, the effects of rTMS on the performance in detailed functional behavioral tests, including video-based gait analysis, the bar test for akinesia, apomorphine-induced rotational analysis, and tests of the degeneration level of dopaminergic neurons, were identified. We found that four weeks of rTMS intervention significantly reduced the aggravation of PD-related symptoms post-6-OHDA lesion. Immunohistochemically, the results showed that tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH-) positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and fibers in the striatum were significantly preserved in the rTMS treatment group. These findings suggest that early and long-term rTMS with the iTBS paradigm exerts neuroprotective effects and mitigates motor impairments in a hemiparkinsonian rat model. These results further highlight the potential therapeutic effects of rTMS and confirm that long-term rTMS treatment might have clinical relevance and usefulness as an additional treatment approach in individuals with PD.
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Tsai PY, Lin WS, Tsai KT, Kuo CY, Lin PH. High-frequency versus theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of poststroke cognitive impairment in humans. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2020; 45:262-270. [PMID: 32159313 PMCID: PMC7828923 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because the reliability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating poststroke cognitive impairment has not been convincingly demonstrated, we systematically examined the effectiveness of this regimen with 2 protocols. Methods We randomly allocated 41 patients with poststroke cognitive impairment to receive 5 Hz rTMS (n = 11), intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS; n = 15) or sham stimulation (n = 15). Each group received 10 stimulation sessions over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We performed the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Beck Depression Inventory at baseline and after the intervention. Results The 5 Hz rTMS group showed significantly greater improvement than the sham group in RBANS total score (p = 0.006), attention (p = 0.001) and delayed memory (p < 0.001). The iTBS group showed significantly greater improvement than the sham group in RBANS total score (p = 0.005) and delayed memory (p = 0.007). The 5 Hz rTMS group exhibited a superior modulating effect in attention compared to the iTBS group (p = 0.016). Patients without comorbid hypertension (p = 0.008) were predisposed to favourable therapeutic outcomes. Limitations Although we included only patients with left hemispheric stroke, heterogeneity associated with cortical and subcortical implications existed. We did not investigate the remote effects of rTMS. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that both 5 Hz rTMS and iTBS were effective for poststroke cognitive impairment in terms of global cognition, attention and memory function; the domain of attention was susceptible to 5 Hz modulation. Treatment with 5 Hz rTMS may slow cognitive decline, representing both a pivotal process in poststroke cognitive impairment and an aspect of neuroplasticity that contributes to disease-modifying strategies. Clinical trial registration NCT02006615; clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02006615.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Tsai
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, Tsai, Kuo); the National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, W. Lin); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan Branch, Yilan, Taiwan (W. Lin, P. Lin)
| | - Wang-Sheng Lin
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, Tsai, Kuo); the National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, W. Lin); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan Branch, Yilan, Taiwan (W. Lin, P. Lin)
| | - Kun-Ting Tsai
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, Tsai, Kuo); the National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, W. Lin); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan Branch, Yilan, Taiwan (W. Lin, P. Lin)
| | - Chia-Yu Kuo
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, Tsai, Kuo); the National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, W. Lin); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan Branch, Yilan, Taiwan (W. Lin, P. Lin)
| | - Pei-Hsin Lin
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, Tsai, Kuo); the National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tsai, W. Lin); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan Branch, Yilan, Taiwan (W. Lin, P. Lin)
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Latorre A, Rocchi L, Berardelli A, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for movement disorders: A critical review. Mov Disord 2019; 34:769-782. [PMID: 31034682 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and painless non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has been largely used in the past 30 years to explore cortical function in healthy participants and, inter alia, the pathophysiology of movement disorders. During the years, its use has evolved from primarily research purposes to treatment of a large variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases. In this article, we illustrate the basic principles on which the therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation is based and review the clinical trials that have been performed in patients with movement disorders. METHODS A search of the PubMed database for research and review articles was performed on therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in movement disorders. The search included the following conditions: Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders, Huntington's disease and choreas, and essential tremor. The results of the studies and possible mechanistic explanations for the relatively minor effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation are discussed. Possible ways to improve the methodology and achieve greater therapeutic efficacy are discussed. CONCLUSION Despite the promising and robust rationales for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulations as a treatment tool in movement disorders, the results taken as a whole are not as successful as were initially expected. There is encouraging evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation may improve motor symptoms and depression in Parkinson's disease, but the efficacy in other movement disorders is unclear. Possible improvements in methodology are on the horizon but have yet to be implemented in large clinical studies. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London, London, UK
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London, London, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London, London, UK
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The optimal stimulation site for high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind crossover pilot study. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 47:72-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chung C, Mak M. Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Physical Function and Motor Signs in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:475-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Schabrun SM, Lamont RM, Brauer SG. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Enhance Dual-Task Gait Training in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot RCT. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158497. [PMID: 27359338 PMCID: PMC4928827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of a combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and dual task gait training intervention in people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and to provide data to support a sample size calculation for a fully powered trial should trends of effectiveness be present. Design A pilot, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled parallel group trial with 12 week follow-up. Setting A university physiotherapy department. Interventions Sixteen participants diagnosed with PD received nine dual task gait training sessions over 3 weeks. Participants were randomized to receive either active or sham tDCS applied for the first 20 minutes of each session. Main Measures The primary outcome was gait speed while undertaking concurrent cognitive tasks (word lists, counting, conversation). Secondary measures included step length, cadence, Timed Up and Go, bradykinesia and motor speed. Results Gait speed, step length and cadence improved in both groups, under all dual task conditions. This effect was maintained at follow-up. There was no difference between the active and sham tDCS groups. Time taken to perform the TUGwords also improved, with no difference between groups. The active tDCS group did however increase their correct cognitive response rate during the TUGwords and TUGcount. Bradykinesia improved after training in both groups. Conclusion Three weeks of dual task gait training resulted in improved gait under dual task conditions, and bradykinesia, immediately following training and at 12 weeks follow-up. The only parameter enhanced by tDCS was the number of correct responses while performing the dual task TUG. tDCS applied to M1 may not be an effective adjunct to dual task gait training in PD. Trial Registration Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613001093774
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M. Schabrun
- Brain Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity unit, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Robyn M. Lamont
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra G. Brauer
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Bologna M, Suppa A, Conte A, Latorre A, Rothwell JC, Berardelli A. Are studies of motor cortex plasticity relevant in human patients with Parkinson’s disease? Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Song W, Amer A, Ryan D, Martin JH. Combined motor cortex and spinal cord neuromodulation promotes corticospinal system functional and structural plasticity and motor function after injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:46-57. [PMID: 26708732 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An important strategy for promoting voluntary movements after motor system injury is to harness activity-dependent corticospinal tract (CST) plasticity. We combine forelimb motor cortex (M1) activation with co-activation of its cervical spinal targets in rats to promote CST sprouting and skilled limb movement after pyramidal tract lesion (PTX). We used a two-step experimental design in which we first established the optimal combined stimulation protocol in intact rats and then used the optimal protocol in injured animals to promote CST repair and motor recovery. M1 was activated epidurally using an electrical analog of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). The cervical spinal cord was co-activated by trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) that was targeted to the cervical enlargement, simulated from finite element method. In intact rats, forelimb motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were strongly facilitated during iTBS and for 10 min after cessation of stimulation. Cathodal, not anodal, tsDCS alone facilitated MEPs and also produced a facilitatory aftereffect that peaked at 10 min. Combined iTBS and cathodal tsDCS (c-tsDCS) produced further MEP enhancement during stimulation, but without further aftereffect enhancement. Correlations between forelimb M1 local field potentials and forelimb electromyogram (EMG) during locomotion increased after electrical iTBS alone and further increased with combined stimulation (iTBS+c-tsDCS). This optimized combined stimulation was then used to promote function after PTX because it enhanced functional connections between M1 and spinal circuits and greater M1 engagement in muscle contraction than either stimulation alone. Daily application of combined M1 iTBS on the intact side and c-tsDCS after PTX (10 days, 27 min/day) significantly restored skilled movements during horizontal ladder walking. Stimulation produced a 5.4-fold increase in spared ipsilateral CST terminations. Combined neuromodulation achieves optimal motor recovery and substantial CST outgrowth with only 27 min of daily stimulation compared with 6h, as in our prior study, making it a potential therapy for humans with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Song
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Alzahraa Amer
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Daniel Ryan
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - John H Martin
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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Chervyakov AV, Poydasheva AG, Korzhova JE, Suponeva NA, Chernikova LA, Piradov MA. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology and psychiatry. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:7-18. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20151151127-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in movement disorders: A review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:695-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lefaucheur JP, André-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache SS, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Cantello RM, Cincotta M, de Carvalho M, De Ridder D, Devanne H, Di Lazzaro V, Filipović SR, Hummel FC, Jääskeläinen SK, Kimiskidis VK, Koch G, Langguth B, Nyffeler T, Oliviero A, Padberg F, Poulet E, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Rothwell JC, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Siebner HR, Slotema CW, Stagg CJ, Valls-Sole J, Ziemann U, Paulus W, Garcia-Larrea L. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:2150-2206. [PMID: 25034472 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1284] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A group of European experts was commissioned to establish guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) from evidence published up until March 2014, regarding pain, movement disorders, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, consciousness disorders, tinnitus, depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, craving/addiction, and conversion. Despite unavoidable inhomogeneities, there is a sufficient body of evidence to accept with level A (definite efficacy) the analgesic effect of high-frequency (HF) rTMS of the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the pain and the antidepressant effect of HF-rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). A Level B recommendation (probable efficacy) is proposed for the antidepressant effect of low-frequency (LF) rTMS of the right DLPFC, HF-rTMS of the left DLPFC for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and LF-rTMS of contralesional M1 in chronic motor stroke. The effects of rTMS in a number of indications reach level C (possible efficacy), including LF-rTMS of the left temporoparietal cortex in tinnitus and auditory hallucinations. It remains to determine how to optimize rTMS protocols and techniques to give them relevance in routine clinical practice. In addition, professionals carrying out rTMS protocols should undergo rigorous training to ensure the quality of the technical realization, guarantee the proper care of patients, and maximize the chances of success. Under these conditions, the therapeutic use of rTMS should be able to develop in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; EA 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic Team, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France.
| | - Nathalie André-Obadia
- Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Unit, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Inserm U 1028, NeuroPain Team, Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), Lyon-1 University, Bron, France
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samar S Ayache
- Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; EA 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic Team, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - David H Benninger
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto M Cantello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | | | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Institute of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Brai(2)n, Tinnitus Research Initiative Clinic Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hervé Devanne
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; ULCO, Lille-Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Saša R Filipović
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Satu K Jääskeläinen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vasilios K Kimiskidis
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Nyffeler
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Poulet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHU Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; EAM 4615, Lyon-1 University, Bron, France
| | - Simone Rossi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josep Valls-Sole
- EMG Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- Inserm U 1028, NeuroPain Team, Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), Lyon-1 University, Bron, France; Pain Unit, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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14
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Lefaucheur JP. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease by cortical stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1755-71. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Koch G. Do studies on cortical plasticity provide a rationale for using non-invasive brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease patients? Front Neurol 2013; 4:180. [PMID: 24223573 PMCID: PMC3818583 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have shown that key mechanisms of cortical plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) can be impaired by the PD pathology. In humans protocols of non-invasive brain stimulation, such as paired associative stimulation (PAS) and theta-burst stimulation (TBS), can be used to investigate cortical plasticity of the primary motor cortex. Through the amplitude of the motor evoked potential these transcranial magnetic stimulation methods allow to measure both LTP-like and LTD-like mechanisms of cortical plasticity. So far these protocols have reported some controversial findings when tested in PD patients. While various studies described evidence for reduced LTP- and LTD-like plasticity, others showed different results, demonstrating increased LTP-like and normal LTD-like plasticity. Recent evidence provided support to the hypothesis that these different patterns of cortical plasticity likely depend on the stage of the disease and on the concomitant administration of l-DOPA. However, it is still unclear how and if these altered mechanisms of cortical plasticity can be taken as a reliable model to build appropriate protocols aimed at treating PD symptoms by applying repetitive sessions of repetitive TMS (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The current article will provide an up-to-date overview of these issues together with some reflections on future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS , Rome , Italy ; Stroke Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
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16
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Zhuang X, Mazzoni P, Kang UJ. The role of neuroplasticity in dopaminergic therapy for Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9:248-56. [PMID: 23588357 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine replacement is a mainstay of therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease (PD). The motor response to therapy involves an immediate improvement in motor function, known as the short-duration response (SDR), followed by a long-duration response (LDR) that develops more slowly, over weeks. Here, we review evidence in patients and animal models suggesting that dopamine-dependent corticostriatal plasticity, and retention of such plasticity in the absence of dopamine, are the mechanisms underlying the LDR. Conversely, experience-dependent aberrant plasticity that develops slowly under reduced dopamine levels could contribute substantially to PD motor symptoms before initiation of dopamine replacement therapy. We place these findings in the context of the role of dopamine in basal ganglia function and corticostriatal plasticity, and provide a new framework suggesting that therapies that enhance the LDR could be more effective than those targeting the SDR. We further propose that changes in neuroplasticity constitute a form of disease modification that is distinct from prevention of degeneration, and could be responsible for some of the unexplained disease-modifying effects of certain therapies. Understanding such plasticity could provide novel therapeutic approaches that combine rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy for treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders involving basal ganglia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 947 South 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Vonloh M, Chen R, Kluger B. Safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:573-85. [PMID: 23473718 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used in both physiological studies and, more recently, the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). Prior TMS studies in healthy subjects and other patient populations demonstrate a slight risk of seizures and other adverse events. Our goal was to estimate these risks and document other safety concerns specific to PD patients. METHODS We performed an English-Language literature search through PudMed to review all TMS studies involving PD patients. We documented any seizures or other adverse events associated with these studies. Crude risks were calculated per subject and per session of TMS. RESULTS We identified 84 single pulse (spTMS) and/or paired-pulse (ppTMS) TMS studies involving 1091 patients and 77 repetitive TMS (rTMS) studies involving 1137 patients. Risk of adverse events was low in all protocols. spTMS and ppTMS risk per patient for any adverse event was 0.0018 (95% CI: 0.0002-0.0066) per patient and no seizures were encountered. Risk of an adverse event from rTMS was 0.040 (95% CI: 0.029-0.053) per patient and no seizures were reported. Other adverse events included transient headaches, scalp pain, tinnitus, nausea, increase in pre-existing pain, and muscle jerks. Transient worsening of Parkinsonian symptoms was noted in one study involving rTMS of the supplementary motor area (SMA). CONCLUSION We conclude that current TMS and rTMS protocols do not pose significant risks to PD patients. We would recommend that TMS users in this population follow the most recent safety guidelines but do not warrant additional precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Vonloh
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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Liu A, Fregni F, Hummel F, Pascual-Leone A. Therapeutic Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurology. TRANSCRANIAL BRAIN STIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Degardin A, Devos D, Defebvre L, Destée A, Plomhause L, Derambure P, Devanne H. Effect of intermittent theta-burst stimulation on akinesia and sensorimotor integration in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2669-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Alon G, Yungher DA, Shulman LM, Rogers MW. Safety and Immediate Effect of Noninvasive Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation on Gait and Balance in Parkinson Disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26:1089-95. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968312448233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Noninvasive electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is being investigated as a valued intervention to enhance motor performance. Objective. To ascertain the safety and ability of transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) to modulate variables of protective stepping and gait of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Method. Ten patients participated in a pilot study. During the first session, a tPCS delivered current for 20 minutes via a positive electrode placed over the primary motor area (M1). In week 2, participants walked for 20 minutes on a treadmill. In week 3, tPCS and treadmill for 20 minutes were combined. Pre-testing and post-testing of gait and protective stepping were administered, comparing post-intervention (tPCS alone, treadmill alone, tPCS + treadmill) with pre-intervention data. The 3 interventions were compared by calculating the difference between post-intervention and pre-intervention data. A significance level of P < .05 was adopted. Results. Stride length increased from 102.1 ± 24.4 to 111.2 ± 22.1 cm, and gait velocity increased from 0.90 ± 0.23 to 0.985 ± 0.19 m/s after tPCS. Treadmill or treadmill + tPCS did not result in changes in the studied gait parameters. The tPCS session increased gait velocity and stride length significantly compared with treadmill or tPCS + treadmill. Overall, the number of steps needed to recover balance decreased after tPCS and tPCS + treadmill. Conclusion. Noninvasive tPCS over the primary motor cortex had no adverse effects on those with long-standing Parkinson’s disease and may lead to acute improvement of gait and balance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Alon
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lisa M. Shulman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark W. Rogers
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Talelli P, Wallace A, Dileone M, Hoad D, Cheeran B, Oliver R, VandenBos M, Hammerbeck U, Barratt K, Gillini C, Musumeci G, Boudrias MH, Cloud GC, Ball J, Marsden JF, Ward NS, Di Lazzaro V, Greenwood RG, Rothwell JC. Theta burst stimulation in the rehabilitation of the upper limb: a semirandomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26:976-87. [PMID: 22412171 DOI: 10.1177/1545968312437940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive cortical stimulation could represent an add-on treatment to enhance motor recovery after stroke. However, its clinical value, including anticipated size and duration of the treatment effects, remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The authors designed a small semi-randomized clinical trial to explore whether long-lasting clinically important gains can be achieved by adding theta burst stimulation (TBS), a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), to a rehabilitation program for the hand. METHODS A total of 41 chronic stroke patients received excitatory TBS to the ipsilesional hemisphere or inhibitory TBS to the contralesional hemisphere in 2 centers; each active group was compared with a group receiving sham TBS. TBS was followed by physical therapy for 10 working days. Patients and therapists were blinded to the type of TBS. Primary outcome measures (9-hole Peg Test [9HPT], Jebsen Taylor Test [JTT], and grip and pinch-grip dynamometry) were assessed 4, 30, and 90 days post treatment. The clinically important difference was defined as 10% of the maximum score. RESULTS There were no differences between the active treatment and sham groups in any of the outcome measures. All patients achieved small sustainable improvements--9HPT, 5% of maximum (confidence interval [CI] = 3%-7%); JTT, 5.7% (CI = 3%-8%); and grip strength, 6% (CI = 2%-10%)--all below the defined clinically important level. CONCLUSIONS Cortical stimulation did not augment the gains from a late rehabilitation program. The effect size anticipated by the authors was overestimated. These results can improve the design of future work on therapeutic uses of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Talelli
- Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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22
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Safety of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 28:67-74. [PMID: 21221011 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0b013e318205135f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols have recently emerged as a method to transiently alter cortical excitability in the human brain through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. TBS involves applying short trains of stimuli at high frequency repeated at intervals of 200 milliseconds. Because repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is known to carry a risk of seizures, safety guidelines have been established. TBS has the theoretical potential of conferring an even higher risk of seizure than other repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols because it delivers high-frequency bursts. In light of the recent report of a seizure induced by TBS, the safety of this new protocol deserves consideration. We performed an English language literature search and reviewed all studies published from May 2004 to December 2009 in which TBS was applied. The adverse events were documented, and crude risk was calculated. The majority of adverse events attributed to TBS were mild and occurred in 5% of subjects. Based on this review, TBS seems to be a safe and efficacious technique. However, given its novelty, it should be applied with caution. Additionally, this review highlights the need for rigorous documentation of adverse events associated with TBS and intensity dosing studies to assess the seizure risk associated with various stimulation parameters (e.g., frequency, intensity, and location).
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23
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Lefaucheur JP, André-Obadia N, Poulet E, Devanne H, Haffen E, Londero A, Cretin B, Leroi AM, Radtchenko A, Saba G, Thai-Van H, Litré CF, Vercueil L, Bouhassira D, Ayache SS, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Mylius V, Nicolier M, Garcia-Larrea L. [French guidelines on the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): safety and therapeutic indications]. Neurophysiol Clin 2011; 41:221-95. [PMID: 22153574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a large amount of work on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been performed, including the development of new paradigms of stimulation, the integration of imaging data, and the coupling of TMS techniques with electroencephalography or neuroimaging. These accumulating data being difficult to synthesize, several French scientific societies commissioned a group of experts to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on TMS. This text contains all the consensual findings of the expert group on the mechanisms of action, safety rules and indications of TMS, including repetitive TMS (rTMS). TMS sessions have been conducted in thousands of healthy subjects or patients with various neurological or psychiatric diseases, allowing a better assessment of risks associated with this technique. The number of reported side effects is extremely low, the most serious complication being the occurrence of seizures. In most reported seizures, the stimulation parameters did not follow the previously published recommendations (Wassermann, 1998) [430] and rTMS was associated to medication that could lower the seizure threshold. Recommendations on the safe use of TMS / rTMS were recently updated (Rossi et al., 2009) [348], establishing new limits for stimulation parameters and fixing the contraindications. The recommendations we propose regarding safety are largely based on this previous report with some modifications. By contrast, the issue of therapeutic indications of rTMS has never been addressed before, the present work being the first attempt of a synthesis and expert consensus on this topic. The use of TMS/rTMS is discussed in the context of chronic pain, movement disorders, stroke, epilepsy, tinnitus and psychiatric disorders. There is already a sufficient level of evidence of published data to retain a therapeutic indication of rTMS in clinical practice (grade A) in chronic neuropathic pain, major depressive episodes, and auditory hallucinations. The number of therapeutic indications of rTMS is expected to increase in coming years, in parallel with the optimisation of stimulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est-Créteil, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
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24
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Zamir O, Gunraj C, Ni Z, Mazzella F, Chen R. Effects of theta burst stimulation on motor cortex excitability in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:815-21. [PMID: 21945152 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS) is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is another rTMS protocol that produces LTP-like effects and increases cortical excitability but its effects are independent of afferent input. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of iTBS on cortical excitability in PD. METHODS iTBS was applied to the motor cortex in 10 healthy subjects and 12 PD patients ON and OFF dopaminergic medications. Motor evoked potential (MEP) before and for 60 min after iTBS were used to examine the changes in cortical excitability induced by iTBS. Paired-pulse TMS was used to test whether intracortical circuits, including short interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, short and long latency afferent inhibition, were modulated by iTBS. RESULTS After iTBS, the control, PD ON and OFF groups had similar increases in MEP amplitude compared to baseline over the course of 60 min. Changes in intracortical circuits induced by iTBS were also similar for the different groups. CONCLUSIONS iTBS produced similar effects on cortical excitability for PD patients and controls. SIGNIFICANCE Spike-timing dependent heterosynaptic LTP-like plasticity induced by PAS may be more impaired in PD than frequency dependent homosynaptic LTP-like plasticity induced by iTBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Zamir
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Kishore A, Joseph T, Velayudhan B, Popa T, Meunier S. Early, severe and bilateral loss of LTP and LTD-like plasticity in motor cortex (M1) in de novo Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:822-8. [PMID: 21945457 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the plasticity of bilateral motor cortices (M1) in treatment-naïve (de novo) Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and its response to single dose of L-DOPA. METHODS Twenty-one de novo PD patients with only unilateral motor symptoms were recruited to eliminate the effects of advanced disease and chronic treatment and were tested with intermittent (n=10) and continuous theta burst stimulation (iTBS and cTBS) (n=11) protocols to induce LTP and LTD-like plasticity on both M1 cortices. They were compared with two groups of 10 each, age-matched, healthy volunteers (HV). Severity of motor signs and effectiveness of TBS were measured bilaterally in the untreated state and after a uniform dose of L-DOPA in all patients. RESULTS iTBS and cTBS induced significant LTP and LTD- like plasticity in M1 of HV. In de novo patients, there was no plasticity in both M1. Acute L-DOPA challenge did not improve plasticity in either M1 cortices, though motor signs of PD improved. There was no correlation of motor signs with M1 plasticity. CONCLUSION The early, severe and bilateral loss of plasticity in M1 in de novo PD patients is a primary disease-related cortical dysfunction. The contrasting L-DOPA response of motor signs and M1 plasticity could arise from differences in neural circuits mediating them or differing effects of acute dopamine replacement on circuits recruited by specific plasticity-induction techniques, particularly in treatment naïve PD. SIGNIFICANCE M1 plasticity defect occurs early in PD and might affect motor learning. Acute vs. chronic dopamine replacement could have different effects on plasticity in PD or in the networks recruited by a specific plasticity induction technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala 695 011, India.
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Gamboa OL, Antal A, Laczo B, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Impact of repetitive theta burst stimulation on motor cortex excitability. Brain Stimul 2011; 4:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Eggers C, Fink GR, Nowak DA. Theta burst stimulation over the primary motor cortex does not induce cortical plasticity in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2010; 257:1669-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Filipović SR, Rothwell JC, Bhatia K. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and off-phase motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2010; 291:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Nowak DA, Ameli M, Kemper F, Sarfeld AS, Bensmail D, Konczak J, Fink GR. Arbitrary visuomotor mapping during object manipulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1925-33. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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