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Swatzyna RJ, Morrow LM, Collins DM, Barr EA, Roark AJ, Turner RP. Evidentiary Significance of Routine EEG in Refractory Cases: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatry. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024:15500594231221313. [PMID: 38238932 DOI: 10.1177/15500594231221313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual's method of prescribing medications based on presenting symptoms has been challenged. The shift toward precision medicine began with the National Institute of Mental Health and culminated with the World Psychiatric Association's posit that a paradigm shift is needed. This study supports that shift by providing evidence explaining the high rate of psychiatric medication failure and suggests a possible first step toward precision medicine. A large psychiatric practice began collecting electroencephalograms (EEGs) for this study in 2012. The EEGs were analyzed by the same neurophysiologist (board certified in electroencephalography) on 1,233 patients. This study identified 4 EEG biomarkers accounting for medication failure in refractory patients: focal slowing, spindling excessive beta, encephalopathy, and isolated epileptiform discharges. Each EEG biomarker suggests underlying brain dysregulation, which may explain why prior medication attempts have failed. The EEG biomarkers cannot be identified based on current psychiatric assessment methods, and depending upon the localization, intensity, and duration, can all present as complex behavioral or psychiatric issues. The study highlights that the EEG biomarker identification approach can be a positive step toward personalized medicine in psychiatry, furthering the clinical thinking of "testing the organ we are trying to treat."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana M Collins
- Child, Adolescent, and Adult Psychiatry, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Emma A Barr
- Houston Neuroscience Brain Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert P Turner
- Network Neurology, LLC, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Charleston, SC, USA
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Swatzyna RJ, Arns M, Tarnow JD, Turner RP, Barr E, MacInerney EK, Hoffman AM, Boutros NN. Isolated epileptiform activity in children and adolescents: prevalence, relevance, and implications for treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:545-552. [PMID: 32666203 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the field of psychiatry diagnoses are primarily based on the report of symptoms from either the patient, parents, or both, and a psychiatrist's observations. A psychiatric diagnosis is currently the most widely used basis for medication selection and the brain is seldom investigated directly as a source of those symptoms. This study addresses the request from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC) for scientific research into neurological abnormalities that can be linked to psychiatric symptoms for the purpose of predicting medication response. One such neurological abnormality that has been the focus of many studies over the last three decades is isolated epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in children and adolescents without seizures. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine prevalence rates of IEDs within diagnostic categories. We then compared the prevalence of IEDs in the selected literature to our IRB-approved data archive. Our study found a consistent high prevalence of IEDs specifically for ADHD (majority > 25%) and ASD (majority > 59%), and consistent low prevalence rates were found for Depression (3%). If children and adolescents have failed multiple medication attempts, and more than one-third of them have IEDs, then an EEG would be justified within the RDoC paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Swatzyna
- Houston Neuroscience Brain Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Clinical NeuroAnalytics, 1307 Oceanside Lane, League City, TX, 77573, USA.
| | - Martijn Arns
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Research Institute Brainclinics, Brainclinics Foundation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay D Tarnow
- The Tarnow Center for Self-Management, Houston, USA
| | - Robert P Turner
- Network Neurology Health, Charleston, SC, USA.,Clinical Pediatrics and Neurology, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Emma Barr
- Houston Neuroscience Brain Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Nash N Boutros
- School of Medicine, RUSH University, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Boland C, Jalihal V, Organ C, Oak K, McLean B, Laugharne R, Woldman W, Beck R, Shankar R. EEG Markers in Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder-A Possible Outcome Measure for Neurofeedback: A Narrative Review. Clin EEG Neurosci 2021; 52:254-273. [PMID: 32635758 DOI: 10.1177/1550059420937948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. There is growing evidence for the use of biofeedback (BF) in affective disorders, dissocial personality disorder, and in children with histories of abuse. Electroencephalogram (EEG) markers could be used as neurofeedback in emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) management especially for those at high risk of suicide when emotionally aroused. This narrative review investigates the evidence for EEG markers in EUPD. Methods. PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct a narrative review. A structured search method was developed and implemented in collaboration with an information specialist. Studies were identified via 3 electronic database searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. A predesigned inclusion/exclusion criterion was applied to selected papers. A thematic analysis approach with 5 criteria was used. Results. From an initial long list of 5250 papers, 229 studies were identified and screened, of which 44 met at least 3 of the predesigned inclusion criteria. No research to date investigates EEG-based neurofeedback in EUPD. A number of different EEG biomarkers are identified but there is poor consistency between studies. Conclusions. The findings heterogeneity may be due to the disorder complexity and the variable EEG related parameters studied. An alternative explanation may be that there are a number of different neuromarkers, which could be clustered together with clinical symptomatology, to give new subdomains. Quantitative EEGs in particular may be helpful to identify more specific abnormalities. EEG standardization of neurofeedback protocols based on specific EEG abnormalities detected may facilitate targeted use of neurofeedback as an intervention in EUPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailín Boland
- Saint James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,8809Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Katy Oak
- 8028Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- 7491Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,151756Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Randy Beck
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rohit Shankar
- 7491Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,151756Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Carr P. The value of visioning: Augmenting EMDR with alpha-band alternating bilateral photic stimulation for trauma treatment in schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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King JL, Kaimal G, Konopka L, Belkofer C, Strang CE. Practical Applications of Neuroscience-Informed Art Therapy. ART THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2019.1649549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Swatzyna RJ, Boutros NN, Genovese AC, MacInerney EK, Roark AJ, Kozlowski GP. Electroencephalogram (EEG) for children with autism spectrum disorder: evidential considerations for routine screening. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:615-624. [PMID: 30218395 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Routine electroencephalograms (EEG) are not recommended as a screen for epileptic discharges (EDs) in current practice guidelines for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, a review of the research from the last three decades suggests that this practice should be reevaluated. The significant comorbidity between epilepsy and ASD, its shared biological pathways, risk for developmental regression, and cognitive challenges demand increased clinical investigation requiring a proactive approach. This review highlights and explains the need for screening EEGs for children with ASD. EEG would assist in differentiating EDs from core features of ASD and could be included in a comprehensive assessment. EEG also meets the demand for evidence-based precision medicine and focused care for the individual, especially when overlapping processes of development are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Swatzyna
- Electro-Neuro Analysis Research, Tarnow Center for Self-Management, 1001 West Loop South, Suite 215, Houston, TX, 77027, USA.
| | - Nash N Boutros
- Behavioral Neurology Division, The Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ann C Genovese
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald P Kozlowski
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Saybrook University, Oakland, CA, USA
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Swatzyna RJ, Tarnow JD, Proler ML, Roark AJ, MacInerney EK, Kozlowski GP. Retrospective Analysis of Nonepileptic Patients With Isolated Epileptiform Discharges Treated With Anticonvulsants. Clin EEG Neurosci 2017; 48:322-326. [PMID: 28771044 DOI: 10.1177/1550059417695896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been tested on nonepileptic patients with a variety of diagnoses. The Food and Drug Administration has only approved certain AEDs for a small number of psychiatric conditions. There are few studies of nonepileptic patients that recommend an empirical trial of AEDs when isolated epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are identified in the electroencephalogram (EEG). However, no trials have been published. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of treating nonepileptic patients with AEDs when IEDs are present. Refractory cases were reviewed from a multidisciplinary practice whose EEG readings contained IEDs and were subsequently medicated with anticonvulsants by the clinic's psychiatrist. The psychiatrist's progress notes were assessed to determine the impact of adding anticonvulsants based on parent reports, teacher reports, and clinical observation. The final sample was composed of 76 refractory cases. Of the 76 patients treated with anticonvulsants, the majority were found to be improved in follow-up progress notes: 65 improved (85.53%), 6 unchanged (7.89%), and 5 more severe (6.58%). These observational findings suggest that further studies will be needed to show that IEDs may predict positive treatment outcome to anticonvulsant medication and act as a step toward an evidence-based treatment. Also, EEG screening may prove to be useful for refractory cases regardless of age, gender, or diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay D Tarnow
- 1 Tarnow Center for Self-Management, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meyer L Proler
- 2 Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald P Kozlowski
- 3 Department of Clinical Psychology, Saybrook University, Oakland, CA, USA
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