1
|
Parlatini V, Bellato A, Roy S, Murphy D, Cortese S. Association Between Single-Dose and Longer Term Clinical Response to Stimulants in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39027968 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2024.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Stimulants, such as methylphenidate (MPH) and amphetamines, represent the first-line pharmacological option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated beneficial effects at a group level but could not identify characteristics consistently associated with varying individual response. Thus, more individualized approaches are needed. Experimental studies have suggested that the neurobiological response to a single dose is indicative of longer term response. It is unclear whether this also applies to clinical measures. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of RCTs testing the association between the clinical response to a single dose of stimulants and longer term improvement. Potentially suitable single-dose RCTs were identified from the MED-ADHD data set, the European ADHD Guidelines Group RCT Data set (https://med-adhd.org/), as updated on February 1, 2024. Quality assessment was carried out using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) 2.0 tool. Results: A total of 63 single-dose RCTs (94% testing MPH, 85% in children) were identified. Among these, only a secondary analysis of an RCT tested the association between acute and longer term clinical response. This showed that the clinical improvement after a single dose of MPH was significantly associated with symptom improvement after a 4-week MPH treatment in 46 children (89% males) with ADHD. The risk of bias was rated as moderate. A further RCT used near-infrared spectroscopy, thus did not meet the inclusion criteria, and reported an association between brain changes under a single-dose and longer term clinical response in 22 children (82% males) with ADHD. The remaining RCTs only reported single-dose effects on neuropsychological, neuroimaging, or neurophysiological measures. Conclusion: This systematic review highlighted an important gap in the current knowledge. Investigating how acute and long-term response may be related can foster our understanding of stimulant mechanism of action and help develop stratification approaches for more tailored treatment strategies. Future studies need to investigate potential age- and sex-related differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Parlatini
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Bellato
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Mind and Neurodevelopment (MiND) Research Group, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Sulagna Roy
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Murphy
- Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Samuele Cortese
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dakwar-Kawar O, Mentch-Lifshits T, Hochman S, Mairon N, Cohen R, Balasubramani P, Mishra J, Jordan J, Cohen Kadosh R, Berger I, Nahum M. Aperiodic and periodic components of oscillatory brain activity in relation to cognition and symptoms in pediatric ADHD. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae236. [PMID: 38858839 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder show deficits in processing speed, as well as aberrant neural oscillations, including both periodic (oscillatory) and aperiodic (1/f-like) activity, reflecting the pattern of power across frequencies. Both components were suggested as underlying neural mechanisms of cognitive dysfunctions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we examined differences in processing speed and resting-state-Electroencephalogram neural oscillations and their associations between 6- and 12-year-old children with (n = 33) and without (n = 33) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Spectral analyses of the resting-state EEG signal using fast Fourier transform revealed increased power in fronto-central theta and beta oscillations for the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group, but no differences in the theta/beta ratio. Using the parameterization method, we found a higher aperiodic exponent, which has been suggested to reflect lower neuronal excitation-inhibition, in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group. While fast Fourier transform-based theta power correlated with clinical symptoms for the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group only, the aperiodic exponent was negatively correlated with processing speed across the entire sample. Finally, the aperiodic exponent was correlated with fast Fourier transform-based beta power. These results highlight the different and complementary contribution of periodic and aperiodic components of the neural spectrum as metrics for evaluation of processing speed in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Future studies should further clarify the roles of periodic and aperiodic components in additional cognitive functions and in relation to clinical status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Dakwar-Kawar
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 9124001, Israel
| | - Tal Mentch-Lifshits
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 9124001, Israel
| | - Shachar Hochman
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kate Granger Building, 30 Priestley Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7YH
| | - Noam Mairon
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 9124001, Israel
| | - Reut Cohen
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 9124001, Israel
| | - Pragathi Balasubramani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Josh Jordan
- Department of Psychology, Dominican University of California, 50 Acacia Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, United States
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kate Granger Building, 30 Priestley Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7YH
| | - Itai Berger
- Pediatric Neurology, Assuta-Ashdod University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Shevablvd 1, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 9124001, Israel
| | - Mor Nahum
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 9124001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zanus C, Miladinović A, De Dea F, Skabar A, Stecca M, Ajčević M, Accardo A, Carrozzi M. Sleep Spindle-Related EEG Connectivity in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Exploratory Study. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1244. [PMID: 37761543 PMCID: PMC10530036 DOI: 10.3390/e25091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder with known brain abnormalities but no biomarkers to support clinical diagnosis. Recently, EEG analysis methods such as functional connectivity have rekindled interest in using EEG for ADHD diagnosis. Most studies have focused on resting-state EEG, while connectivity during sleep and spindle activity has been underexplored. Here we present the results of a preliminary study exploring spindle-related connectivity as a possible biomarker for ADHD. We compared sensor-space connectivity parameters in eight children with ADHD and nine age/sex-matched healthy controls during sleep, before, during, and after spindle activity in various frequency bands. All connectivity parameters were significantly different between the two groups in the delta and gamma bands, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the gamma band distinguished ADHD from healthy subjects. Cluster coefficient and path length values in the sigma band were also significantly different between epochs, indicating different spindle-related brain activity in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Zanus
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Aleksandar Miladinović
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Federica De Dea
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy (M.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aldo Skabar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Stecca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Miloš Ajčević
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Agostino Accardo
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Carrozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dakwar-Kawar O, Mairon N, Hochman S, Berger I, Cohen Kadosh R, Nahum M. Transcranial random noise stimulation combined with cognitive training for treating ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:271. [PMID: 37528107 PMCID: PMC10394047 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation has been suggested as a potential treatment for improving symptomology and cognitive deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. Here, we examined whether a novel form of stimulation, high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), applied with cognitive training (CT), may impact symptoms and neural oscillations in children with ADHD. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial in 23 unmedicated children with ADHD, who received either tRNS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) or sham stimulation for 2 weeks, combined with CT. tRNS + CT yielded significant clinical improvements (reduced parent-reported ADHD rating-scale scores) following treatment, compared to the control intervention. These improvements did not change significantly at a 3-week follow-up. Moreover, resting state (RS)-EEG periodic beta bandwidth of the extracted peaks was reduced in the experimental compared to control group immediately following treatment, with further reduction at follow-up. A lower aperiodic exponent, which reflects a higher cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and has been related to cognitive improvement, was seen in the experimental compared to control group. This replicates previous tRNS findings in adults without ADHD but was significant only when using a directional hypothesis. The experimental group further exhibited longer sleep onset latencies and more wake-up times following treatment compared to the control group. No significant group differences were seen in executive functions, nor in reported adverse events. We conclude that tRNS + CT has a lasting clinical effect on ADHD symptoms and on beta activity. These results provide a preliminary direction towards a novel intervention in pediatric ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Dakwar-Kawar
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Mairon
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Itai Berger
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Assuta-Ashdod University Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Mor Nahum
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michelini G, Lenartowicz A, Diaz-Fong JP, Bilder RM, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Loo SK. Methylphenidate, Guanfacine, and Combined Treatment Effects on Electroencephalography Correlates of Spatial Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:37-47. [PMID: 35963558 PMCID: PMC10829974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The combination of d-methylphenidate and guanfacine (an α-2A adrenergic agonist) may be an effective alternative to either agent as monotherapy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying medication effects using cortical source analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data. METHOD A total of 172 children with ADHD (aged 7-14; 118 boys) completed an 8-week randomized, double-blind, comparative study with 3 treatment arms: d-methylphenidate, guanfacine, or their combination. EEG modulations of brain oscillations at baseline and end point were measured during a spatial working memory task from cortical sources localized within the anterior cingulate (midfrontal) and primary visual cortex (midoccipital), based on previously reported ADHD and control differences. Linear mixed models examined treatment effects on EEG and performance measures. RESULTS Combined treatment decreased midoccipital EEG power across most frequency bands and task phases. Several midoccipital EEG measures also showed significantly greater changes with combined treatment than with monotherapies. D-methylphenidate significantly increased midoccipital theta during retrieval, while guanfacine produced only trend-level reductions in midoccipital alpha during maintenance and retrieval. Task accuracy improved with combined treatment, was unchanged with d-methylphenidate, and worsened with guanfacine. Treatment-related changes in midoccipital power correlated with improvement in ADHD severity. CONCLUSION These findings show that combined treatment ameliorates midoccipital neural activity associated with treatment-related behavioral improvements and previously implicated in visuo-attentional deficits in ADHD. Both monotherapies had limited effects on EEG measures, with guanfacine further showing detrimental effects on performance. The identified midoccipital EEG profile may aid future treatment monitoring for children with ADHD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Single Versus Combination Medication Treatment for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Project1); https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00429273. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California; School of Biological & Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Agatha Lenartowicz
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Joel P Diaz-Fong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert M Bilder
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - James J McGough
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - James T McCracken
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra K Loo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michelini G, Norman LJ, Shaw P, Loo SK. Treatment biomarkers for ADHD: Taking stock and moving forward. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:444. [PMID: 36224169 PMCID: PMC9556670 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of treatment biomarkers for psychiatric disorders has been challenging, particularly for heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Promising findings are also rarely translated into clinical practice, especially with regard to treatment decisions and development of novel treatments. Despite this slow progress, the available neuroimaging, electrophysiological (EEG) and genetic literature provides a solid foundation for biomarker discovery. This article gives an updated review of promising treatment biomarkers for ADHD which may enhance personalized medicine and novel treatment development. The available literature points to promising pre-treatment profiles predicting efficacy of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD. These candidate predictive biomarkers, particularly those based on low-cost and non-invasive EEG assessments, show promise for the future stratification of patients to specific treatments. Studies with repeated biomarker assessments further show that different treatments produce distinct changes in brain profiles, which track treatment-related clinical improvements. These candidate monitoring/response biomarkers may aid future monitoring of treatment effects and point to mechanistic targets for novel treatments, such as neurotherapies. Nevertheless, existing research does not support any immediate clinical applications of treatment biomarkers for ADHD. Key barriers are the paucity of replications and external validations, the use of small and homogeneous samples of predominantly White children, and practical limitations, including the cost and technical requirements of biomarker assessments and their unknown feasibility and acceptability for people with ADHD. We conclude with a discussion of future directions and methodological changes to promote clinical translation and enhance personalized treatment decisions for diverse groups of individuals with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Michelini
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Luke J. Norman
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Office of the Clinical Director, NIMH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Philip Shaw
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Office of the Clinical Director, NIMH, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.280128.10000 0001 2233 9230Section on Neurobehavioral and Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sandra K. Loo
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Medina R, Bouhaben J, de Ramón I, Cuesta P, Antón-Toro L, Pacios J, Quintero J, Quiroga AR, Maestú F. Alfa band power increases in posterior brain regions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after digital cognitive stimulation treatment. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac038. [PMID: 35402910 PMCID: PMC8984701 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The changes triggered by pharmacological treatments in resting-state alpha-band (8–14 Hz) oscillations have been widely studied in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, to date, there has been no evidence regarding the possible changes in cognitive stimulation treatments on these oscillations. This paper sets out to verify whether cognitive stimulation treatments based on progressive increases in cognitive load can be effective in triggering changes in alpha-band power in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. With this objective, we compared a cognitive stimulation treatment (n = 13) to placebo treatment (n = 13) for 12 weeks (36 sessions of 15 min) in child patients (8–11 years old) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Two magnetoencephalographic recordings were acquired for all the participants. In order to extract the areas with changes in alpha power between both magnetoencephalographic recordings, the differences in the power ratio (pre/post-condition) were calculated using an Analysis of Covariance test adjusted for the age variable. The results show an increase in the post-treatment power ratio in the experimental group versus the placebo group (P < 0.01) in posterior regions and the default mode network. In addition, these alpha changes were related to measures of attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility. The results seem to indicate that cognitive stimulation treatment based on progressive increases in cognitive load triggers alpha-band power changes in child attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients in the direction of their peers without this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio de Ramón
- Sincrolab, Ltd., Madrid 28033, Spain
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Pablo Cuesta
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Luis Antón-Toro
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid 28660, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Javier Pacios
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid 28660, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Javier Quintero
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Infanta Leonor, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Maestú
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid 28660, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Johnstone SJ, Jiang H, Sun L, Rogers JM, Valderrama J, Zhang D. Development of Frontal EEG Differences Between Eyes-Closed and Eyes-Open Resting Conditions in Children: Data From a Single-Channel Dry-Sensor Portable Device. Clin EEG Neurosci 2021; 52:235-245. [PMID: 32735462 DOI: 10.1177/1550059420946648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Changes in EEG when moving from an eyes-closed to an eyes-open resting condition result from bottom-up sensory processing and have been referred to as activation. In children, activation is characterized by a global reduction in alpha, frontally present reductions for delta and theta, and a frontal increase for beta. The present study aimed to replicate frontal EEG activation effects using single-channel, dry-sensor EEG, and to extend current understanding by examining developmental change in children. Frontal EEG was recorded using a single-channel, dry-sensor EEG device while 182 children aged 7 to 12 years completed eyes-closed resting (EC), eyes-open resting (EO), and focus (FO) tasks. Results indicated that frontal delta, theta, and alpha power were reduced, and frontal beta power was increased, in the EO compared with the EC condition. Exploratory analysis of a form of top-down activation showed that frontal beta power was increased in the FO compared with to the EO condition, with no differences for other bands. The activation effects were robust at the individual level. The bottom-up activation effects reduced with age for frontal delta and theta, increased for frontal alpha, with no developmental change for top-down or bottom-up frontal beta activation. These findings contribute further to validation of the single-channel, dry-sensor, frontal EEG and provide support for use in a range of medical, therapeutic, and clinical domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Johnstone
- School of Psychology, Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, 8691University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Han Jiang
- School of Special Education, 66344Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- 74577Peking University Sixth Hospital and Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jeffrey M Rogers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 4334University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joaquin Valderrama
- National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Linguistics, 7788Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The HEARing CRC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, 27106Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Strauß M, Petroff D, Huang J, Ulke C, Paucke M, Bogatsch H, Böhme P, Hoffmann K, Reif A, Kittel-Schneider S, Heuser I, Ahlers E, Gallinat J, Schöttle D, Fallgatter A, Ethofer T, Unterecker S, Hegerl U. The "VIP-ADHD trial": Does brain arousal have prognostic value for predicting response to psychostimulants in adult ADHD patients? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 43:116-128. [PMID: 33388218 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EEG studies have shown that adult ADHD patients have less stable brain arousal regulation than age and gender matched controls. Psychostimulants have brain arousal stabilising properties evident in EEG patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the stability of brain arousal regulation has prognostic value in predicting response to methylphenidate therapy in adult ADHD patients. In an open-label, single-arm, multi-centre, confirmatory trial, 121 adult ADHD patients were recruited and 112 qualified for the full analysis set. All participants received an initial dose of 20 mg extended release methylphenidate at baseline. After a titration phase of up to 4 weeks, patients remained on a weight-based target dose of extended release methylphenidate for 4 weeks. Using the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.1), we assessed brain arousal regulation before the treatment with methylphenidate, based on a 15-min EEG at quiet rest recorded at baseline. Using automatic stage-classification of 1 s segments, we computed the mean EEG-vigilance (indexing arousal level) and an arousal stability score (indexing arousal regulation). The primary endpoint was the association between successful therapy, defined by a 30% reduction in CAARS, and stable/unstable brain arousal. 52 patients (46%) showed an unstable brain arousal regulation of which 23% had therapy success. In the stable group, 35% had therapy success, implying an absolute difference of 12 percentage points (95% CI -5 to 29, p = 0.17) in the direction opposite to the hypothesized one. There were no new findings regarding the tolerability and safety of extended release methylphenidate therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Strauß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - David Petroff
- Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madlen Paucke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Bogatsch
- Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Böhme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Bochum, Germany
| | - Knut Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital of Frankfurt
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital of Frankfurt; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike Ahlers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany
| | - Daniel Schöttle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany
| | - Andreas Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital of Frankfurt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mamiya PC, Arnett AB, Stein MA. Precision Medicine Care in ADHD: The Case for Neural Excitation and Inhibition. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010091. [PMID: 33450814 PMCID: PMC7828220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its core symptoms, including difficulties regulating attention, activity level, and impulses, appear in early childhood and can persist throughout the lifespan. Current pharmacological options targeting catecholamine neurotransmissions have effectively alleviated symptoms in some, but not all affected individuals, leaving clinicians to implement trial-and-error approach to treatment. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence from both preclinical and human studies that suggest imbalance of excitation/inhibition (E/I) in the fronto-striatal circuitry during early development may lead to enduring neuroanatomical abnormality of the circuitry, causing persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood. We propose a model of precision medicine care that includes E/I balance as a candidate biomarker for ADHD, development of GABA-modulating medications, and use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scalp electrophysiology methods to monitor the effects of treatments on shifting E/I balance throughout the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping C. Mamiya
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne B. Arnett
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.B.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mark A. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.B.A.); (M.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Byeon J, Choi TY, Won GH, Lee J, Kim JW. A novel quantitative electroencephalography subtype with high alpha power in ADHD: ADHD or misdiagnosed ADHD? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242566. [PMID: 33201920 PMCID: PMC7671485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) subtypes as auxiliary tools to assess Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A total of 74 subjects (58 male and 16 female) were assessed using the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV and were assigned to one of three groups: ADHD, ADHD-Not Otherwise specified (NOS), and Neurotypical (NT). We measured absolute and relative EEG power in 19 channels and conducted an auditory continuous performance test. We analyzed QEEG according to the frequency range: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), slow alpha (8–10 Hz), fast alpha (10–13.5 Hz), and beta (13.5–30 Hz). The subjects were then grouped by Ward’s method of cluster analysis using the squared Euclidian distance to measure dissimilarities. We discovered four QEEG clusters, which were characterized by: (a) elevated delta power with less theta activity, (b) elevated slow alpha relative power, (c) elevated theta with deficiencies of alpha and beta relative power, and (d) elevated fast alpha and beta absolute power. The largest proportion of participants in clusters (a) and (c) were from the ADHD group (48% and 47%, respectively). Conversely, group (b) mostly consisted of the participants from the NOS group (59%), while group (d) had the largest proportion of participants from the NT group (62%). These results indicate that children with ADHD does not neurophysiologically constitute a homogenous group. We also identified a new subtype with increased alpha power in addition to those commonly reported in ADHD. Given the QEEG characteristics with increased alpha power, we should consider the possibility that this subtype may be caused by childhood depression. In conclusion, we believe that these QEEG subtypes of ADHD are expected to provide valuable information for accurately diagnosing ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Byeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hui Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Easybrain Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Asadzadeh S, Yousefi Rezaii T, Beheshti S, Delpak A, Meshgini S. A systematic review of EEG source localization techniques and their applications on diagnosis of brain abnormalities. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Kirkland AE, Langan MT, Holton KF. Artificial food coloring affects EEG power and ADHD symptoms in college students with ADHD: a pilot study. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:159-168. [PMID: 32116139 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1730614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Removing artificial food coloring (AFC) is a common dietary intervention for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but has not been tested in young adults. This pilot study examined the effects of AFC on ADHD symptoms and electroencephalography (EEG) in college students with and without ADHD.Methods: At baseline, control and ADHD participants completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), simple and complex attention measures, and resting-state EEG recordings. ADHD participants (n = 18) and a subset of controls (extended control group or EC, n = 11) avoided AFC in their diet for 2 weeks and then were randomized to a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover challenge. Subjects received either 225 mg AFC disguised in chocolate cookies or placebo chocolate cookies for 3 days each week, with testing on the third day each week. Baseline comparisons were made using Student's t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum tests and challenge period analyses were run using General Linear Modeling.Results: The ADHD group had significantly greater scores on the ASRS (p < 0.001), confirming a symptom differential between groups; however, there were no differences in attentional measures or EEG at baseline. The AFC challenge resulted in an increase in posterior mean gamma power (p = 0.05), a decrease in posterior relative alpha power (p = 0.04), and a marginal increase in inattentive symptoms (p = 0.08) in the ADHD group. There were no effects of AFC in the EC group.Discussion: This study indicates that AFC exposure may affect brainwave activity and ADHD symptoms in college students with ADHD. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kirkland
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kathleen F Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bioulac S, Taillard J, Philip P, Sagaspe P. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Measurements in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32174847 PMCID: PMC7055535 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. It is a heterogeneous disorder in terms of clinical presentation that is probably due to the frequent occurrence of comorbidity. Children with ADHD more frequently report sleep disorders (notably delayed sleep phase syndrome) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) than typically developing children. The aim of this article is to propose a narrative review of the assessment of EDS in the context of ADHD with first a summary of the subjective and objective tools used to measure it. Secondly, perspectives in terms of electroencephalogram (EEG) markers and neurofeedback are proposed. Then, possibilities for new kinds of evaluation are discussed (virtual reality, ecological momentary assessment, etc.). Lastly, we discuss specific clinical situations with EDS in the context of ADHD as links with narcolepsy, the comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, and the context of sluggish cognitive tempo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bioulac
- CHU Pellegrin, Clinique du Sommeil, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Sommeil, Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Université de Bordeaux, Sommeil, Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Philip
- CHU Pellegrin, Clinique du Sommeil, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Sommeil, Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Sagaspe
- CHU Pellegrin, Clinique du Sommeil, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060841. [PMID: 31212854 PMCID: PMC6617109 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex symptomatology, and core symptoms as well as functional impairment often persist into adulthood. Recent investigations estimate the worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents to be ~7%, which is a substantial increase compared to a decade ago. Conventional treatment most often includes pharmacotherapy with central nervous stimulants, but the number of non-responders and adverse effects call for treatment alternatives. Exercise has been suggested as a safe and low-cost adjunctive therapy for ADHD and is reported to be accompanied by positive effects on several aspects of cognitive functions in the general child population. Here we review existing evidence that exercise affects cognitive functions in children with and without ADHD and present likely neurophysiological mechanisms of action. We find well-described associations between physical activity and ADHD, as well as causal evidence in the form of small to moderate beneficial effects following acute aerobic exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD. Despite large heterogeneity, meta-analyses find small positive effects of exercise in population-based control (PBC) children, and our extracted effect sizes from long-term interventions suggest consistent positive effects in children and adolescents with ADHD. Paucity of studies probing the effect of different exercise parameters impedes finite conclusions in this regard. Large-scale clinical trials with appropriately timed exercise are needed. In summary, the existing preliminary evidence suggests that exercise can improve cognitive performance intimately linked to ADHD presentations in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis. Based on the findings from both PBC and ADHD children, we cautiously provide recommendations for parameters of exercise.
Collapse
|