The Characteristics of Power Spectral Density in Bipolar Disorder at the Resting State

Boltzmann's Theorem Revisited: Inaccurate Time-to-Action Clocks in Affective Disorders

Timely goal-oriented behavior is essential for survival and is shaped by experience. In this paper, a multileveled approach was employed, ranging from the polymorphic level through thermodynamic molecular, cellular, intracellular, extracellular, non-neuronal organelles and electrophysiological waves, attesting for signal variability. By adopting Boltzmann's theorem as a thermodynamic conceptualization of brain work, we found deviations from excitation-inhibition balance and wave decoupling, leading to wider signal variability in affective disorders compared to healthy individuals. Recent evidence shows that the overriding on-off design of clock genes paces the accuracy of the multilevel parallel sequencing clocks and that the accuracy of the time-to-action is more crucial for healthy behavioral reactions than their rapidity or delays. In affective disorders, the multilevel clocks run free and lack accuracy of responsivity to environmentally triggered time-to-action as the clock genes are not able to rescue mitochondria organelles from oxidative stress to produce environmentally-triggered energy that is required for the accurate time-to-action and maintenance of the thermodynamic equilibrium. This maintenance, in turn, is dependent on clock gene transcription of electron transporters, leading to higher signal variability and less signal accuracy in affective disorders. From a Boltzmannian thermodynamic and energy-production perspective, the option of reversibility to a healthier time-toaction, reducing entropy is implied. We employed logic gates to show deviations from healthy levelwise communication and the reversed conditions through compensations implying the role of nonneural cells and the extracellular matrix in return to excitation-inhibition balance and accuracy in the time-to-action signaling.

Abnormal patterns of sleep and waking behaviors are accompanied by neocortical oscillation disturbances in an Ank3 mouse model of epilepsy-bipolar disorder comorbidity

ANK3 is a leading bipolar disorder (BD) candidate gene in humans and provides a unique opportunity for studying epilepsy-BD comorbidity. Previous studies showed that deletion of Ank3-1b, a BD-associated variant of Ank3 in mice leads to increased firing threshold and diminished action potential dynamic range of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and absence epilepsy, thus providing a biological mechanism linking epilepsy and BD. To explore the behavioral overlap of these disorders, we characterized behavioral patterns of Ank3-1b KO mice during overnight home-cage activity and examined network activity during these behaviors using paired video and EEG recordings. Since PV interneurons contribute to the generation of high-frequency gamma oscillations, we anticipated changes in the power of neocortical EEG signals in the gamma frequency range (> 25 Hz) during behavioral states related to human BD symptoms, including abnormal sleep, hyperactivity, and repetitive behaviors. Ank3-1b KO mice exhibited an overall increase in slow gamma (~25-45 Hz) power compared to controls, and slow gamma power correlated with seizure phenotype severity across behaviors. During sleep, increased slow gamma power correlated with decreased time spent in the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. Seizures were more common during REM sleep compared to non-REM (NREM) sleep. We also found that Ank3-1b KO mice were hyperactive and exhibited a repetitive behavior phenotype that co-occurred with increased slow gamma power. Our results identify a novel EEG biomarker associating Ank3 genetic variation with BD and epilepsy and suggest modulation of gamma oscillations as a potential therapeutic target.