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Delaney DS, Liew LJ, Lye J, Atlas MD, Wong EYM. Overcoming barriers: a review on innovations in drug delivery to the middle and inner ear. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1207141. [PMID: 37927600 PMCID: PMC10620978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1207141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the development of therapeutics for hearing loss, drug delivery to the middle and inner ear remains a challenge. As conventional oral or intravascular administration are ineffective due to poor bioavailability and impermeability of the blood-labyrinth-barrier, localized delivery is becoming a preferable approach for certain drugs. Even then, localized delivery to the ear precludes continual drug delivery due to the invasive and potentially traumatic procedures required to access the middle and inner ear. To address this, the preclinical development of controlled release therapeutics and drug delivery devices have greatly advanced, with some now showing promise clinically. This review will discuss the existing challenges in drug development for treating the most prevalent and damaging hearing disorders, in particular otitis media, perforation of the tympanic membrane, cholesteatoma and sensorineural hearing loss. We will then address novel developments in drug delivery that address these including novel controlled release therapeutics such as hydrogel and nanotechnology and finally, novel device delivery approaches such as microfluidic systems and cochlear prosthesis-mediated delivery. The aim of this review is to investigate how drugs can reach the middle and inner ear more efficiently and how recent innovations could be applied in aiding drug delivery in certain pathologic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Delaney
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J. Liew
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Joey Lye
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marcus D. Atlas
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine Y. M. Wong
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Nadour H, Bozorg Grayeli A, Poisson G, Belharet K. CochleRob: Parallel-Serial Robot to Position a Magnetic Actuator around a Patient's Head for Intracochlear Microrobot Navigation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2973. [PMID: 36991684 PMCID: PMC10054852 DOI: 10.3390/s23062973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Our work introduces a new robotic solution named CochleRob, which is used for the administration of super-paramagnetic antiparticles as drug carriers into the human cochlea for the treatment of hearing loss caused by damaged cochlea. This novel robot architecture presents two key contributions. First, CochleRob has been designed to meet specifications pertaining to ear anatomy, including workspace, degrees of freedom, compactness, rigidity, and accuracy. The first objective was to develop a safer mathod to administer drugs to the cochlea without the need for catheter or CI insertion. Secondly, we aimed at developing and validating the mathemathical models, including forward, inverse, and dynamic models, to support the robot function. Our work provides a promising solution for drug administration into the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housseyne Nadour
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GIPSA-Lab, École Doctorale Électronique, Électrotechnique, Automatique, Traitement du Signal (ED EEATS), 38100 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexis Bozorg Grayeli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- CNRS UMR 6306 Le2i Research Laboratory, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Poisson
- PRISME EA 4229, Université d’Orléans, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Karim Belharet
- PRISME EA 4229, JUNIA-HEI, 2 Allée Jean Vaillé, 36000 Châteauroux, France
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Park JE, Kim WC, Kim SK, Ahn Y, Ha SM, Kim G, Choi S, Yun WS, Kong TH, Lee SH, Park DJ, Choi JS, Key J, Seo YJ. Protection of Hearing Loss in Ototoxic Mouse Model Through SPIONs and Dexamethasone-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticle Delivery by Magnetic Attraction. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6317-6334. [DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s380810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kashizadeh A, Pastras C, Rabiee N, Mohseni-Dargah M, Mukherjee P, Asadnia M. Potential nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Meniere's disease. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102599. [PMID: 36064032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meniere's disease (MD) is a progressive inner ear disorder involving recurrent and prolonged episodes or attacks of vertigo with associated symptoms, resulting in a significantly reduced quality of life for sufferers. In most cases, MD starts in one ear; however, in one-third of patients, the disorder progresses to the other ear. Unfortunately, the etiology of the disease is unknown, making the development of effective treatments difficult. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocarriers, offer an array of novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications related to MD. NPs have specific features such as biocompatibility, biochemical stability, targetability, and enhanced visualization using imaging tools. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of recent advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MD. Furthermore, the crucial challenges adversely affecting the use of nanoparticles to treat middle ear disorders are investigated. Finally, this paper provides recommendations and future directions for improving the performances of nanomaterials on theragnostic applications of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Kashizadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Christopher Pastras
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; The Menière's Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Masoud Mohseni-Dargah
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payal Mukherjee
- RPA Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Goyal MM, Zhou NJ, Vincent PFY, Hoffman ES, Goel S, Wang C, Sun DQ. Rationally Designed Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cochlear Drug Delivery: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biocompatibility in a Murine Model. OTOLOGY & NEUROTOLOGY OPEN 2022; 2:e013. [PMID: 38516629 PMCID: PMC10950169 DOI: 10.1097/ono.0000000000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Hypothesis Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for cochlear drug delivery can be precisely engineered for biocompatibility in the cochlea. Background MNPs are promising drug delivery vehicles that can enhance the penetration of both small and macromolecular therapeutics into the cochlea. However, concerns exist regarding the application of oxidative, metal-based nanomaterials to delicate sensory tissues of the inner ear. Translational development of MNPs for cochlear drug deliver requires specifically tuned nanoparticles that are not cytotoxic to inner ear tissues. We describe the synthesis and characterization of precisely tuned MNP vehicles, and their in vitro biocompatibility in murine organ of Corti organotypic cultures. Methods MNPs were synthesized via 2-phase ligand transfer process with precise control of nanoparticle size. Core and hydrodynamic sizes of nanoparticles were characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively. In vitro biocompatibility was assayed via mouse organ of Corti organotypic cultures with and without an external magnetic field gradient. Imaging was performed using immunohistochemical labeling and confocal microscopy. Outer hair cell, inner hair cell, and spiral ganglion neurites were individually quantified. Results Monocore PEG-MNPs of 45 and 148 nm (mean hydrodynamic diameter) were synthesized. Organ of Corti cultures demonstrated preserved outer hair cell, inner hair cell, and neurite counts across 2 MNP sizes and doses, and irrespective of external magnetic field gradient. Conclusion MNPs can be custom-synthesized with precise coating, size, and charge properties specific for cochlear drug delivery while also demonstrating biocompatibility in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund M. Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nancy J. Zhou
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Philippe F. Y. Vincent
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elina S. Hoffman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shiv Goel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Q. Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Qi J, Fu X, Zhang L, Tan F, Li N, Sun Q, Hu X, He Z, Xia M, Chai R. Current AAV-mediated gene therapy in sensorineural hearing loss. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Talaśka K, Wojtkowiak D, Wilczyński D, Ferreira A. Computational methodology for drug delivery to the inner ear using magnetic nanoparticle aggregates. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106860. [PMID: 35576687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The main goal of the proposed study is to improve the efficiency of the ear treatment via targeted drug delivery to the inner ear, i.e. the cochlea. Although pharmacotherapy has been proposed as a solution to prevent damage or restore functionality to hair cells, the main challenge in such treatments is ensuring adequate drug delivery to the cells. To this end, we present a methodology for the evaluation of the magnetic forces needed to move magnetic particle nanorobots (abbreviated as MNP) and their aggregates through the cochlea round window membrane (RWM). METHODS The FEM - Lagrangian-Eulerian approach (Abaqus software) was used to determine the specific parameters of movement of the nanoparticles crossing the RWM. This method results in a high consistency of FEM simulations and in-vivo experimental results in regards to the required magnetic force during the movement of spherical nanoparticles with a given viscosity ηave. Based on the analysis of the experimental studies found in subject literature, the sizes of the MNPs and their aggregates able to cross RWM with and without the application of magnetic force FM have been determined. RESULTS The present work accounts for both the experimental and theoretical aspects of these investigations. Presented research confirms the definite usability of the Lagrange-Euler method for the precise determination of the required magnetic force value FM to control the accelerated motion of MNP aggregates of complex shapes through RWM. It is possible to determine the predominant parameters with a precision of less than 5% for single-layer aggregates and spatial aggregates crossing the RWM. It can be concluded that the MNPs and their aggregates should not be larger than 500-750 nm to cross the RWM with high velocities of penetration close to 800 nm/s for magnetic forces of hundreds 10-14 Newtons. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Lagrangian-Eulerian approach is capable of accurately predicting the movement parameters of MNP aggregates of irregular shape that are close to the experimental test cases. The presented method can serve as a supplementary tool for the design of drug delivery systems to the inner ear using MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Talaśka
- Institute of Machine Design, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, Poznań 61-138, Poland.
| | - Dominik Wojtkowiak
- Institute of Machine Design, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, Poznań 61-138, Poland
| | - Dominik Wilczyński
- Institute of Machine Design, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, Poznań 61-138, Poland
| | - Antoine Ferreira
- Laboratoire PRISME, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Centre Val de Loire, Bourges, France.
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Martin MJ, Spitzmaul G, Lassalle V. Novel insights and perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss through the implementation of magnetic nanotheranostics. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100685. [PMID: 34978134 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is a sensory disability that affects 5% of the world's population. HL predominantly involves damage and death to the cochlear cells. Currently, there is no cure or specific medications for HL. Furthermore, the arrival of therapeutic molecules to the inner ear represents a challenge due to the limited blood supply to the sensory cells and the poor penetration of the blood-cochlear barrier. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) perfectly coordinate with the requirements for controlled drug delivery along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostic and monitoring capabilities. Besides, they are suitable tools to be applied to HL, expecting to be more effective and non-invasive. So far, the published literature only refers to some preclinical studies of SPIONs for HL management. This contribution aims to provide an integrated view of the best options and strategies that can be considered for future research punctually in the field of magnetic nanotechnology applied to HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Martin
- INQUISUR: Instituto de Quimica del Sur, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
| | - Guillermo Spitzmaul
- Universidad Nacional del Sur Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia: Universidad Nacional del Sur Departamento de Biologia Bioquimica y Farmacia, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica Y farmacia, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
| | - Verónica Lassalle
- INQUISUR: Instituto de Quimica del Sur, Química, Av Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
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Verma R, Vyas P, Kaur J, Javed MN, Sarafroz M, Ahmad M, Gilani SJ, Taleuzzaman M. Approaches for ear-targeted delivery systems in neurosensory disorders to avoid chronic hearing loss mediated neurological diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:479-491. [PMID: 34477535 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210903102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Hearing loss is a common audio-vestibular-related neurosensory disability of inner ears, in which patients exhibit clinical symptoms of dizziness, gait unsteadiness, and oscillopsia, at an initial stage. While, if such disorders are untreated for a prolonged duration then the progression of disease into a chronic state significantly decreases GABA level as well as an alteration in the neurotransmission of CNS systems. Hence, to control the progression of disease into a chronic state, timely and targeted delivery of the drug into the site of action in the ear is now attracting the interest of neurologists for effective and safe treatment of such disorders. Among delivery systems, owing to small dimension, better penetration, rate-controlled release, higher bioavailability; nanocarriers are preferred to overcome delivery barriers, improvement in residence time, and enhanced the performance of loaded drugs. Subsequently, these carriers also stabilize encapsulated drugs while the opportunity to modify the surface of carriers favors guided direction for site-specific targeting. Conventional routes of drug delivery such as oral. intravenous, and intramuscular are poorer in performance because of inadequate blood supply to the inner ear and limited penetration of blood-inner ear barrier. CONCLUSION This review summarized novel aspects of non-invasive and biocompatible nanoparticles-based approaches for targeted delivery of drugs into the cochlea of the ear to reduce the rate, and extent of the emergence of any hearing loss mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohammad Sarafroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, City Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Makhmur Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Buraydah College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, P.O Box- 31717, Buraydah- 51452, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- College of Basic Health Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Taleuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur, 342802, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Treatment of auditory dysfunction is dependent on inner ear drug delivery, with microtechnologies playing an increasingly important role in cochlear access and pharmacokinetic profile control. This review examines recent developments in the field for clinical and animal research environments. RECENT FINDINGS Micropump technologies are being developed for dynamic control of flow rates with refillable reservoirs enabling timed delivery of multiple agents for protection or regeneration therapies. These micropumps can be combined with cochlear implants with integral catheters or used independently with cochleostomy or round window membrane (RWM) delivery modalities for therapy development in animal models. Sustained release of steroids with coated cochlear implants remains an active research area with first-time-in-human demonstration of reduced electrode impedances. Advanced coatings containing neurotrophin producing cells have enhanced spiral ganglion neuron survival in animal models, and have proven safe in a human study. Microneedles have emerged for controlled microperforation of the RWM for significant enhancement in permeability, combinable with emerging matrix formulations that optimize biological interaction and drug release kinetics. SUMMARY Microsystem technologies are providing enhanced and more controlled access to the inner ear for advanced drug delivery approaches, alone and in conjunction with cochlear implants.
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Guigou C, Lalande A, Millot N, Belharet K, Bozorg Grayeli A. Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Brain and Ear: State of the Art and Challenges. Brain Sci 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 33799690 PMCID: PMC7998448 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery and distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and the inner ear represent a challenge for the medical and scientific world, especially because of the blood-brain and the blood-perilymph barriers. Solutions are being studied to circumvent or to facilitate drug diffusion across these structures. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which can be coated to change their properties and ensure biocompatibility, represents a promising tool as a drug carrier. They can act as nanocarriers and can be driven with precision by magnetic forces. The aim of this study was to systematically review the use of SPIONs in the CNS and the inner ear. A systematic PubMed search between 1999 and 2019 yielded 97 studies. In this review, we describe the applications of the SPIONS, their design, their administration, their pharmacokinetic, their toxicity and the methods used for targeted delivery of drugs into the ear and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guigou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France;
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Alain Lalande
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Nadine Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France;
| | - Karim Belharet
- Laboratoire PRISME, JUNIA Campus Centre, 36000 Châteauroux, France;
| | - Alexis Bozorg Grayeli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France;
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
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Nanocarriers for drug delivery to the inner ear: Physicochemical key parameters, biodistribution, safety and efficacy. Int J Pharm 2020; 592:120038. [PMID: 33159985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of inner ear disorders, there are still no dedicated medications on the market. Drugs are currently administered by the intratympanic route, the safest way to maximize drug concentration in the inner ear. Nevertheless, therapeutic doses are ensured for only a few minutes/hours using drug solutions or suspensions. The passage through the middle ear barrier strongly depends on drug physicochemical characteristics. For the past 15 years, drug encapsulation into nanocarriers has been developed to overcome this drawback. Nanocarriers are well known to sustain drug release and protect it from degradation. In this review, in vivo studies are detailed concerning nanocarrier biodistribution, their pathway mechanisms in the inner ear and the resulting drug pharmacokinetics. Key parameters influencing nanocarrier biodistribution are identified and discussed: nanocarrier size, concentration, surface composition and shape. Recent advanced strategies that combine nanocarriers with hydrogels, specific tissue targeting or modification of the round window permeability (cell-penetrating peptide, magnetic delivery) are explored. Most of the nanocarriers appear to be safe for the inner ear and provide a significant efficacy over classic formulations in animal models. However, many challenges remain to be overcome for future clinical applications.
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Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092104. [PMID: 32365941 PMCID: PMC7248690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.
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