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Lambert M, Wonink A, Benko R, Plejdrup Hansen M, van Dijk L, Taxis K. Pharmacists combating antimicrobial resistance: A Delphi study on antibiotic dispensing. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:723-732. [PMID: 38702286 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The daily work of community pharmacists includes dispensing antibiotics, but little is known about how this should be done to ensure quality use of antibiotics. OBJECTIVE To define specific tasks of the community pharmacist when dispensing antibiotics and to assess to what extent these tasks can be implemented in practice in Europe. METHODS A Delphi study with community pharmacist experts in the European Economic Area. Statements on potential tasks for pharmacists during the antibiotic dispensing process were based on a systematic literature review. Participants rated the statements for importance and feasibility of implementation in practice in 3 rounds on a scale from 1 to 9. Consensus of importance was defined as ≥ 80 % of experts rating a statement between 7 and 9. An online expert meeting was conducted between rounds 1 and 2. Scores for all statements were analysed descriptively. RESULTS Overall, 38 experts from 21 countries participated in the study. Experts reached consensus on 108 statements within 5 themes: 1) collaboration with prescribers, 2) checking prescriptions and dispensing, 3) counselling, 4) education, and 5) pharmacy services. Potential tasks included advising and collaborating with prescribers, performing safety checks, and having access to specific prescription information. Additionally, pharmacists should counsel patients related to the dispensed antibiotic and on antimicrobial resistance and infectious diseases. With few exceptions, pharmacists should not dispense antibiotics without prescriptions or prescribe antibiotics. Consensus on feasibility of implementation was only reached for statements in the categories "counselling patients" and "education". Barriers to changing practice included structure of the healthcare system, resistance to change from prescribers or pharmacy staff, lack of time and finances, legal barriers, and patient expectations. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists have an important role when dispensing antibiotics. This study provides important steps towards better community pharmacy antibiotic dispensing practices throughout the EEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Lambert
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anneloes Wonink
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ria Benko
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical Center, Central Pharmacy and Emergency Care Department, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Liset van Dijk
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, 3513, CR, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Katja Taxis
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Lim K, Lum E, Olsen A, Nissen L, Broom A, Seale H. Determining a future policy focus to support antimicrobial stewardship in community pharmacy: A modified Delphi study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 14:100456. [PMID: 38948387 PMCID: PMC11214505 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past decade, the pharmacy sector's policy, academic and professional spheres have increasingly drawn attention to the opportunities to better leverage the untapped potential of the community pharmacy sector in contributing to global efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While efforts are in train, progress is slow. Objective To draw insights from global experts in the field to identify a broad range of potential future policy directions to support community pharmacists' involvement in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Methods A modified Delphi technique, comprising two survey rounds to build consensus amongst global community pharmacy sector stakeholders and opinion leaders. In Round 1, participants rated their level of agreement with 28 statements across the three domains of policy design, implementation design, and monitoring and evaluation. Participants were also invited to contribute feedback in Round 1, which was reflected as new statements (n = 10) in Round 2. In Round 2, participants were asked to re-assess Round 1 statements in view of the group consensus and to rate the new statements. Results 289 participants were invited to participate. 48/289 (17% response rate) completed Round 1, and 25/42 (60% response rate) completed Round 2. Consensus (defined as >70% agreement) was achieved for 79% (n = 30) of the statements across the three domains. Conclusion Pharmacy sector experts agreed that acknowledging community pharmacists in AMS national action plans is an important component, signalling a recognition of the sector's contribution to whole-of-nation AMS efforts. Implementation components that achieved consensus reflect the profession's evolution to a professional service driven model, particularly in complementary AMS initiatives including infection prevention and control measures. Context-specific adjustments to support implementing these AMS measures will be required, in addition to striking the appropriate balance to support the pace of increased community pharmacists'involvement in AMS with building whole-of-profession buy-in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lim
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine Lum
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Olsen
- ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Lisa Nissen
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Broom
- School of Social and Political Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Angibaud M, Jourdain M, Girard S, Rouxel L, Mouhib A, Nogueira A, Rat C, Huon JF. Involving community pharmacists in interprofessional collaboration in primary care: a systematic review. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:103. [PMID: 38561676 PMCID: PMC10983710 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization supports interprofessional collaboration in primary care. On over the past 20 years, community pharmacists had been taking a growing number of new responsibilities and they are recognized as a core member of collaborative care teams as patient-centered care providers. This systematic review aimed to describe interprofessional collaboration in primary care involving a pharmacist, and its effect on patient related outcomes. METHODS A systematic review of randomized controlled trials cited in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo and CINAHL in English and French was conducted from inception to November 2022. Studies were included if they described an intervention piloted by a primary care provider and included a pharmacist and if they evaluated the effects of intervention on a disease or on patient related outcomes. The search generated 3494 articles. After duplicates were removed and titles and abstracts screened for inclusion, 344 articles remained. RESULTS Overall, 19 studies were included in the review and assessed for quality. We found 14 studies describing an exclusive collaboration between physician and pharmacist with for all studies a three-step model of pharmacist intervention: a medication review, an interview with the patient, and recommendations made to physician. Major topics in the articles eligible for inclusion included cardiovascular diseases with blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Positive effects concerned principally blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Collaboration involving pharmacists is mainly described in relation to cardiovascular diseases, for which patient-centered indicators are most often positive. It underscores the need for further controlled studies on pharmacist-involved interprofessional collaboration across various medical conditions to improve consensus on core outcomes measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Angibaud
- Primary Care Federative Department, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, INSERM U1302 Team 2, INCIT, Team 2, Nantes, France.
| | - Maud Jourdain
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Solene Girard
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Louise Rouxel
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Adam Mouhib
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Nogueira
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Rat
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, INSERM U1302 Team 2, INCIT, Team 2, Nantes, France
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Huon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pharmacie, F-44000, France
- UMR INSERM 1246 SPHERE "methodS in Patient-centered Outcomes and HEalth ResEarch, Nantes Université, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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4
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Chiang V, Guirguis L, Warren AL, Topps D, Anderson SJ, Hecker KG. Managing common ambulatory conditions: Exploring clinical decision making performance between pharmacists and family physicians. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100357. [PMID: 38023635 PMCID: PMC10663664 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prescribing is part of the expanded scope of practice for pharmacists in Alberta, Canada. Given these responsibilities, clinical decision making (the outcome from the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making process) is an essential skill for pharmacists. The current study compared diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making between Additional Prescribing Authority (APA) pharmacists and family physicians using a set of common ambulatory clinical cases that both practitioners could encounter in the community as part of their daily practice. Objectives To explore clinical decision making performance and behaviors between APA pharmacists and family physicians during the assessment and prescribing of common ambulatory conditions. Methods Eight written ambulatory clinical cases were developed by a panel of experts in both family medicine and pharmacy that were commonly encountered in both professions' daily practice. Participating APA pharmacists and family physicians reviewed the cases and responded with likely diagnoses, recommended treatments, and reported confidence in therapeutic choices. The responses of 18 APA pharmacists and 9 family physicians in community practices were analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic accuracy, confidence in diagnostic choices, and confidence in therapeutic choices between APA pharmacists and family physicians to these common ambulatory presentations. Conclusions This study provides preliminary insights regarding the capabilities of pharmacists in the assessment of common ambulatory community conditions and suggests that APA pharmacists are making similar diagnostic and therapeutic decisions to family physicians. Future research could focus on examining the performance of pharmacists trained in different pharmacy education models, as well as their ability to provide clinical assessment in other specialties, or in more uncommon clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chiang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Lisa Guirguis
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy L. Warren
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - David Topps
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Anderson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Kent G. Hecker
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
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5
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Musoke D, Lubega GB, Gbadesire MS, Boateng S, Twesigye B, Gheer J, Nakachwa B, Brown MO, Brandish C, Winter J, Ng BY, Russell-Hobbs K, Gibson L. Antimicrobial stewardship in private pharmacies in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:147. [PMID: 37978569 PMCID: PMC10655315 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Private pharmacies are the first point of contact for the public regarding acquisition of medicines and other pharmaceuticals in many low- and middle-income countries including Uganda. Most antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes in Uganda have targeted pharmacies in public health facilities, with little known about private pharmacies. This study explored knowledge and practices related to AMS in private pharmacies in Wakiso district, central Uganda. METHODS This was a qualitative study that involved 31 in-depth interviews to explore AMS among retail private pharmacy staff including pharmacists, pharmacy technicians/dispensers, and nurses. Participants were asked about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and AMS practices at their pharmacy. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and imported to NVivo 2020 (QSR International) for thematic analysis. RESULTS Five major themes emerged from the study: commonly sold antimicrobials; knowledge on AMR and AMS; potential contributors to AMR; practices related to AMS; and challenges to AMS. The commonly sold antimicrobials in the pharmacies with or without prescriptions were oral azithromycin, Ampiclox® (ampicillin and cloxacillin), amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, Septrin® (co-trimoxazole), metronidazole, Flucamox® (amoxicillin and flucloxacillin), Augmentin® (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), cephalexin, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol. Participants had heard about AMR but not AMS, although only a few correctly defined AMR. Lack of knowledge among health workers and local communities; the overuse, misuse, and abuse of antimicrobials such as non-adherence to dosage; self-medication; and purchase of drugs without prescription were identified as potential accelerators to the emergence of AMR. Current practices related to AMS in private pharmacies were limited to meetings, antimicrobial dispensing, providing client advice, record keeping, and monitoring of drugs. Cost of healthcare, client satisfaction and retention, outdated guidelines, and the business orientation of pharmacies were the main challenges related to AMS. CONCLUSION There was poor knowledge of AMR and AMS, and limited AMS practices in private pharmacies. Private pharmacies have the potential to contribute to Uganda's fight against AMR if motivated and equipped with adequate knowledge to enhance their practices related to AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Musoke
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Grace Biyinzika Lubega
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mimi Salome Gbadesire
- Institute of Health and Allied Professions, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Stephanie Boateng
- Institute of Health and Allied Professions, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Belinda Twesigye
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jagdeep Gheer
- Medicines Optimisation Team, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire West Integrated Care Board Trust Offices, Amersham Hospital, Amersham, HP7 0JD, UK
| | - Betty Nakachwa
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Obeng Brown
- Institute of Health and Allied Professions, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Claire Brandish
- Pharmacy Department, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, HP21 8AL, UK
| | - Jody Winter
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Bee Yean Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate Russell-Hobbs
- Pharmacy Department, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, HP21 8AL, UK
| | - Linda Gibson
- Institute of Health and Allied Professions, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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6
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Abbott IJ, Peel TN, Cairns KA, Stewardson AJ. Antibiotic management of urinary tract infections in the post-antibiotic era: a narrative review highlighting diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1254-1266. [PMID: 35640839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the most common indications for antimicrobial prescription in the community, the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is both complicated by, and a driver of, antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVES To highlight the key clinical decisions involved in the diagnosis and treatment of UTIs in adult women, focusing on clinical effectiveness and both diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship as we approach the post-antimicrobial era. SOURCES Literature reviewed via directed PubMed searches and manual searching of the reference list for included studies to identify key references to respond to the objectives. A strict time limit was not applied. We prioritised recent publications, randomised trials, and systematic reviews (with or without meta-analyses) where available. Searches were limited to English language articles. A formal quality assessment was not performed; however, the strengths and limitations of each paper were reviewed by the authors throughout the preparation of this manuscript. CONTENT We discuss the management of UTIs in ambulatory adult women, with particular focus on uncomplicated infections. We address the diagnosis of UTIs, including the following: definition and categorisation; bedside assessments and point-of-care tests; and the indications for, and use of, laboratory tests. We then discuss the treatment of UTIs, including the following: indications for treatment, antimicrobial sparing approaches, key considerations when selecting a specific antimicrobial agent, specific treatment scenarios, and duration of treatment. We finally outline emerging areas of interest in this field. IMPLICATIONS The steady increase in antimicrobial resistance among common uropathogens has had a substantial affect on the management of UTIs. Regarding both diagnosis and treatment, the clinician must consider both the patient (clinical effectiveness and adverse effects, including collateral damage) and the community more broadly (population-level antimicrobial selection pressure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Microbiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Trisha N Peel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly A Cairns
- Pharmacy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Stewardson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Almawed R, Shiu J, Bungard T, Charrois T, Gill P. Pharmacist Prescribing at Inpatient Discharge in Alberta. Can J Hosp Pharm 2023; 76:275-281. [PMID: 37767376 PMCID: PMC10522341 DOI: 10.4212/cjhp.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Pharmacists in the province of Alberta may apply for additional prescribing authorization (APA), which allows them to independently prescribe medications. Currently, no literature exists about pharmacist prescribing for inpatients at the time of discharge. Objectives The primary objective was to report the proportion of patients for whom inpatient pharmacists with APA prescribed at discharge across Alberta, Canada. Secondary objectives were to describe discharge interventions other than prescribing that were provided, enablers of and barriers to discharge prescribing, and differences in discharge prescribing by facility or population type, clinical area, and health care charting system. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional web-based survey of inpatient pharmacists with APA across Alberta was conducted over a 6-week period in early 2022. Results A total of 104 respondents met the inclusion criteria. Under half (45/102, 44.1%) of the participants reported prescribing at discharge. Those that reported prescribing at discharge did so for only a median 14.5% of their patients. The most common enabler of discharge prescribing was a supportive care team, and the most common barrier was the presence of other prescribers. Pharmacists who did not report prescribing at discharge selected "discomfort with being responsible for the prescription" and "fear of professional liability" as barriers more often than those who did report discharge prescribing (51.0% [26/51] vs 33.3% [13/39] and 43.1% [22/51] vs 25.6% [10/39], respectively). The proportion of pharmacists who reported prescribing at discharge was greater with increasing population/facility size (30% [6/20] of pharmacists in settings that served small populations vs 50% [29/58] of those in settings that served large populations). Conclusions Inpatient pharmacists who use APA at discharge reported prescribing for only a minority of patients, and discharge prescribing practices varied widely across the province. Future areas of research include how pharmacists can overcome barriers to prescribing at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Almawed
- , PharmD, ACPR, is with Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Jennifer Shiu
- , BScPharm, PharmD, ACPR, is with Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Tammy Bungard
- , BSP, PharmD, is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Theresa Charrois
- , BScPharm, ACPR, MSc, EdD, is with the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Pawandeep Gill
- , PharmD, ACPR, is with Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta
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8
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Rabbani SA, Sridhar SB, Safdar M, Rao PGM, Jaber AAS, AlAhmad MM, Shaar K, Emad I, Azim MA. Assessment of Prescribing Practices and Factors Related to Antibiotic Prescribing in Community Pharmacies. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59050843. [PMID: 37241075 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Overprescribing of antibiotics is one of the important contributors of antimicrobial resistance globally. A high proportion of antibiotics prescribed in community settings are unnecessary or inappropriate. This study assesses the prescribing practices and factors related to antibiotic prescribing in community pharmacies in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study utilizing a quantitative approach was carried out in the community pharmacies of Ras Al Khaimah (RAK), UAE. Six hundred and thirty prescription encounters from 21 randomly selected community pharmacies were investigated using World Health Organization (WHO) core prescribing indicators. Factors related to antibiotic prescribing were identified using logistic regression analyses. Results: In 630 prescription encounters, a total of 1814 drugs were prescribed. Out of these, the most commonly prescribed drug class was antibiotics (43.8% prescriptions) and the antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic-acid (22.4%). The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.88, which was higher than the WHO recommended value of 1.6-1.8. In addition, more than half of the prescriptions (58.6%) had drugs by generic names and the majority of the drugs prescribed (83.8%) were from the essential drug list, which were lower than the optimal values of 100%. The majority of the antibiotics prescribed in the study were from the WHO's Access group antibiotics. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified patient age (children-OR: 7.40, 95% CI: 2.32-23.62, p = 0.001 and adolescent-OR: 5.86, 95% CI: 1.57-21.86, p = 0.008), prescriber qualification as general practitioner (OR: 1.84, 95% CI:1.30-2.60, p = 0.001), and number of drugs per prescription (OR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.98-6.21, p < 0.001) as independent factors associated with antibiotic prescribing. Conclusions: This study reveals considerable variations from the WHO recommendations for the different prescribing indicators in the community pharmacies of RAK, UAE. In addition, the study reports overprescribing of antibiotics in the community setting, indicating the need for interventions to promote rational use of antibiotics in a community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Arman Rabbani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sathvik B Sridhar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maryam Safdar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | - Padma G M Rao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohammad M AlAhmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Shaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa Emad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Abdul Azim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates
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Grant A, Trenaman S, Stewart S, Liu L, Fisher J, Jeffers E, Lawrence R, Murphy A, Sketris I, Woodill L, Isenor JE. Uptake of community pharmacist prescribing over a three-year period. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100221. [PMID: 36703714 PMCID: PMC9871298 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pharmacists in Nova Scotia have had legislated authority to prescribe since 2011. This study aimed to describe the prescribing activities of pharmacists and the characteristics of patients who used pharmacist prescribing services. Methods Using provincial health administrative databases we identified all community pharmacists who prescribed during the study period (October 2016 to March 2020) and correspondingly patients who had medications prescribed by a pharmacist during this period. Differences in, and predictors of the quantity of pharmacist prescribing over three fiscal years (April 2017 to March 2020) were described. Pharmacist prescribing activity was compared across the fiscal years of the study period with One-way Analysis of Variance. Negative binomial regression examined patient factors associated with use of pharmacist prescribing services. Analysis was carried out using SAS ENTERPRISE GUIDE v.8.2 (SAS Institute Cary, NC, USA). Key findings A total of 1182 pharmacist prescribers were identified, who on average prescribed 24.6, 26.3, and 32.5 (p < 0.001) times per month in fiscal years 2018, 2019, 2020, respectively. The patient cohort contained 372,203 Nova Scotians over the 3-year period. For approved common and minor ailment prescribing in Nova Scotia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vaccines (non-travel), contraceptive management, herpes zoster treatment, and allergic rhinitis had the highest number of prescriptions over the study period. Patient factors most strongly related to receiving more prescribing services by a pharmacist included receiving income assistance without copay (Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.70), having >2 comorbidities (IRR = 1.51), male sex (IRR = 1.03), and greater age (IRR = 1.01). Those from an urban area (IRR = 0.92) or having a higher income (IRR = 0.95) received fewer pharmacist prescribing services (all p < 0.0001). Conclusions Pharmacist prescribing increased over the 3-year period. Patients who were older and those with multiple comorbidities used pharmacist prescribing services most often. Prescribing activities represent an increasingly utilized role for pharmacists in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Grant
- Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit, Research, Innovation & Discovery Nova Scotia Health, 5790 University Ave., Nova Scotia, B3H1V7, Canada
| | - Shanna Trenaman
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Samuel Stewart
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, B3H 1V7, Canada
| | - Lihui Liu
- Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit, Research, Innovation & Discovery Nova Scotia Health, 5790 University Ave., Nova Scotia, B3H1V7, Canada
| | - Judith Fisher
- Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness, 1894 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2R8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Jeffers
- Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit, Research, Innovation & Discovery Nova Scotia Health, 5790 University Ave., Nova Scotia, B3H1V7, Canada
| | - Rebecca Lawrence
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, B3H 1V7, Canada
| | - Andrea Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ingrid Sketris
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lisa Woodill
- Pharmacy Association of Nova Scotia, 210-238A Brownlow Ave, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B3B 2B4, Canada
| | - Jennifer E. Isenor
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in a Subset of Community Pharmacies across the United States. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11010026. [PMID: 36827664 PMCID: PMC9965000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship in the community is essential as most antibiotic prescribing occurs in the outpatient setting. Pharmacists are recognized as co-leaders for implementing efforts to improve antimicrobial use. OBJECTIVES the purpose of this study is to evaluate current antimicrobial stewardship practices in community pharmacies across the United States and identify perceptions and challenges faced by community pharmacists. METHODS a survey based on the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship was created and distributed. RESULTS Sixty-one community pharmacists participated in the survey. The majority of pharmacists practiced in chain pharmacies. Based on the responses, a minority of pharmacies met the requirements of the CDC core elements: commitment (27.9%), action (24.6%), tracking and reporting (14.8%), and education and expertise (23% for providing pharmacist resources and 9.8% for providing patient resources). Regarding perception, 67.9% felt antimicrobial stewardship is important in the community and would participate in antimicrobial stewardship activities if the opportunity was provided (88.5%). Challenges faced by community pharmacists include the lack of time, staff, training, and technology support; pushback from prescribers and patients; and the lack of leadership, financial incentives, funding, and legal requirements. CONCLUSIONS many challenges exist in community pharmacies inhibiting the full potential of pharmacists in implementing antimicrobial stewardship.
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Meier M, Pierce K, Musgrove R, Holmes Z, Harris A, Veronica Asuquo N, Macias-Moriarity LZ, Woodhouse A. Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions in Primary Care: Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis Treatment Strategies. J Prim Care Community Health 2023; 14:21501319231208517. [PMID: 37933555 PMCID: PMC10631328 DOI: 10.1177/21501319231208517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highest prescribing rates for antibiotics occur in primary care, therefore, ambulatory care pharmacist interventions could play a major role in preventing overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Delegated pharmacists in the SJC primary care setting guided 3 activities with a goal of positively impacting prescribing patterns: monthly webinars provided by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), quarterly reporting to physicians of antibiotic prescribing patterns, and development of a clinical decision-making support tool for antibiotic prescribing. METHODS Retrospective, observational data was collected to evaluate antibiotic prescribing patterns in patients diagnosed with acute sinusitis both before initiatives were implemented (July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020) and after the initiatives were implemented (April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022). RESULTS A total of 675 patients were diagnosed with acute bacterial sinusitis during the specified time frame. Of these, 138 patients were excluded. A total of 279 antibiotics were prescribed in the preintervention group out of 298 patient encounters (93.6%) and 225 antibiotics were prescribed in the post-intervention group out of 244 patient encounters (92.9%) (p = .26). Although the primary outcome was not statistically significant, a significant reduction in patients treated with fluoroquinolones was noted, with 59/298 (20%) of those being prescribed in the pre-intervention group and 20/244 (8%) in the post intervention group (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS While pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship interventions in primary care did not result in a decrease in the overall prescription of antibiotics for acute sinusitis, our study did reveal a notable reduction in the use of fluoroquinolones. This finding highlights a promising avenue for expanding the role of ambulatory care pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Akeia Harris
- South University School of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA, USA
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12
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Sauve JM, Dresser LD, Rocchi MA, So M. A national survey of antimicrobial stewardship content in Canadian entry-to-practice pharmacy programs. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e86. [PMID: 37179764 PMCID: PMC10173284 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective To describe the current landscape of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) instruction in Canadian entry-to-practice pharmacy programs and the perceived barriers and facilitators to optimizing teaching and learning. Design Electronic survey. Participants Faculty representatives from the 10 Canadian entry-to-practice pharmacy programs, including content experts and faculty leadership. Methods A review of international literature pertaining to AMS in pharmacy curricula informed a 24-item survey, which was open for completion from March to May of 2021. Curriculum content questions were developed using AMS topics recommended by pharmacy educators in the United States, and professional roles described by the Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada. Results All 10 Canadian faculties returned a completed survey. All programs reported teaching AMS principles in their core curricula. Content coverage varied, with programs teaching, on average, 68% of the recommended AMS topics from the United States. Potential gaps were identified within the professional roles of "communicator" and "collaborator." Didactic methods of content delivery and student assessment, such as lectures and multiple-choice questions, were most frequently used. Three programs offered additional AMS content in their elective curricula. Experiential rotations in AMS were commonly offered, though teaching AMS in formalized interprofessional settings was rare. Curricular time constraints were identified by all programs as a barrier to enhancing AMS instruction. A course to teach AMS, a curriculum framework, and prioritization by the faculty's curriculum committee were perceived as facilitators. Conclusions Our findings highlight potential gaps and areas of opportunity within Canadian pharmacy AMS instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Sauve
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Author for correspondence: Jenna M. Sauve, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ONM5G 2C4. E-mail:
| | - Linda D. Dresser
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie A. Rocchi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miranda So
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mantzourani E, Wasag D, Cannings-John R, Ahmed H, Evans A. Characteristics of the sore throat test and treat service in community pharmacies (STREP) in Wales: cross-sectional analysis of 11 304 consultations using anonymized electronic pharmacy records. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:84-92. [PMID: 36272134 PMCID: PMC9780525 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An NHS-funded sore throat test and treat (STTT) service was introduced in selected community pharmacies in Wales. Service users were screened using FeverPAIN/Centor scores, offered rapid antigen detection testing (RADT) to detect group A Streptococcus if appropriate, and supplied with antibiotics (by the pharmacist) if indicated. Following an initial evaluation, the service was rolled out nationally. OBJECTIVES This study forms part of the long-term STTT evaluation. The aim was to describe characteristics of the service and service users, the delivery, service outcomes, patient safety and antibiotic prescribing. METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive study using anonymized individual-level data from electronic pharmacy records of all eligible STTT service users between November 2018 and February 2020. RESULTS We identified 11 304 pharmacy STTT consultations in service users aged 6 years and over, with a median age of 25 years (IQR: 12 to 44). RADT was undertaken in 8666 (76.7%) consultations with 2503 (28.9% of RADT) positive tests. In total, 2406 (21.3%) service users were supplied with antibiotics. Pharmacists managed 91% of consultations in the pharmacy and referred only 937 (9.3%) service users to a GP and 27 (0.2%) to the Emergency Department. Higher rates of antibiotic supply were observed in out-of-hours consultations when compared with in-hours (24.9% versus 20.9%). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest description of a pharmacy-led STTT service to date and suggests it can be delivered at scale to align with a pre-specified pathway that promotes appropriate use of RADT and antibiotics. The service could substantially reduce workload from a common illness in other heavily pressurized areas of primary and emergency care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Wasag
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | | | - Haroon Ahmed
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew Evans
- Primary Care Services, Welsh Government, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Chan AHY, Beyene K, Tuck C, Rutter V, Ashiru-Oredope D. Pharmacist beliefs about antimicrobial resistance and impacts on antibiotic supply: a multinational survey. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac062. [PMID: 36035318 PMCID: PMC9400174 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists have important antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) roles yet limited literature exists on pharmacists’ knowledge and beliefs about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobials and how these beliefs influence antimicrobial supply in different countries. Methods A cross-sectional survey was disseminated to pharmacists around the world via the Commonwealth Pharmacists’ Association and related networks. Data were collected on demographics, antibiotic supply practices, and knowledge and beliefs about AMR. Results A total of 546 pharmacists responded from 59 countries, most commonly from Africa (41%) followed by Asia (26%) and Oceania (22%). Respondents supplied a mean of 46 ± 81 antibiotic prescriptions/week, 73%±35% of which were given in response to a prescription. Overall, 60.2% dispensed antibiotics at least once without a prescription. Respondents had good knowledge (mean 9.6 ± 1.3 (out of 12), and held positive beliefs about AMR [mean 3.9 ± 0.6 (out of 5)]. Knowledge about antibiotics and beliefs about AMR were positively correlated. The odds of supplying antibiotics without a prescription were 7.4 times higher among respondents from lower income countries [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.42, 95% CI 4.16–13.24]. Conversely, more positive AMR beliefs were associated with a lower odds of supplying antibiotics without a prescription (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.95). Conclusions Most pharmacists had the good knowledge about antibiotics and positive beliefs about AMR. These beliefs were influenced by knowledge, work setting, and country income. A proportion of respondents provided antibiotics without a prescription; the likelihood of this occurring was higher in those who held more negative beliefs about AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hai Yan Chan
- Commonwealth Pharmacists’ Association , London , UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Grafton , Auckland , New Zealand
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London , London , UK
| | - Kebede Beyene
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Grafton , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Chloe Tuck
- Commonwealth Pharmacists’ Association , London , UK
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Durand C, Douriez E, Chappuis A, Poulain F, Yazdanpanah Y, Lariven S, Lescure FX, Peiffer-Smadja N. Contributions and challenges of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:43. [PMID: 35710392 PMCID: PMC9202330 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare services across the world have been deeply impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In primary care, community pharmacists have had an important role in the frontline healthcare response to the pandemic. Objectives This study aimed to explore the experiences, contributions and perceived challenges of community pharmacists regarding the provision of healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with community pharmacists in France. Participants were recruited through a professional organization of pharmacists combined with a snowballing technique. Interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using thematic analysis. Results A total of 16 community pharmacists participated in the interviews. Study participants described providing a range of novel services in response to the pandemic on top of continuing their usual services. All participants described providing preventative services to reduce and mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as education on hygiene and social distancing, delivery of face masks and hand sanitizer and adjusting pharmacy premises. Most respondents also described being involved in SARS-CoV-2 detection through screening and performing antigen testing in pharmacies. Participants reported being actively involved in COVID-19 vaccination by educating the general public about vaccines, facilitating their distribution to general practitioners as well as administering vaccines. Over half the respondents described rapidly changing guidelines and service users’ anxiety as challenges to the provision of healthcare services during the pandemic. Conclusions This study suggests that community pharmacists have significantly contributed to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic by ensuring continuity of pharmaceutical services and providing novel screening, testing and vaccination services. Their roles and responsibilities during the COVID-19 health crisis indicate that they can play an important role in the management of emerging infectious diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40545-022-00438-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Durand
- Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), UMR 1137, University of Paris, French Institute for Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France. .,Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.
| | - Eric Douriez
- Union Régionale Des Professionnels de Santé Pharmaciens Ile-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Aude Chappuis
- Union Régionale Des Professionnels de Santé Pharmaciens Ile-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Poulain
- Union Régionale Des Professionnels de Santé Pharmaciens Ile-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), UMR 1137, University of Paris, French Institute for Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France.,Infectious Disease Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lariven
- Infectious Disease Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Lescure
- Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), UMR 1137, University of Paris, French Institute for Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France.,Infectious Disease Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), UMR 1137, University of Paris, French Institute for Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France.,Infectious Disease Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Durand C, Chappuis A, Douriez E, Poulain F, Ahmad R, Lescure FX, Peiffer-Smadja N. Perceptions, current practices and interventions of community pharmacists regarding antimicrobial stewardship: a qualitative study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1239-1248.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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