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Cross AS, Opal SM, Palardy JE, Shridhar S, Baliban SM, Scott AJ, Chahin AB, Ernst RK. A pilot study of an anti-endotoxin Ig-enriched bovine colostrum to prevent experimental sepsis. Innate Immun 2021; 27:266-274. [PMID: 33858243 PMCID: PMC8054147 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211007538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance, there is a dearth of antibiotics in development and few pharmaceutical companies working in the field. Further, any new antibiotics are likely to have a short shelf life. Ab-based interventions offer alternatives that are not likely to be circumvented by the widely prevalent antibiotic resistance genes. Bovine colostrum (BC)-the first milk after parturition, rich in nutrients and immune components-promotes gut integrity and modulates the gut microbiome. We developed a hyperimmune BC (HBC) enriched in Abs to a highly conserved LOS core region of Gram-negative bacteria by immunizing pregnant cows with a vaccine comprised of detoxified LOS from Escherichia coli O111 Rc (J5) mutant non-covalently complexed to group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (J5dLOS/OMP). This vaccine generated robust levels of anti-J5 LOS Ab in the colostrum. When given orally to neutropenic rats challenged orally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, administration of HBC improved survival compared to non-immune rats, while both BC preparations improved survival compared to PBS controls. Elevated circulating endotoxin levels correlated with mortality. HBC and to a lesser extent non-immune BC reduced bacterial burden from the liver, lung, and spleen. We conclude that HBC and to a lesser extent BC may be effective supplements that improve outcome from lethal gut-derived disseminated infection and may reduce transmission of Gram-negative bacilli from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
| | - Steven M Opal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, USA
| | - John E Palardy
- Infectious Disease Division, Memorial Hospital of RI, USA
| | - Surekha Shridhar
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
| | - Scott M Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alison J Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, USA
| | | | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, USA
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Cross AS, Greenberg N, Billington M, Zhang L, DeFilippi C, May RC, Bajwa KK. Phase 1 testing of detoxified LPS/group B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine with and without synthetic CPG 7909 adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Vaccine 2015; 33:6719-26. [PMID: 26514420 PMCID: PMC4679452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are a leading cause of nosocomial infection and sepsis. Increasing multi-antibiotic resistance has left clinicians with fewer therapeutic options. Antibodies to GNB lipopolysaccharide (LPS, or endotoxin) have reduced morbidity and mortality as a result of infection and are not subject to the resistance mechanisms deployed by bacteria against antibiotics. In this phase 1 study, we administered a vaccine that elicits antibodies against a highly conserved portion of LPS with and without a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) TLR9 agonist as adjuvant. METHODS A vaccine composed of the detoxified LPS (dLPS) from E. coli O111:B4 (J5 mutant) non-covalently complexed to group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (OMP). Twenty healthy adult subjects received three doses at 0, 29 and 59 days of antigen (10 μg dLPS) with or without CPG 7909 (250 or 500 μg). Subjects were evaluated for local and systemic adverse effects and laboratory findings. Anti-J5 LPS IgG and IgM antibody levels were measured by electrochemiluminesence. Due to premature study termination, not all subjects received all three doses. RESULTS All vaccine formulations were well-tolerated with no local or systemic events of greater than moderate severity. The vaccine alone group achieved a ≥ 4-fold "responder" response in IgG and IgM antibody in only one of 6 subjects. In contrast, the vaccine plus CPG 7909 groups appeared to have earlier and more sustained (to 180 days) responses, greater mean-fold increases, and a higher proportion of "responders" achieving ≥ 4-fold increases over baseline. CONCLUSIONS Although the study was halted before all enrolled subjects received all three doses, the J5dLPS/OMP vaccine, with or without CpG adjuvant, was safe and well-tolerated. The inclusion of CpG increased the number of subjects with a ≥ 4-fold antibody response, evident even after the second of three planned doses. A vaccine comprising J5dLPS/OMP antigen with CpG adjuvant merits further investigation. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01164514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Nancy Greenberg
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Melissa Billington
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Christopher DeFilippi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Ryan C May
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 N. Washington Street, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Kanwaldeep K Bajwa
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 N. Washington Street, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Immunization of cows with novel core glycolipid vaccine induces anti-endotoxin antibodies in bovine colostrum. Vaccine 2014; 32:6107-14. [PMID: 25242628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translocation of gut-derived Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) lipopolysaccharide (LPS, or endotoxin) is a source of systemic inflammation that exacerbates HIV, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases and malnutrition. The oral administration of bovine colostrum (BC) reduces endotoxemia in patients with impaired gut barrier function. Consequently, BC enriched in antibodies to LPS may ameliorate endotoxemia-related morbidities. We developed a detoxified J5 LPS/group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (J5dLPS/OMP) vaccine that induces antibodies against a highly conserved core region of LPS and protects against heterologous GNB infection. We now examine the ability of this vaccine to elicit anti-core endotoxin antibodies in BC. METHODS Two cohorts of pregnant cows were immunized with this vaccine in combination with FICA (Cohort 1) or Emulsigen-D (Cohort 2) adjuvants. Antibody responses to the J5 core LPS antigen were measured in both serum and colostrum and compared to antibody levels elicited by a commercially available veterinary vaccine (J5 Bacterin) comprised of heat-killed Escherichia coli O111, J5 mutant bacteria, from which the J5 LPS was purified. RESULTS The J5dLPS/OMP vaccine induced high titers of serum IgG antibody to J5 LPS in all seven cows. Both IgG and to a lesser extent IgA anti-J5 LPS antibodies were generated in the colostrum. The J5dLPS/OMP vaccine was significantly more immunogenic in mice than was the J5 Bacterin. BC enriched in anti-J5 LPS antibody reduced circulating endotoxin levels in neutropenic rats, a model of "leaky gut". CONCLUSION The J5dLPS/OMP vaccine elicits high titers of serum anti-endotoxin antibodies in cows that is passed to the colostrum. This BC enriched in anti-core LPS antibodies has the potential to reduce endotoxemia and ameliorate endotoxin-related systemic inflammation in patients with impaired gut barrier function. Since this vaccine is significantly more immunogenic than the J5 Bacterin vaccine, this J5dLPS/OMP vaccine might prove to be more useful for veterinary indications as well.
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Feng C, Zhang L, Nguyen C, Vogel SN, Goldblum SE, Blackwelder WC, Cross AS. Neuraminidase reprograms lung tissue and potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4828-37. [PMID: 24068662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that removal of sialyl residues primed PBMCs to respond to bacterial LPS stimulation in vitro. Therefore, we speculated that prior desialylation can sensitize the host to generate an enhanced inflammatory response upon exposure to a TLR ligand, such as LPS, in a murine model of acute lung injury. Intratracheal instillation of neuraminidase (NA) 30 min prior to intratracheal administration of LPS increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio, a measure of pulmonary edema, compared with mice that received LPS alone. Administration of NA alone resulted in desialylation of bronchiolar and alveolar surfaces and induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokines in lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; however, PMN recruitment in mice treated with NA alone did not differ from that of PBS-administered controls. NA pretreatment alone induced apoptosis and markedly enhanced LPS-induced endothelial apoptosis. Administration of recombinant Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic molecule, abolished the effect of NA treatment on LPS-induced PMN recruitment and pulmonary edema formation. We conclude that NA pretreatment potentiates LPS-induced lung injury through enhanced PMN recruitment, pulmonary edema formation, and endothelial and myeloid cell apoptosis. A similar "reprogramming" of immune responses with desialylation may occur during respiratory infection with NA-expressing microbes and contribute to severe lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiguang Feng
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Karper JC, Ewing MM, Habets KLL, de Vries MR, Peters EAB, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, de Boer HC, Hamming JF, Kuiper J, Kandimalla ER, La Monica N, Jukema JW, Quax PHA. Blocking toll-like receptors 7 and 9 reduces postinterventional remodeling via reduced macrophage activation, foam cell formation, and migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:e72-80. [PMID: 22628437 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.249391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in vascular remodeling is well established. However, the involvement of the endosomal TLRs is unknown. Here, we study the effect of combined blocking of TLR7 and TLR9 on postinterventional remodeling and accelerated atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden mice, femoral artery cuff placement led to strong increase of TLR7 and TLR9 presence demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Blocking TLR7/9 with a dual antagonist in vivo reduced neointimal thickening and foam cell accumulation 14 days after surgery by 65.6% (P=0.0079). Intima/media ratio was reduced by 64.5% and luminal stenosis by 62.8%. The TLR7/9 antagonist reduced the arterial wall inflammation, with reduced macrophage infiltration, decreased cytoplasmic high-mobility group box 1 expression, and altered serum interleukin-10 levels. Stimulation of cultured macrophages with TLR7 and TLR9 ligands enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α expression, which is decreased by TLR7/9 antagonist coadministration. Additionally, the antagonist abolished the TLR7/9-enhanced low-density lipoprotein uptake. The antagonist also reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation, most likely not via decreased influx but via increased efflux, because CD36 expression was unchanged whereas interleukin-10 levels were higher (36.1 ± 22.3 pg/mL versus 128.9 ± 6.6 pg/mL; P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Blocking TLR7 and TLR9 reduced postinterventional vascular remodeling and foam cell accumulation indicating TLR7 and TLR9 as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco C Karper
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Kudva A, Scheller EV, Robinson KM, Crowe CR, Choi SM, Slight SR, Khader SA, Dubin PJ, Enelow RI, Kolls JK, Alcorn JF. Influenza A inhibits Th17-mediated host defense against bacterial pneumonia in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:1666-1674. [PMID: 21178015 PMCID: PMC4275066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of hospital and community acquired pneumonia and causes secondary infection after influenza A. Recently, patients with hyper-IgE syndrome, who often present with S. aureus infections of the lung and skin, were found to have mutations in STAT3, required for Th17 immunity, suggesting a potential critical role for Th17 cells in S. aureus pneumonia. Indeed, IL-17R(-/-) and IL-22(-/-) mice displayed impaired bacterial clearance of S. aureus compared with that of wild-type mice. Mice challenged with influenza A PR/8/34 H1N1 and subsequently with S. aureus had increased inflammation and decreased clearance of both virus and bacteria. Coinfection resulted in greater type I and II IFN production in the lung compared with that with virus infection alone. Importantly, influenza A coinfection resulted in substantially decreased IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 production after S. aureus infection. The decrease in S. aureus-induced IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 was independent of type II IFN but required type I IFN production in influenza A-infected mice. Furthermore, overexpression of IL-23 in influenza A, S. aureus-coinfected mice rescued the induction of IL-17 and IL-22 and markedly improved bacterial clearance. These data indicate a novel mechanism by which influenza A-induced type I IFNs inhibit Th17 immunity and increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Interferon Type I/administration & dosage
- Interferon Type I/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/deficiency
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Interleukin-23/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/virology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/genetics
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/virology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/virology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa Kudva
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Erich V. Scheller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Keven M. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Chris R. Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Sun Mi Choi
- Department of Genetics, Lousiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Samantha R. Slight
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Patricia J. Dubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | | | - Jay K. Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
- Department of Genetics, Lousiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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Gregory SH, Chen WH, Mott S, Palardy JE, Parejo NA, Heninger S, Anderson CA, Artenstein AW, Opal SM, Cross AS. Detoxified endotoxin vaccine (J5dLPS/OMP) protects mice against lethal respiratory challenge with Francisella tularensis SchuS4. Vaccine 2010; 28:2908-15. [PMID: 20170768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a category A select agent. J5dLPS/OMP is a novel vaccine construct consisting of detoxified, O-polysaccharide side chain-deficient, lipopolysaccharide non-covalently complexed with the outer membrane protein of N. meningitidis group B. Immunization elicits high-titer polyclonal antibodies specific for the highly-conserved epitopes expressed within the glycolipid core that constitutes gram-negative bacteria (e.g., F. tularensis). Mice immunized intranasally with J5dLPS/OMP exhibited protective immunity to intratracheal challenge with the live vaccine strain, as well as the highly-virulent SchuS4 strain, of F. tularensis. The efficacy of J5dLPS/OMP vaccine suggests its potential utility in immunizing the general population against several different gram-negative select agents concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Chen WH, Basu S, Bhattacharjee AK, Cross AS. Enhanced antibody responses to a detoxified lipopolysaccharide-group B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine are due to synergistic engagement of Toll-like receptors. Innate Immun 2009; 16:322-32. [PMID: 19822632 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909346973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When given passively or elicited actively, antibodies induced by a detoxified Escherichia coli Rc chemotype (J5) mutant lipopolysaccharide (J5dLPS)-group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (OMP) complex vaccine protected animals from lethal sepsis. The protection from sepsis is believed to be dependent on high levels of antibodies against the core glycolipid (CGL), a region of LPS that is rather conserved among Enterobacteriaceae. The addition of unmethylated deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG)-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) was used as an immuno-adjuvant to improve antibody responses. In preparation for a Phase I human trial, we elucidated potential contributions by which the sepsis vaccine (J5dLPS-OMP) and CpG ODN might enhance the antibody response and provide evidence that the generation of immune responses is Toll-like receptor (TLR) dependent. Toll-like receptor 2, TLR4, and TLR9 were each essential for generating robust cytokine and antibody responses. The signature cytokine of dendritic cells, interleukin-12, was one of the cytokines that demonstrated synergy with the optimal TLR ligand/ engagement combination. We conclude that the involvement of multiple TLRs upon immunization was critical for the generation of optimal antibody responses. These observations provide further evidence for the inclusion of innate immune-based adjuvants during the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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