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Fu S, Tian X, Peng C, Zhang D, Zhou L, Yuan Y, He J, Guo L, Qiu Y, Ye C, Liu Y, Zong B. Baicalin inhibited PANX-1/P2Y6 signaling pathway activation in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells infected by Glaesserella parasuis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23632. [PMID: 38187335 PMCID: PMC10770501 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis can induce endothelial barrier damage in piglets, although the mechanism by which this pathogen triggers inflammatory damage remains unclear. Baicalin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. However, whether baicalin can relieve endothelial barrier damage caused by Glaesserella parasuis infection has not yet been studied. Hence, we evaluated the ability of baicalin to counteract the changes induced by Glaesserella parasuis in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. The results showed that Glaesserella parasuis could upregulate the expression of pannexin 1 channel protein and promote the release of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 3'-monophosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate, and uridine monophosphate in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. The expression level of purinergic receptor P2Y6 was upregulated in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells triggered by Glaesserella parasuis. In addition, Glaesserella parasuis could activate phospholipase C-protein kinase C and myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain signaling pathways in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. Baicalin could inhibit pannexin 1 channel protein expression, reduce adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 3'-monophosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate, and uridine monophosphate release, and attenuate the expression level of P2Y6 in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells induced by Glaesserella parasuis. Baicalin could also reduce the activation of phospholipase C-protein kinase C and myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain signaling pathways in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells triggered by Glaesserella parasuis. Our study report that Glaesserella parasuis could promote pannexin 1 channel protein expression, induce nucleosides substance release, and P2Y6 expression in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells and baicalin could inhibit the expression levels of pannexin 1, nucleosides substance, and P2Y6 in the porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells induced by Glaesserella parasuis, which might be served as some targets for treatment of inflammation disease caused by Glaesserella parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Chun Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Linglu Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Ling Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Chun Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Bingbing Zong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
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Yan P, Jia YC, Zhang XL, Zhou YY, Guo Y, Yin RL, Yuan J, Wang LX, Guo ZB, Wang JY, Wang X, Yin RH. Virulence assessment of four Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated in Liaoning province of China. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:226-234. [PMID: 37031471 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a part of the normal upper respiratory microbiota of healthy swine. In many studies, the serovars 1, 4, 5, and 12 of G. parasuis are considered to be highly virulent and its serovars 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11 are considered to be non-virulent. Until now, researchers have found that non-virulent strains of G. parasuis cause an increasing number of diseases. However, little is known concerning why non-virulent strains cause disease with the virulence changes. In present study, four G. parasuis strains were evaluated for their cytotoxicity property, which aims to compare their virulence. The results showed that highly virulent strains XX0306 and CY1201, as well as, non-virulent strains HLD0115 and YK1603 caused a series of pathological changes, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and decreased cell activity. In addition, compared to the control group, both highly and non-virulent strains showed similar trends, demonstrating that the method of classifying the virulence of G. parasuis based on its serovar is worth further deliberation. Hence, we investigated the adhesion capacity and invasion rate of G. parasuis, the results indicated that XX0306 and HLD0115 had the strongest adhesion and invasion ability, which contradicts the classification of the virulence of G. parasuis based on its serovar. The apoptosis degree induced by highly virulent strains was more intensive than non-virulent strains, as measured by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Through testing the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax, we found highly virulent strains induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2.
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Identification and Validation of Hub Genes in the Stenosis of Arteriovenous Fistula. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020207. [PMID: 36836441 PMCID: PMC9962424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most widely used hemodialysis vascular access in China. However, stenosis of the AVF limits its use. The mechanism of AVF stenosis is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to explore the mechanisms of AVF stenosis. In this study, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset (GSE39488) between venous segments of AVF and normal veins. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub genes of AVF stenosis. Finally, six hub genes (FOS, NR4A2, EGR2, CXCR4, ATF3, and SERPINE1) were found. Combined with the results of the PPI network analysis and literature search, FOS and NR4A2 were selected as the target genes for further investigation. We validated the bioinformatic results via reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses on human and rat samples. The expression levels of the mRNA and protein of FOS and NR4A2 were upregulated in both human and rat samples. In summary, we found that FOS may play an important role in AVF stenosis, which could be a potential therapeutic target of AVF stenosis.
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Lu Q, Zhou L, Wang Z, Li X, Ding L, Qiu Y, Guo P, Ye C, Fu S, Wu Z, Liu Y. Baicalin Alleviate Apoptosis via PKC-MAPK Pathway in Porcine Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells Induced by Glaesserella parasuis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165083. [PMID: 36014323 PMCID: PMC9414593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (GPS), a causative agent of Glässer’s disease, is thought to be the main fatal cause of peritonitis in swine, thus resulting in high mortality and morbidity and significant economic losses to the swine industry. However, the mechanisms of GPS infection-induced apoptosis and possible therapeutic pathway for GPS infection in peritonitis remain unclear. Baicalin has important biological functions during disease treatment, such as antiviral, bacterial inhibition, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. However, whether baicalin has anti-apoptotic effects during the process of GPS infection in peritonitis is unclear. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic effect and mechanisms of baicalin in GPS infection-induced apoptosis were investigated in porcine peritoneal mesothelial cells (PPMC). The results showed that baicalin could inhibit the apoptosis rate occurrence of PPMC induced by GPS to various degrees and inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related genes and cleaved caspase-3. Meanwhile, baicalin significantly antagonized the expression of p-JNK, p-p38, and p-ERK induced by GPS in PPMC. These findings for the first time demonstrate that baicalin exerted the effect of antagonizing GPS induced apoptosis in PPMC by inhibiting the activation of the PKC-MAPK pathway and could be a therapeutic option in the management of GPS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Liu
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-27-83956175; Fax: +86-27-83956175
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Wang ZZ, Jia Y, Wang G, He H, Cao L, Shi Y, Miao M, Li XM. Dynamic covalent hydrogel of natural product baicalin with antibacterial activities. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8737-8742. [PMID: 35424809 PMCID: PMC8984956 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07553e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin has been demonstrated to have multiple pharmacological activities but low solubility. Various baicalin hydrogels have been used to improve its solubility and break its limitation in clinical applications. However, traditional baicalin hydrogels contain numerous ingredients and usually show low baicalin loading capacity. Herein, we discovered a dynamic covalent hydrogel only consisting of baicalin and inorganic borate, in which baicalin is considered as the carrier and drug without other ingredients. The dynamic boronate bonds endow the hydrogel with excellent degradability and multi-stimuli-responsiveness. Moreover, the hydrogel displayed remarkable thixotropy, moldability, and self-healing properties. And the biocompatible baicalin hydrogel exhibited significant antibacterial activities, and can be considered as a potential drug delivery system for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Hongjuan He
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Yanmei Shi
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College Valhalla NY USA .,Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College Ardsley NY USA
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Lin C, Tsai FJ, Hsu YM, Ho TJ, Wang GK, Chiu YJ, Ha HA, Yang JS. Study of Baicalin toward COVID-19 Treatment: In silico Target Analysis and in vitro Inhibitory Effects on SARS-CoV-2 Proteases. Biomed Hub 2021; 6:122-137. [PMID: 34934765 PMCID: PMC8647113 DOI: 10.1159/000519564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative impacts of COVID-19 on human health and economic and social activities urge scientists to develop effective treatments. Baicalin is a natural flavonoid, extracted from a traditional medicinal plant, previously reported with anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we used pharmacophore fitting and molecular docking to screen and determine docking patterns and the binding affinity of baicalin on 3 major targets of SARS-CoV-2 (3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease [3CLpro], papain-like protease [PLpro], and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). The obtained data revealed that baicalin has high pharmacophore fitting on 3CLpro and predicted good binding affinity on PLpro. Moreover, using the enzymatic assay, we examined the inhibitory effect of baicalin in vitro on the screened enzymes. Baicalin also exhibits inhibitory effect on these proteases in vitro. Additionally, we performed pharmacophore-based screening of baicalin on human targets and conducted pathway analysis to explore the potential cytoprotective effects of baicalin in the host cell that may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment. The result suggested that baicalin has multiple targets in human cell that may induce multiple pharmacological effects. The result of pathway analysis implied that these targets may be associated with baicalin-induced bioactivities that are involved with signals of pro-inflammation factors, such as cytokine and chemokine. Taken together with supportive data from the literature, the bioactivities of bailalin may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment by reducing cytokine-induced acute inflammation. In conclusion, baicalin is potentially a good candidate for developing new therapeutic to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Human Genetics Center, China Medical University Hospital 404, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Kai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Jen Chiu
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Anh Ha
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE4)-Induced Apoptosis Leads to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through the RAGE/JNK Pathway in Kidney Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126530. [PMID: 34207084 PMCID: PMC8235496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed via nonenzymatic reactions between reducing sugars and proteins. Recent studies have shown that methylglyoxal, a potent precursor for AGEs, causes a variety of biological dysfunctions, including diabetes, inflammation, renal failure, and cancer. However, little is known about the function of methylglyoxal-derived AGEs (AGE4) in kidney cells. Therefore, we verified the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes and apoptosis markers to determine the effects of AGE4 on human proximal epithelial cells (HK-2). Moreover, our results showed that AGE4 induced the expression of apoptosis markers, such as Bax, p53, and kidney injury molecule-1, but downregulated Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 levels. AGE4 also promoted the expression of NF-κB, serving as a transcription factor, and the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), which induced cell apoptosis and ER stress mediated by the JNK inhibitor. Furthermore, AGE4 induced mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing the permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane and ATP synthesis. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, this study provides a new perspective on renal dysfunction with regard to the AGE4-induced RAGE /JNK signaling pathway, which leads to renal cell apoptosis via the imbalance of mitochondrial function and ER stress in kidney damage.
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Song JW, Long JY, Xie L, Zhang LL, Xie QX, Chen HJ, Deng M, Li XF. Applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. and its probably potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19: a review. Chin Med 2020; 15:102. [PMID: 32994803 PMCID: PMC7517065 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. (SB) is a common heat-clearing medicine in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It has been used for thousands of years in China and its neighboring countries. Clinically, it is mostly used to treat diseases such as cold and cough. SB has different harvesting periods and processed products for different clinical symptoms. Botanical researches proved that SB included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1st, 2020) was consistent with the medicinal SB described in ancient books. Modern phytochemical analysis had found that SB contains hundreds of active ingredients, of which flavonoids are its major components. These chemical components are the material basis for SB to exert pharmacological effects. Pharmacological studies had shown that SB has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, liver protection, etc. The active ingredients of SB were mostly distributed in liver and kidney, and couldn't be absorbed into brain via oral absorption. SB's toxicity was mostly manifested in liver fibrosis and allergic reactions, mainly caused by baicalin. The non-medicinal application prospects of SB were broad, such as antibacterial plastics, UV-resistant silk, animal feed, etc. In response to the Coronavirus Disease In 2019 (COVID-19), based on the network pharmacology research, SB's active ingredients may have potential therapeutic effects, such as baicalin and baicalein. Therefore, the exact therapeutic effects are still need to be determined in clinical trials. SB has been reviewed in the past 2 years, but the content of these articles were not comprehensive and accurate. In view of the above, we made a comprehensive overview of the research progress of SB, and expect to provide ideas for the follow-up study of SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Jia-Ying Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qing-Xuan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Hui-Juan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Mao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Xiao-Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137 China
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The effects of baicalin on piglets challenged with Glaesserella parasuis. Vet Res 2020; 51:102. [PMID: 32795339 PMCID: PMC7427943 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) causes porcine vascular inflammation and damage. Baicalin is reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. However, whether baicalin protects piglets against G. parasuis challenge and the potential protective mechanism have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we comprehensively examined the protective efficacy of baicalin in piglets challenged with G. parasuis and the possible protective mechanism. Our results show that baicalin attenuated the release of the inflammation-related cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, IL8, IL10, and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and reduced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) production and cell apoptosis in piglets infected with G. parasuis. Baicalin also inhibited the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and protected piglets against G. parasuis challenge. Taken together, our data suggest that baicalin could protect piglets from G. parasuis by reducing HMGB1 release, attenuating cell apoptosis, and inhibiting MAPK signalling activation, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response induced by the bacteria. Our results suggest that baicalin has utility as a novel therapeutic drug to control G. parasuis infection.
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