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Ikier S, Dönerkayalı C, Halıcı ÖS, Kaymak Gülseren ZA, Göksal H, Akbaş B. When is memory more reliable? Scientific findings, theories, and myths. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:77-94. [PMID: 35944506 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether human memory is reliable generated extensive research. Memory is open to reconstruction and false retrieval of unpresented information or unexperienced events. These can create problems in judgments and decisions that rely on memory accuracy. In the case of eyewitness testimony, these problems can result in injustice. Then again, memory is also reliable enough. Information acquisition, processing, and retrieval capacity of our memory made it possible to survive the course of evolution. Our memory also makes it possible to continue our daily lives, most of the time without major problems. In the present review, we suggest that the right question to ask may not be whether memory is reliable, but rather to ask when and under what circumstances memory is more reliable. The review's educational aim is to identify the conditions under which memory is more versus less reliable, and its theoretical aim is to discuss memory reliability. We reviewed the literature on situational, emotional, social, and individual difference variables that affect memory reliability, identified the conditions under which memory is more versus less reliable, summarized these outcomes as easy-to-reach items, and discussed them in the light of major theories. Our discussion also touched upon the differentiation of societal myths about the reliability of memory from scientific findings, since believing in memory myths can also affect the reliability of memory. Awareness of the specific circumstances under which memory is more reliable can lead to the consideration of how much memory can be trusted under those specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simay Ikier
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Hilal Göksal
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busenur Akbaş
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Vaporova E, Zmyj N. Children's suggestibility for neutral arbitrary actions in the context of norm violations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286241. [PMID: 37228049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated children's false memories for neutral arbitrary actions. Five- to six-year-olds (N = 32) were taught four arbitrary actions, each following specific rules. The children then watched a televised adult performing eight actions: the four familiar actions while violating one aspect of each rule script and four unfamiliar actions. Suggestive and non-suggestive questions about all witnessed actions were asked, followed by forced-choice test questions to measure the false memory effect. The likelihood of forming false memories was higher in the suggestive condition than in the non-suggestive condition. There was no effect of previously acquired knowledge about the rules of the actions and no interaction between rule knowledge and suggestion. The results are discussed in light of previous findings in related fields of false memory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vaporova
- Educational Sciences and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norbert Zmyj
- Educational Sciences and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Scuotto C, Ilardi CR, Maggi G, Ilardi A, Gamboz N, Staiano M, Borrelli G, La Marra M, Perrella R. What makes us more susceptible to false memories in the era of COVID-19? A focus on vaccines and Green Pass. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2815. [PMID: 36448933 PMCID: PMC9847604 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was accompanied by an overabundance of fake news increasing the risk of developing false memories (FMs). Previous studies have shown that the relationship between fake news and FMs could be mediated by some individual variables, including attitudinal biases. We explored the role of these variables in true memories (TMs) and FMs formation, with special emphasis on vaccine- and Green Pass (GP)-related topics. METHOD We set up a large online survey exploring several constructs including media usage, attitude toward vaccines and GP, perceived (PK) and objective knowledge (OK) about COVID-19-related information, fear of the disease, depression and anxiety symptoms, coping mechanisms, and reasoning skills. Then, we asked participants whether they remembered certain news (true or fake), providing confidence ratings. RESULTS Data from 289 respondents (198 females) from the general population were analyzed. Participants with positive attitude reported a greater fear that their loved ones contracted the COVID-19, a more frequent use of traditional media, and a higher PK when compared with respondents with negative attitude. On the whole sample, participants reported higher confidence levels when required to judge their memory of true than fake news; however, participants with positive attitude reported a higher confidence for both true and fake news. The relationship between attitude and TM confidence was mediated by the PK, whereas the relationship between attitude and FM confidence was probably affected by OK. CONCLUSION Attitude can modulate individual behaviors in the context of health issues. The PK and OK may interact with attitude in the memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scuotto
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Maggi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alfonso Ilardi
- Inmates Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Gamboz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Suor Orsola Benincasa University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Staiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Borrelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Perrella
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
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Sharma PR, Wade KA, Jobson L. A systematic review of the relationship between emotion and susceptibility to misinformation. Memory 2023; 31:1-21. [PMID: 36093958 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Inaccurate memory reports can have serious consequences within forensic and clinical settings, where emotion and misinformation are two common sources of memory distortion. Many studies have investigated how these factors are related; does emotion protect memory or leave it more vulnerable to the distorting effects of misinformation? The findings remain diffused. Thus, the present review aimed to clarify the relationship between emotion and susceptibility to misinformation. 39 eligible studies were reviewed. Results varied according to the type and dimension of emotion measured. Level of arousal may be unrelated to susceptibility to misinformation when retrieval occurs without delay; studies including delayed retrieval were limited. Stimuli valence may be associated with increased susceptibility to peripheral misinformation but unrelated to other misinformation. The following results were reported by limited studies: short-term distress and moderate levels of stress may decrease susceptibility, while anger and greater cortisol response to stress may increase susceptibility to misinformation. Source memory may also be unaffected by emotion. The results have important potential implications for forensic and clinical practice, for example by highlighting the value of enquiring witnesses' source memory. Methodological recommendations for future studies are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerika R Sharma
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Wade
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Toolin K, van Langeraad A, Hoi V, Scott AJ, Gabbert F. Psychological contributions to cold case investigations: A systematic review. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 5:100294. [PMID: 36465483 PMCID: PMC9708607 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a systematic review of the available literature on 'what works' in cold case investigations, with a specific focus on psychological evidence-based research. Long-term unsolved and cold cases present their own unique set of challenges, such as lack of hard evidence, recall accuracy, and witness credibility. Therefore, this review provides a collated base of research regarding preventative methods and investigative tools and techniques developed to highlight gaps in the literature and inform best practice in cold case investigations. The review features victim and crime characteristics that may contribute to a case becoming cold and displays contributing factors to cold case clearance. Although promising, at present, psychological research in this field is insufficient to inform evidence-based guidance. Future research should aim to explore the wider psychological and criminal justice-based literature (e.g., memory retrieval and cognitive bias) to investigate what could be applicable to cold case investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Toolin
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
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The dilemma of trauma-focused therapy: effects of imagery rescripting on voluntary memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1616-1631. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTrauma-focused imagery-based interventions are suspected to alter or even distort declarative voluntary memory of a traumatic event, especially if they involve the active modification of imagery, e.g., as used in imagery rescripting (ImRs). However, systematic research is lacking so far. To investigate whether ImRs modifies voluntary memory of a standardized autobiographical aversive event (Trier Social Stress Test) (Session 1), healthy participants (N = 100) were randomly assigned to either an intervention condition receiving one session of ImRs or to a no-intervention control condition (NIC) (Session 2). Voluntary memory was examined using a free recall (Sessions 2 and 3) and a cued recall (Sessions 3 and 4). Although voluntary memory tended to deteriorate over time, contrary to expectations, this effect was not associated with ImRs. Remarkably, the number of correct details in free recall even improved in ImRs but not in NIC. This challenges the view that ImRs alters voluntary memory.
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False (or biased) memory: Emotion and working memory capacity effects in the DRM paradigm. Mem Cognit 2022; 50:1443-1463. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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LeBlanc VR, Posner GD. Emotions in simulation-based education: friends or foes of learning? Adv Simul (Lond) 2022; 7:3. [PMID: 35057864 PMCID: PMC8772122 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-021-00198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In simulation-based education, there is growing interest in the effects of emotions on learning from simulation sessions. The perception that emotions have an important impact on performance and learning is supported by the literature. Emotions are pervasive: at any given moment, individuals are in one emotional state or another. Emotions are also powerful: they guide ongoing cognitive processes in order to direct attention, memory and judgment towards addressing the stimulus that triggers the emotion. This occurs in a predictable way. The purpose of this paper is to present a narrative overview of the research on emotions, cognitive processes and learning, in order to inform the simulation community of the potential role of emotions during simulation-based education.
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Scuotto C, Ilardi CR, Avallone F, Maggi G, Ilardi A, Borrelli G, Gamboz N, La Marra M, Perrella R. Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1489. [PMID: 34827488 PMCID: PMC8615822 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to relevant social and/or historical events can increase the generation of false memories (FMs). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a calamity challenging health, political, and journalistic bodies, with media generating confusion that has facilitated the spread of fake news. In this respect, our study aims at investigating the relationships between memories (true memories, TMs vs. FMs) for COVID-19-related news and different individual variables (i.e., use of traditional and social media, COVID-19 perceived and objective knowledge, fear of the disease, depression and anxiety symptoms, reasoning skills, and coping mechanisms). One hundred and seventy-one university students (131 females) were surveyed. Overall, our results suggested that depression and anxiety symptoms, reasoning skills, and coping mechanisms did not affect the formation of FMs. Conversely, the fear of loved ones contracting the infection was found to be negatively associated with FMs. This finding might be due to an empathy/prosociality-based positive bias boosting memory abilities, also explained by the young age of participants. Furthermore, objective knowledge (i) predicted an increase in TMs and decrease in FMs and (ii) significantly mediated the relationships between the use of social media and development of both TMs and FMs. In particular, higher levels of objective knowledge strengthened the formation of TMs and decreased the development of FMs following use of social media. These results may lead to reconsidering the idea of social media as the main source of fake news. This claim is further supported by either the lack of substantial differences between the use of traditional and social media among participants reporting FMs or the positive association between use of social media and levels of objective knowledge. The knowledge about the topic rather than the type of source would make a difference in the process of memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scuotto
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.S.); (C.R.I.); (G.M.); (G.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.S.); (C.R.I.); (G.M.); (G.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Francesco Avallone
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3S1Z1, Canada;
| | - Gianpaolo Maggi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.S.); (C.R.I.); (G.M.); (G.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Alfonso Ilardi
- Inmates Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Borrelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.S.); (C.R.I.); (G.M.); (G.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Nadia Gamboz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Suor Orsola Benincasa University, 80135 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Perrella
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.S.); (C.R.I.); (G.M.); (G.B.); (R.P.)
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Latorre JI, Vellisca MY. Post-traumatic stress disorder, suggestibility, and dissociation related to alleged alien abductions. Explore (NY) 2021; 18:519-522. [PMID: 34756534 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thousands of people throughout the world are convinced that they have been abducted by aliens. We aimed to assess the emotional reaction to such an implausible event and propose some explanations alternative to severe psychopathology. METHODS A total of 19 individuals who reported memories of having been abducted by aliens were compared to a control group of 32 participants. We employed a battery of tests measuring post-traumatic stress disorder, suggestibility, and dissociation within all participants. RESULTS The abductee group showed higher scores in measures of post-traumatic stress disorders and dissociation, but lower in suggestibility. Nevertheless, these differences were statistically significant only in suggestibility. CONCLUSIONS The emotional reaction to memories of an implausible experience can be similar to an individual's response to a genuinely traumatic event. Dissociation might be involved in the clarification of some cases. Explanations alternative to psychosis for these testimonies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Latorre
- Department of Mental Health, Obispo Polanco Hospital, C/ Compromisode Caspe s/n. 44002, Teruel, Spain.
| | - María Y Vellisca
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Zaragoza University, Teruel, Spain
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11
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Krenz V, Sommer T, Alink A, Roozendaal B, Schwabe L. Noradrenergic arousal after encoding reverses the course of systems consolidation in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6054. [PMID: 34663784 PMCID: PMC8523710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that episodic memories undergo a time-dependent systems consolidation process, during which hippocampus-dependent memories eventually become reliant on neocortical areas. Here we show that systems consolidation dynamics can be experimentally manipulated and even reversed. We combined a single pharmacological elevation of post-encoding noradrenergic activity through the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine with fMRI scanning both during encoding and recognition testing either 1 or 28 days later. We show that yohimbine administration, in contrast to placebo, leads to a time-dependent increase in hippocampal activity and multivariate encoding-retrieval pattern similarity, an indicator of episodic reinstatement, between 1 and 28 days. This is accompanied by a time-dependent decrease in neocortical activity. Behaviorally, these neural changes are linked to a reduced memory decline over time after yohimbine intake. These findings indicate that noradrenergic activity shortly after encoding may alter and even reverse systems consolidation in humans, thus maintaining vividness of memories over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Krenz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sommer
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arjen Alink
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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Zhang W, Cowan G, Colombo M, Gross J, Hayne H. Emotional content of the event but not mood influences false memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Georgia Cowan
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Marea Colombo
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Julien Gross
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Harlene Hayne
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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Pan DN, Li X. Post-retrieval Distortions of Self-Referential Negative Memory: Valence Consistency Enhances Gist-Directed False, While Non-negative Interference Generates More Intrusive Updates. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668737. [PMID: 34248762 PMCID: PMC8267580 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the theory of reconsolidation, the contents of an original memory can be updated after reactivation with subsequent new learnings. However, there seems to be a lack of an appropriate behavioral paradigm to study the reconsolidation of explicit self-related memory, which is of great significance to further explore its cognitive neural mechanism in the future. In two separate experiments, we adapted a trial-by-trial interfering paradigm with a self-episodic simulation process and investigated (1) whether it is possible to reconsolidate negative memories under the new behavioral paradigm and (2) how the emotional valence of post-retrieval interference material affects the reconsolidation of negative memories. The results showed that the negative memories under trial-by-trial self-simulation can be degraded and updated via post-retrieval interference processes. Individuals whose original memories were reactivated by initial background cues and who were then presented with new interference situations were less able to recall original scenes and showed more memory intrusions on these scenes than those who had experienced new learning without reactivation or only reactivation without interference. Furthermore, the extent and manner of memory change/updating were greatly influenced by the characteristics of interference information. For memories with negative valences, new learning materials with the same valence produced superior interference effects in the form of lower correct recalls and more integrated false; whereas the neutral interference materials can cause more memory intrusion. Post-retrieval memory distortions of negative self-memory may underlie different functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ni Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xuebing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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van der Wal CN, Robinson MA, Bruine de Bruin W, Gwynne S. Evacuation behaviors and emergency communications: An analysis of real-world incident videos. SAFETY SCIENCE 2021; 136:None. [PMID: 37928403 PMCID: PMC10620751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Emergencies such as fires and terrorist attacks pose risks of injuries and fatalities, which can be exacerbated by delayed, ill-informed, or unmanaged responses. Effective emergency communication strategies could be used to better inform people and reduce these risks. This research analyzes videos of real-world emergencies to: (a) identify people's observed behaviors that increase risk during evacuations, and (b) examine which emergency communication strategies might reduce risk behaviors. We analyzed 126 publicly available videos of emergency evacuations in different emergencies (e.g., fire, terror attack, evacuation alarm, perceived threat). We found evidence of three types of risk behaviors (delayed response, filming, running) and four emergency communication strategies (evacuation alarm, staff guiding people to exits, general prerecorded message, live announcement). Our analyses suggest that having staff guide people to exits is the most effective strategy for promoting faster and more effective responses. However, neither live announcements nor pre-recorded messages were associated with delayed responses, while evacuation alarms were associated with more delayed responses than other communication strategies. Although people filming the incident was unrelated to staff interactions, it occurred more with alarms sounding and prerecorded messages, suggesting that these emergency communications might not prevent filming. Compared to no communications, all emergency communication strategies reduced running during evacuations. We discuss the implications of this research for identifying effective emergency communication strategies and reducing risk-increasing evacuation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Robinson
- Socio-Technical Centre, Leeds University Business School, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wändi Bruine de Bruin
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, Dornsife Department of Psychology, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Steven Gwynne
- Mövement Strategies, London, United Kingdom
- Lund Unviersity, Sweden
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Minhas R, Elphick C, Shaw J. Protecting victim and witness statement: examining the effectiveness of a chatbot that uses artificial intelligence and a cognitive interview. AI & SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00146-021-01165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Park D, Kim T, Lee SH. Strong correspondence between prefrontal and visual representations during emotional perception. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2115-2127. [PMID: 33496375 PMCID: PMC8046073 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion is thought to cause focal enhancement or distortion of certain components of memory, indicating a complex property of emotional modulation on memory rather than simple enhancement. However, the neural basis for detailed modulation of emotional memory contents has remained unclear. Here has been shown that the information processing of the prefrontal cortex differentially affects sensory representations during experience of emotional information compared with neutral information, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It was found that during perception of emotional pictures, information representation in primary visual cortex (V1) significantly corresponded with the representations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This correspondence was not observed for neutral pictures. Furthermore, participants with greater correspondence between visual and prefrontal representations showed better memory for high-level semantic components but not for low-level visual components of emotional stimuli. These results suggest that sensory representation during experience of emotional stimuli, compared with neutral stimuli, is more directly influenced by internally generated higher-order information from the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The effect of anger on acceptance of false details was examined using a three-phase misinformation paradigm. Participants viewed an event, were presented with schema-consistent and schema-irrelevant misinformation about it, and were given a surprise source monitoring test to examine the acceptance of the suggested material. Between each phase of the experiment, they performed a task that either induced anger or maintained a neutral mood. Participants showed greater susceptibility to schema-consistent than schema-irrelevant misinformation. Anger did not affect either recognition or source accuracy for true details about the initial event, but suggestibility for false details increased with anger. In spite of this increase in source errors (i.e., misinformation acceptance), both confidence in the accuracy of source attributions and decision speed for incorrect judgments also increased with anger. Implications are discussed with respect to both the general effects of anger and real-world applications such as eyewitness memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Greenstein
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Franklin
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Greenstein M, Franklin N. Anger in lineup identification and creation. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Greenstein
- Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Framingham State University Framingham MA
| | - Nancy Franklin
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY
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Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) not only are suffering from amnesia but also are prone to memory distortions, such as experiencing detailed and vivid recollections of episodic events that have never been encountered (i.e., false memories). To describe and explain these distortions, we offer a review to synthesize current knowledge on false memory in AD into a framework allowing for better understanding of the taxonomy and phenomenology of false memories and of the cognitive mechanisms that may underlie false memory formation in AD. According to this review, certain phenomenological characteristics of memories (e.g., high emotional load, high vividness, or high familiarity) result in misattributions in AD. More specifically, this review proposes that generalized decline in cognitive control and inhibition in AD may result in difficulties in suppressing irrelevant information during memory monitoring, especially when irrelevant (i.e., false) information is characterized by high emotion, vividness, or familiarity. This review also proposes that binding deficits in AD decrease the ability to retrieve relevant contextual details, leading to source monitoring errors and false memories. In short, this review depicts how phenomenological characteristics of memories and failures of monitoring during retrieval contribute to the occurrence of false memory in AD.
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Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cellini N, Mercurio M, Sarlo M. The Fate of Emotional Memories Over a Week: Does Sleep Play Any Role? Front Psychol 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 30890991 PMCID: PMC6411793 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a wide consensus on how sleep processes declarative memories, how sleep affects emotional memories remains elusive. Moreover, studies assessing the long-term effect of sleep on emotional memory consolidation are scarce. Studies testing subclinical populations characterized by REM abnormalities are also lacking. Here we aimed to (i) investigate the fate of emotional memories and the potential unbinding (or preservation) between content and affective tone over time (i.e., 1 week), (ii) explore the role of seven nights of sleep (recorded via actigraphy) in emotional memory consolidation, and (iii) assess whether participants with self-reported mild-moderate depressive symptoms forget less emotional information compared to participants with low depression symptoms. We found that, although at the immediate recognition session emotional information was forgotten more than neutral information, a week later it was forgotten less than neutral information. This effect was observed both in participants with low and mild-moderate depressive symptoms. We also observed an increase in valence rating over time for negative pictures, whereas perceived arousal diminished a week later for both types of stimuli (unpleasant and neutral); an initial decrease was already observable at the immediate recognition session. Interestingly, we observed a negative association between sleep efficiency across the week and change in memory discrimination for unpleasant pictures over time, i.e., participants who slept worse were the ones who forgot less emotional information. Our results suggest that emotional memories are resistant to forgetting, particularly when sleep is disrupted, and they are not affected by non-clinical depression symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Mercurio
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Toffalini E, Mirandola C, Altoè G, Borella E. Inferential false memories for emotional events in older adults. Br J Psychol 2018; 110:686-706. [PMID: 30592299 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emotional events have been shown to protect individuals against false memory when remembering scripted material. Whether the same is true also for older adults, however, is unclear, and it has been investigated in the present study. Seventy-six older adults (age range 65-89 years) were presented with a series of photographs depicting scripted events. Each event included the consequence of an action whose corresponding cause was not presented; the consequence was either neutral, negative, or positive. False recognitions of unseen causes of the consequences (i.e., 'causal errors') were calculated. A Bayesian inferential approach was adopted in order to include evidence from previous studies and to use it as a benchmark for newly collected information. Older adults showed enhanced false memories and lower accuracy than previously reported in studies on young adults. Compared to neutral ones, both negative and positive events were associated with fewer false memories in older adults. The emotional false memory 'profile' of older adults was very similar, in terms of the effect size, to the one previously found in young adults, although the overall chances of older adults incurring errors were higher. Results are discussed considering both cognitive and socioemotional hypotheses on emotional memory in late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianmarco Altoè
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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23
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Santaniello G, Ferré P, Rodríguez-Gómez P, Poch C, Eva MM, Hinojosa JA. Recognition memory advantage for negative emotional words has an early expiry date: Evidence from brain oscillations and ERPs. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:233-240. [PMID: 29908952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from prior studies has shown an advantage in recognition memory for emotional compared to neutral words. Whether this advantage is short-lived or rather extends over longer periods, as well as whether the effect depends on words' valence (i.e., positive or negative), remains unknown. In the present ERP/EEG study, we investigated this issue by manipulating the lag distance (LAG-2, LAG-8 and LAG-16) between the presentation of old and new words in an online recognition memory task. LAG differences were observed at behavior, ERPs and in the theta frequency band. In line with previous studies, negative words were associated with faster reaction times, higher hit rates and increased amplitude in a positive ERP component between 386 and 564 ms compared to positive and neutral words. Remarkably, the interaction of LAG by EMOTION revealed that negative words were associated with better performance and larger ERPs amplitudes only at LAG-2. Also in the LAG-2 condition, emotional words (i.e., positive and negative words) induced a stronger desynchronization in the beta band between 386 and 542 ms compared to neutral words. These early enhanced memory effects for emotional words are discussed in terms of the Negative Emotional Valence Enhances Recapitulation (NEVER) model and the mobilization-minimization hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Santaniello
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Ferré
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Psychology, and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - P Rodríguez-Gómez
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Poch
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Moreno Eva
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Hinojosa
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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25
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PALMA PRISCILADECAMARGO, NEUFELD CARMEMBEATRIZ, BRUST-RENCK PRISCILAGOERGEN, ROSSETTO CAROLINAPRATESFERREIRA, CRIPPA JOSÉALEXANDREDESOUZA. False memories in social anxiety disorder. ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Connaissances et croyances des psychologues et psychiatres experts judiciaires concernant le fonctionnement de la mémoire. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503317000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dodier O, Payoux M. Connaissances et croyances des psychologues et psychiatres experts judiciaires concernant le fonctionnement de la mémoire. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.172.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Melinder A, Toffalini E, Geccherle E, Cornoldi C. Positive events protect children from causal false memories for scripted events. Memory 2017; 25:1366-1374. [PMID: 28361561 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1306080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adults produce fewer inferential false memories for scripted events when their conclusions are emotionally charged than when they are neutral, but it is not clear whether the same effect is also found in children. In the present study, we examined this issue in a sample of 132 children aged 6-12 years (mean 9 years, 3 months). Participants encoded photographs depicting six script-like events that had a positively, negatively, or a neutral valenced ending. Subsequently, true and false recognition memory of photographs related to the observed scripts was tested as a function of emotionality. Causal errors-a type of false memory thought to stem from inferential processes-were found to be affected by valence: children made fewer causal errors for positive than for neutral or negative events. Hypotheses are proposed on why adults were found protected against inferential false memories not only by positive (as for children) but also by negative endings when administered similar versions of the same paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Melinder
- a Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Enrico Toffalini
- b Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Eleonora Geccherle
- a Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Cesare Cornoldi
- b Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Trevors GJ, Muis KR, Pekrun R, Sinatra GM, Muijselaar MM. Exploring the relations between epistemic beliefs, emotions, and learning from texts. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Monds LA, Paterson HM, Kemp RI. Do emotional stimuli enhance or impede recall relative to neutral stimuli? An investigation of two "false memory" tasks. Memory 2016; 25:945-952. [PMID: 27710207 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1237653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many eyewitness memory situations involve negative and distressing events; however, many studies investigating "false memory" phenomena use neutral stimuli only. The aim of the present study was to determine how both the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure and the Misinformation Effect Paradigm tasks were related to each other using distressing and neutral stimuli. Participants completed the DRM (with negative and neutral word lists) and viewed a distressing or neutral film. Misinformation for the film was introduced and memory was assessed. Film accuracy and misinformation susceptibility were found to be greater for those who viewed the distressing film relative to the neutral film. Accuracy responses on both tasks were related, however, susceptibility to the DRM illusion and Misinformation Effect were not. The misinformation findings support the Paradoxical Negative Emotion (PNE) hypothesis that negative stimuli will lead to remembering more accurate details but also greater likelihood of memory distortion. However, the PNE hypothesis was not supported for the DRM results. The findings also suggest that the DRM and Misinformation tasks are not equivalent and may have differences in underlying mechanisms. Future research should focus on more ecologically valid methods of assessing false memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Monds
- a School of Psychology , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Helen M Paterson
- a School of Psychology , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Richard I Kemp
- b School of Psychology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
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Van Damme I, Kaplan RL, Levine LJ, Loftus EF. Emotion and false memory: How goal-irrelevance can be relevant for what people remember. Memory 2016; 25:201-213. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1150489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Law and emotion has evolved into a vibrant and diverse field, drawing in legal scholars and interdisciplinary partners from across the social sciences, hard sciences, and humanities. This introduction to the special section on law and emotion traces the history and theoretical underpinnings of this movement and situates the special section within it. The insights of emotion research can help legal scholars and practitioners to better calibrate law to human realities and to foster a desired set of emotional experiences among law’s subjects. Law, in turn, offers to researchers a forum within which to explore emotion in a dynamic and influential real-world setting. The introduction ends with a call to disciplined interdisciplinarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A. Maroney
- Law School and Center for Medicine, Health and Society, Vanderbilt University, USA
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34
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Feigenson N. Jurors’ Emotions and Judgments of Legal Responsibility and Blame: What Does the Experimental Research Tell Us? EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915601223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jurors’ emotions, both integral and incidental, can affect their attributions of legal responsibility and blame in several, sometimes complexly interrelated ways. The article reviews the experimental research, outlining the multiple paths of emotional influence, and explains why identifying them is worthwhile. It then discusses why the modest to moderate effect sizes found in the research may understate emotions’ actual influence in some cases yet overstate it in others, and discounts moral intuitionism as a reason for believing that emotional influences in real cases are stronger than the experimental data indicates. The article concludes with recommendations for further research.
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