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Gasper K, Hu D, Haynes E. Feeling more neutral? Evaluative conditioning can increase neutral affective reactions. Cogn Emot 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38973178 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2372385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWhile it is important to learn what is good and bad, can people learn what is neither? The answer to this question is not readily apparent, but it has important implications for how people learn affective responses. Six experiments examined whether evaluative conditioning (EC) can instill neutral affect. They tested four hypotheses: EC, in which novel conditioned stimuli (CSs) are paired with neutral unconditioned stimuli (USs) (1) creates neutral affect, (2) forms stronger experiences of neutrality when the number of contingent CS-US pairings is high rather than low, (3) creates positive affect, due to mere exposure, and (4) forms responses that are distinct from no US pairings. Respondents rated how positive, negative, and neutral they felt about a CS before and after an EC task in which CSs were paired with USs (positive, negative, neutral, or no stimuli). The positive/negative US conditions increased/decreased positivity, decreased/increased negativity, and decreased neutrality ratings, respectively. Supporting hypotheses 1, 2, and 4, the neutral US, but not the no US, condition increased neutral evaluations when respondents experienced a high (vs. low) number of CS-US pairings. Hypothesis 3 was not supported. The results reveal that people learn not only valenced, but also neutral, preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gasper
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Danfei Hu
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elise Haynes
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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2
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Pavic K, Vergilino-Perez D, Gricourt T, Chaby L. Age-related differences in subjective and physiological emotion evoked by immersion in natural and social virtual environments. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15320. [PMID: 38961132 PMCID: PMC11222553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in emotional processing are complex, with a bias toward positive information. However, the impact of aging on emotional responses in positive everyday situations remains unclear. Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for investigating emotional processing, offering a unique balance between ecological validity and experimental control. Yet, limited evidence exists regarding its efficacy to elicit positive emotions in older adults. Our study aimed to explore age-related differences in positive emotional responses to immersion in both social and nonsocial virtual emotional environments. We exposed 34 younger adults and 24 older adults to natural and social 360-degree video content through a low immersive computer screen and a highly immersive Head-Mounted Display, while recording participants' physiological reactions. Participants also provided self-report of their emotions and sense of presence. The findings support VR's efficacy in eliciting positive emotions in both younger and older adults, with age-related differences in emotional responses influenced by the specific video content rather than immersion level. These findings underscore the potential of VR as a valuable tool for examining age-related differences in emotional responses and developing VR applications to enhance emotional wellbeing across diverse user populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Pavic
- Université Paris Cité, Vision Action Cognition, F-92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- SocialDream, Research and Development Department, Bourg-de-Péage, France
| | | | - Thierry Gricourt
- SocialDream, Research and Development Department, Bourg-de-Péage, France
| | - Laurence Chaby
- Université Paris Cité, Vision Action Cognition, F-92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Institut des systemes intelligents et de robotique (ISIR), CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France.
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3
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Bressler RA, Raible S, Lührs M, Tier R, Goebel R, Linden DE. No threat: Emotion regulation neurofeedback for police special forces recruits. Neuropsychologia 2023; 190:108699. [PMID: 37816480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Police officers of the Special Forces are confronted with highly demanding situations in terms of stress, high tension and threats to their lives. Their tasks are specifically high-risk operations, such as arrests of armed suspects and anti-terror interventions. Improving the emotion regulation skills of police officers might be a vital investment, supporting them to stay calm and focused. A promising approach is training emotion regulation by using real-time (rt-) fMRI neurofeedback. Specifically, downregulating activity in key areas of the fronto-limbic emotion regulation network in the presence of threatening stimuli. Thirteen recruits of the Dutch police special forces underwent six weekly rt-fMRI sessions, receiving neurofeedback from individualized regions of their emotion regulation network. Their task was to reduce the image size of threatening images, wherein the image size represented their brain activity. A reduction in image size represented successful downregulation. Participants were free to use their preferred regulation strategy. A control group of fifteen recruits received no neurofeedback. Both groups completed behavioural tests (image rating on evoked valence and arousal, questionnaire) before and after the neurofeedback training. We hypothesized that the neurofeedback group would improve in downregulation and would score better than the control group on the behavioural tests after the neurofeedback training. Neurofeedback training resulted in a significant decrease in image size (t(12) = 2.82, p = .015) and a trend towards decreased activation in the target regions (t(10) = 1.82, p = .099) from the first to the last session. Notably, subjects achieved downregulation below the pre-stimulus baseline in the last two sessions. No relevant differences between groups were found in the behavioural tasks. Through the training of rt-fMRI neurofeedback, participants learned to downregulate the activity in individualized areas of the emotion regulation network, by using their own preferred strategies. The lack of behavioural between-group differences may be explained by floor effects. Tasks that are close to real-life situations may be needed to uncover behavioural correlates of this emotion regulation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Andreas Bressler
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Raible
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Lührs
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Tier
- Landelijke Eenheid, Dienst Speciale Interventies, Hoofdstraat 54, 3972 LB, Postbus 100, 3970 AC, Driebergen, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - David E Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Franz PJ, Fortgang RG, Millner AJ, Jaroszewski AC, Wittler EM, Alpert JE, Buckholtz JW, Nock MK. Examining tradeoffs between cognitive effort and relief among adults with self-injurious behavior. J Affect Disord 2023; 321:320-328. [PMID: 36302491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) to reduce negative affect, but it is not clear why they engage in this harmful type of behavior instead of using healthier strategies. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate whether people choose NSSI to reduce negative affect because they perceive it to be less cognitively costly than other available strategies. METHOD In experiment one, 43 adults completed a novel, relief-based effort discounting task designed to index preferences about exerting cognitive effort to achieve relief. In experiment two, 149 adults, 52 % with a history of NSSI, completed our effort discounting task. RESULTS Our main results suggest that people will accept less relief from an aversive experience if doing so requires expending less effort, i.e. they demonstrate effort discounting in the context of decisions about relief. We also found and that effort discounting is stronger among those with a history of NSSI, but this association became nonsignificant when simultaneously accounting for other conditions associated with aberrant effort tradeoffs. LIMITATIONS The use of a control group without NSSI or other potentially harmful relief-seeking behaviors limits our ability to draw specific conclusions about NSSI. The ecological validity of our task was limited by a modestly effective affect manipulation, and because participants made hypothetical choices. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that preferences about exerting cognitive effort may be a barrier to using healthier affect regulation strategies. Further, the preference not to exert cognitive effort, though present in NSSI, is likely not unique to NSSI. Instead, effort discounting may be a transdiagnostic mechanism promoting an array of harmful relief-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Franz
- Psychiatry Research Institute at Montefiore Einstein (PRIME), Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca G Fortgang
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States of America
| | - Alexander J Millner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Franciscan Children's Hospital, United States of America
| | - Adam C Jaroszewski
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States of America
| | - Ellen M Wittler
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E Alpert
- Psychiatry Research Institute at Montefiore Einstein (PRIME), Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Joshua W Buckholtz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States of America
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States of America; Franciscan Children's Hospital, United States of America
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5
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Pan X, Zhao X, Shen H. The concept, influence, and mechanism of human work interruptions based on the grounded theory. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1044233. [PMID: 36874796 PMCID: PMC9978345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1044233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of mobile communication technology and the transformation of work methods and modes, work interruptions have become ubiquitous challenges for employees in the workplace. Less attention has been paid to work interruptions in China, especially the research on human work interruptions, which is different from virtual work interruptions. The present study carried out an in-depth interview with 29 employees. Based on the grounded theory method, a psychological and behavioral mechanism model of employees facing human work interruptions, namely, the "human work interruptions-cognitive appraisals-affective responses-behavioral changes" model, was constructed. It is found that (1) cognitive appraisals are the causes of different affective responses and behavioral changes of human work interruptions; (2) cognitive appraisals are feedback behaviors that refer to the reappraisals of the effectiveness and appropriateness of individuals' affective responses and behavioral changes; and (3) personal traits and environmental characteristics at work influence the affective responses and behavioral changes of human work interruptions at the individual and organizational level. The model constructed in this study further extends the interruption theory and provides implications on how to process human work interruptions in human resource management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.,School of Business, Nantong Institute of Technology, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhao
- Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huali Shen
- Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Behnke M, Pietruch M, Chwiłkowska P, Wessel E, Kaczmarek LD, Assink M, Gross JJ. The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic Review. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The undoing hypothesis proposes that positive emotions serve to undo sympathetic arousal related to negative emotions and stress. However, a recent qualitative review challenged the undoing effect by presenting conflicting results. To address this issue quantitatively, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 16 studies ( N = 1,220; 72 effect sizes) measuring sympathetic recovery during elicited positive emotions and neutral conditions. Findings indicated that in most cases, positive emotions did not speed sympathetic recovery compared to neutral conditions. However, when a composite index of cardiovascular reactivity was used, undoing effects were evident. Our findings suggest the need for further work on the functions of positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Behnke
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pietruch
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Patrycja Chwiłkowska
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Eliza Wessel
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Lukasz D. Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Mark Assink
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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7
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Emotion schema effects on associative memory differ across emotion categories at the behavioural, physiological and neural level: Emotion schema effects on associative memory differs for disgust and fear. Neuropsychologia 2022; 172:108257. [PMID: 35561814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous behavioural and neuroimaging studies have consistently reported that memory is enhanced for associations congruent or incongruent with the structure of prior knowledge, termed as schemas. However, it remains unclear if similar effects arise with emotion-related associations, and whether they depend on the type of emotions. Here, we addressed this question using a novel face-word pair association paradigm combined with fMRI and eye-tracking techniques. In two independent studies, we demonstrated and replicated that both congruency with emotion schemas and emotion category interact to affect associative memory. Overall, memory retrieval was higher for faces from pairs congruent vs. incongruent with emotion schemas, paralleled by a greater recruitment of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during successful encoding. However, emotion schema effects differed across two negative emotion categories. Disgust was remembered better than fear, and only disgust activated left IFG stronger during encoding of congruent vs. incongruent pairs, suggestive of deeper semantic processing for the associations. On the contrary, encoding of congruent fear vs. disgust-related pairs was accompanied with greater activity in right fusiform gyrus (FG), suggesting a stronger sensory processing of faces. In addition, successful memory formation for congruent disgust pairs was associated with a higher pupil dilation index related to sympathetic activation, longer gaze time on words compared to faces, and more gaze switches between paired words and faces. This was reversed for fear-related congruent pairs where the faces attracted longer gaze time (compared to words). Overall, our results provide converging evidence from behavioural, physiological, and neural measures to suggest that congruency with available emotion schemas influence memory associations in a similar manner to semantic schemas. However, these effects vary across distinct emotion categories, pointing to a differential role of semantic processing and visual attention processes in the modulation of memory by disgust and fear, respectively.
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8
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Blanco G, Lourenço A. Optimism and pessimism analysis using deep learning on COVID-19 related twitter conversations. Inf Process Manag 2022; 59:102918. [PMID: 36569234 PMCID: PMC9758015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new deep learning approach to better understand how optimistic and pessimistic feelings are conveyed in Twitter conversations about COVID-19. A pre-trained transformer embedding is used to extract the semantic features and several network architectures are compared. Model performance is evaluated on two new, publicly available Twitter corpora of crisis-related posts. The best performing pessimism and optimism detection models are based on bidirectional long- and short-term memory networks. Experimental results on four periods of the COVID-19 pandemic show how the proposed approach can model optimism and pessimism in the context of a health crisis. There is a total of 150,503 tweets and 51,319 unique users. Conversations are characterised in terms of emotional signals and shifts to unravel empathy and support mechanisms. Conversations with stronger pessimistic signals denoted little emotional shift (i.e. 62.21% of these conversations experienced almost no change in emotion). In turn, only 10.42% of the conversations laying more on the optimistic side maintained the mood. User emotional volatility is further linked with social influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas S/N 32004, Ourense, Spain,CINBIO - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain,SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Anália Lourenço
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas S/N 32004, Ourense, Spain,CINBIO - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain,SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,Corresponding autohr
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9
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Interpolated Stand Properties of Urban Forest Parks Account for Posted Facial Expressions of Visitors. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Posted facial expressions on social networks have been used as a gauge to assess the emotional perceptions of urban forest visitors. This approach may be limited by the randomness of visitor numbers and park locations, which may not be accounted for by the range of data in local tree inventories. Spatial interpolation can be used to predict stand characteristics and detect their relationship with posted facial expressions. Shaoguan was used as the study area where a tree inventory was used to extract data from 74 forest stands (each sized 30 m × 20 m), in which the range was increased by interpolating the stand characteristics of another 12 urban forest parks. Visitors smiled more in parks in regions with a high population or a large built-up area, where trees had strong trunks and dense canopies. People who displayed sad faces were more likely to visit parks located in regions of hilly mountains or farmlands, where soils had a greater total nitrogen concentration and organic matter. Our study illustrates a successful case in using data from a local tree inventory to predict stand characteristics of forest parks that attracted frequent visits.
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10
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Sequential modulations of emotional effects on cognitive performance in young and older adults. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Cameron CD, Lengieza ML, Hadjiandreou E, Swim JK, Chiles RM. Empathic choices for animals versus humans: the role of choice context and perceived cost. The Journal of Social Psychology 2022; 162:161-177. [PMID: 35037571 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1997890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
People appear to empathize with cases of animal suffering yet to disregard such suffering when it conflicts with human needs. In three studies, we used an empathy regulation measure - the empathy selection task - to test whether people choose or avoid sharing in experiences of animals versus humans. In Study 1, when choosing between sharing experiences of animals or humans, participants preferred humans and rated sharing animal (versus human) experiences as more cognitively costly. In Studies 2a-2b, the choice to share experiences or be objective was done without a forced choice between animals and humans. When empathy opportunities for humans and animals were not contrasted against each other, participants avoided experience sharing for humans but not for animals. Manipulations of prosocial cost in these studies did not consistently moderate choice differences. Freeing people from contexts that pit empathy for animals against empathy for humans may diminish motivated disregard of animals' experiences.
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12
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Gasper K, Danube CL, Hu D. Making room for neutral affect: Evidence indicating that neutral affect is independent of and co-occurs with eight affective states. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Sung B, Yih J, Wilson NJ. Individual differences in experience after a control task: Boredom proneness, curiosity, and grit correlate with emotion. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Billy Sung
- School of Marketing, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,
| | - Jennifer Yih
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,
| | - Nicholas J. Wilson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,
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14
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Westgate EC, Steidle B. Lost by definition: Why boredom matters for psychology and society. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Westgate
- University of Florida Department of Psychology Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Brianna Steidle
- University of Florida Department of Psychology Gainesville Florida USA
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15
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Feldman E, Greenway D. It's a Matter of Time: The Role of Temporal Perceptions in Emotional Experiences of Work Interruptions. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601120959288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Work interruptions are now ubiquitous in organizational life. However, our knowledge about how individuals experience work interruptions remains incomplete. Prior research has linked work interruption events to negative emotions, but scholars have yet to consider if—and when—such events might generate positive emotions. To explore this possibility, we adopted a temporal lens. Conceptualizing interruptions as emotionally charged events that involve changes to people’s time use, we conducted a qualitative field study of 251 work interruptions. Our inductive analysis revealed that many interruptions are experienced positively rather than negatively and that some are experienced neutrally (i.e., with no emotion). We found that this variation can be explained, in part, by four subjective temporal perceptions: time worthiness, timing, duration, and task expectedness. We also identified two contextual factors— relational context and work context—that moderate the effects of these temporal perceptions. Overall, our study underscores that emotional experiences of work interruptions vary far more widely that prior research suggests, identifies subjective temporal perceptions as key drivers of differing interruption experiences, and adds contextual richness to theories of interruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Feldman
- Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - David Greenway
- Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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16
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Gasper K, Spencer LA, Hu D. Does Neutral Affect Exist? How Challenging Three Beliefs About Neutral Affect Can Advance Affective Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2476. [PMID: 31787911 PMCID: PMC6856204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers interested in affect have often questioned the existence of neutral affective states. In this paper, we review and challenge three beliefs that researchers might hold about neutral affect. These beliefs are: (1) it is not possible to feel neutral because people are always feeling something, (2) neutrality is not an affective state because affect must be positively or negatively valenced, and (3) neutral affect is unimportant because it does not influence cognition or behavior. We review the reasons these beliefs might exist and provide empirical evidence that questions them. Specifically, we argue that neutral affect is a felt experience that provides important valence-relevant information, which influences cognition and behavior. By dispelling these beliefs about neutral affect, we hope to shine a light on the assumptions that researchers hold about the nature of affect and to provide novel theoretical and methodological perspectives that help advance our understanding of the affective landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gasper
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lauren A Spencer
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Danfei Hu
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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17
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Comment: Mapping Neutrality Within the Affective Landscape: A Response to Yih, Uusberg, Qian, and Gross. EMOTION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073919876352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Yih, Uusberg, Qian, and Gross (2019) proposed an appraisal approach to help conceptualize five different states that researchers have used as neutral control conditions. This approach has the potential to enrich our understanding of these states and how they function. Here, we discuss four points to keep in mind while implementing this approach with the hope that these ideas will further assist researchers in understanding how neutrality might fit within the affective landscape.
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18
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Grosse Rueschkamp JM, Brose A, Villringer A, Gaebler M. Neural correlates of up-regulating positive emotions in fMRI and their link to affect in daily life. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:1049-1059. [PMID: 31680164 PMCID: PMC7053268 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation is typically used to down-regulate negative or up-regulate positive emotions. While there is considerable evidence for the neural correlates of the former, less is known about the neural correlates of the latter—and how they are associated with emotion regulation and affect in daily life. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired from 63 healthy young participants (22 ± 1.6 years, 30 female), while they up-regulated their emotions to positive and neutral images or passively watched them. The same participants’ daily affect and emotion regulation behavior was measured using experience sampling over 10 days. Focusing on the ventral striatum (VS), previously associated with positive affective processing, we found increased activation during the up-regulation to both positive and neutral images. VS activation for the former positively correlated with between- and within-person differences in self-reported affective valence during fMRI but was not significantly associated with up-regulation in daily life. However, participants with lower daily affect showed a stronger association between changes in affect and activation in emotion-related (medial frontal and subcortical) regions—including the VS. These results support the involvement of the VS in up-regulating positive emotions and suggest a neurobehavioral link between emotion-related brain activation and daily affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Grosse Rueschkamp
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Psychology, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Brose
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Psychology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- MindBrainBody Institute at the Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Stroke Center Berlin and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Gaebler
- MindBrainBody Institute at the Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Yih J, Uusberg A, Qian W, Gross JJ. Author Reply: An Appraisal Perspective on Neutral Affective States. EMOTION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073919868295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We applaud Gasper (2018) for reviewing five approaches to operationalizing neutral states. To supplement Gasper’s important contribution, we express the five neutral conditions at the appraisal level with the hope of clarifying their defining features and helping researchers to generate suitable neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yih
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Weiqiang Qian
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, USA
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