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Bardin A, Verma S, Wagner J, Ruffier A, Morse DS. FOCUS on women: Program evaluation of a pilot probation and primary care transitions clinic collaboration ☆. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2022; 92:102088. [PMID: 35525094 PMCID: PMC9178526 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gender-specific probation programs are needed for rising numbers of women on probation, as women's paths to probation differ from men's and are not as frequently addressed. Substance use, mental illness, health disparities, and barriers to treatment can contribute to women clients' unsuccessful completion of probation. The current study describes a process evaluation of the pilot Female Offenders Can Ultimately Succeed (FOCUS) program, which aimed to meet women probation clients' complex needs and improve their probation outcomes. Two women FOCUS Probation Officers had smaller-than-typical caseloads of 132 Medium- to Greatest-Risk women clients and received ongoing training in motivational and trauma-specific supervision strategies. To facilitate linkage to all needed treatment and social services, clients were referred to a primary care Transitions Clinic. Comparing non-FOCUS to FOCUS women clients with Violations of Probation, FOCUS clients had more successful completions of probation (higher non-punitive Restorations of Probation and lower punitive Revocations of Probation). At the Transitions Clinic, 52% of FOCUS clients received treatment. FOCUS clients and stakeholders provided narrative feedback reflecting a range of experiences in FOCUS, guiding future program implementation efforts. Promising outcomes from FOCUS demonstrate the potential of theory-based supervision and probation-medical collaboration to facilitate women clients' success in probation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addie Bardin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Women's Initiative Supporting Health, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Shelley Verma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Julia Wagner
- Monroe County Office of Probation-Community Corrections, 33 Fitzhugh St N, Rochester, NY 14614, USA.
| | - Angela Ruffier
- Monroe County Office of Probation-Community Corrections, 33 Fitzhugh St N, Rochester, NY 14614, USA.
| | - Diane S Morse
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Women's Initiative Supporting Health, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Brown G, Brady G. Collaborative research: Working together to deliver land-based prison initiatives. METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2059799120927333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Collaborative research offers an opportunity to access experiential knowledge, rooted in a process that aims to move beyond traditional research relationships and boundaries. Collaborative research does not always change the power differential; nonetheless, it has the potential to lead to ethical relationships and for partnership working that supports ‘change’. Working in this way aids in understanding and advancing ideas for change, grounded in the views and experiences of all involved. In this article, we share our experiences of carrying out two collaborative land-based prison-based evaluations. These programmes, delivered by third sector organisations, have both worked with men in prison but differed in relation to focus, approach, timescale and the specific group of men targeted within the prison population. This work highlights how working collaboratively lends itself to a way of engaging, through building a range of relationships with key stakeholders, men in prison, prison staff and practitioners, a channel to ‘knowing differently’ and potential for creating humanising spaces within the prison environment. This article details the rewards, tensions and challenges we have encountered when carrying out land-based studies, illuminating additional dimensions for consideration when adopting this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Brown
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Callaghan L, Thompson TP, Creanor S, Quinn C, Senior J, Green C, Hawton A, Byng R, Wallace G, Sinclair J, Kane A, Hazeldine E, Walker S, Crook R, Wainwright V, Enki DG, Jones B, Goodwin E, Cartwright L, Horrell J, Shaw J, Annison J, Taylor AH. Individual health trainers to support health and well-being for people under community supervision in the criminal justice system: the STRENGTHEN pilot RCT. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3310/phr07200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Little is known about the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of interventions, such as health trainer support, to improve the health and well-being of people recently released from prison or serving a community sentence, because of the challenges in recruiting participants and following them up.
Objectives
This pilot trial aimed to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the trial methods and intervention (and associated costs) for a randomised trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of health trainer support versus usual care.
Design
This trial involved a pilot multicentre, parallel, two-group randomised controlled trial recruiting 120 participants with 1 : 1 individual allocation to receive support from a health trainer and usual care or usual care alone, with a mixed-methods process evaluation, in 2017–18.
Setting
Participants were identified, screened and recruited in Community Rehabilitation Companies in Plymouth and Manchester or the National Probation Service in Plymouth. The intervention was delivered in the community.
Participants
Those who had been out of prison for at least 2 months (to allow community stabilisation), with at least 7 months of a community sentence remaining, were invited to participate; those who may have posed an unacceptable risk to the researchers and health trainers and those who were not interested in the trial or intervention support were excluded.
Interventions
The intervention group received, in addition to usual care, our person-centred health trainer support in one-to-one sessions for up to 14 weeks, either in person or via telephone. Health trainers aimed to empower participants to make healthy lifestyle changes (particularly in alcohol use, smoking, diet and physical activity) and take on the Five Ways to Well-being [Foresight Projects. Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Final Project Report. 2008. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/mental-capital-and-wellbeing-making-the-most-of-ourselves-in-the-21st-century (accessed 24 January 2019).], and also signposted to other options for support. The control group received treatment as usual, defined by available community and public service options for improving health and well-being.
Main outcome measures
The main outcomes included the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores, alcohol use, smoking behaviour, dietary behaviour, physical activity, substance use, resource use, quality of life, intervention costs, intervention engagement and feasibility and acceptability of trial methods and the intervention.
Results
A great deal about recruitment was learned and the target of 120 participants was achieved. The minimum trial retention target at 6 months (60%) was met. Among those offered health trainer support, 62% had at least two sessions. The mixed-methods process evaluation generally supported the trial methods and intervention acceptability and feasibility. The proposed primary outcome, the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores, provided us with valuable data to estimate the sample size for a full trial in which to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
Conclusions
Based on the findings from this pilot trial, a full trial (with some modifications) seems justified, with a sample size of around 900 participants to detect between-group differences in the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores at a 6-month follow-up.
Future work
A number of recruitment, trial retention, intervention engagement and blinding issues were identified in this pilot and recommendations are made in preparation of and within a full trial.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN80475744.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 7, No. 20. See the National Institute for Health Research Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Callaghan
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Tom P Thompson
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Siobhan Creanor
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Cath Quinn
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jane Senior
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin Green
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Annie Hawton
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard Byng
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Gary Wallace
- Trading Standards and Health Improvement, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth, UK
| | - Julia Sinclair
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Amy Kane
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Emma Hazeldine
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Samantha Walker
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Rebecca Crook
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Verity Wainwright
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Doyo Gragn Enki
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Elizabeth Goodwin
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lucy Cartwright
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jane Horrell
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jenny Shaw
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Annison
- Faculty of Business, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Adrian H Taylor
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Thompson TP, Callaghan L, Hazeldine E, Quinn C, Walker S, Byng R, Wallace G, Creanor S, Green C, Hawton A, Annison J, Sinclair J, Senior J, Taylor AH. Health trainer-led motivational intervention plus usual care for people under community supervision compared with usual care alone: a study protocol for a parallel-group pilot randomised controlled trial (STRENGTHEN). BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023123. [PMID: 29866736 PMCID: PMC5988189 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with experience of the criminal justice system typically have worse physical and mental health, lower levels of mental well-being and have less healthy lifestyles than the general population. Health trainers have worked with offenders in the community to provide support for lifestyle change, enhance mental well-being and signpost to appropriate services. There has been no rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of providing such community support. This study aims to determine the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a randomised trial and delivering a health trainer intervention to people receiving community supervision in the UK. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A multicentre, parallel, two-group randomised controlled trial recruiting 120 participants with 1:1 individual allocation to receive support from a health trainer and usual care or usual care alone, with mixed methods process evaluation. Participants receive community supervision from an offender manager in either a Community Rehabilitation Company or the National Probation Service. If they have served a custodial sentence, then they have to have been released for at least 2 months. The supervision period must have at least 7 months left at recruitment. Participants are interested in receiving support to change diet, physical activity, alcohol use and smoking and/or improve mental well-being. The primary outcome is mental well-being with secondary outcomes related to smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and diet. The primary outcome will inform sample size calculations for a definitive trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Health and Care Research Wales Ethics Committee (REC reference 16/WA/0171). Dissemination will include publication of the intervention development process and findings for the stated outcomes, parallel process evaluation and economic evaluation in peer-reviewed journals. Results will also be disseminated to stakeholders and trial participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS ISRCTN80475744; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Thompson
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Lynne Callaghan
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Emma Hazeldine
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Cath Quinn
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Samantha Walker
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Richard Byng
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Siobhan Creanor
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Colin Green
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jill Annison
- School of Law, Criminology, and Government (Faculty of Business), Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Jane Senior
- Division of Psychology & Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian H Taylor
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
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Yoeli H, Cattan M. Insiders and incomers: how lay public health workers' knowledge might improve public health practice. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2017; 25:1743-1751. [PMID: 28370767 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2005, health trainers and other lay public health workers (LPHWs) have been increasingly active in the UK. Although elsewhere in the world LPHWs are expected to come from the communities within which they work and know that their knowledge is valued, neither is the case for LPHWs in the UK. This study sought to discover the lay knowledge of health trainers and other LPHWs, aiming to ascertain how this knowledge might more effectively be utilised within UK public health services. This paper describes a participatory and ethnographic case study research project undertaken on an anonymised urban estate in North East England. Findings were generated by a range of means including by participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Seven LPHWs took part, as did 32 other community members. This study found that the lay health knowledge of an individual UK LPHW is determined primarily by his or her position within, or in relation to, the community within which he or she works. Insider LPHWs possess an embodied knowledge and incomer LPHWs possess an experiential knowledge which, although different from one another, are essentially interpersonal in nature. Lay health knowledge can take different forms, and different LPHWs can provide different forms of lay health knowledge. Public health structures and services in the UK should make better use of all forms of LPHW knowledge, and should seek from LPHWs training on how to engage the most 'hard-to-reach' or 'difficult-to-engage' groups. Services recruiting LPHWs should decide whether they are seeking embodied insider LPHW knowledge, experiential incomer LPHW knowledge or a mixture of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Yoeli
- Volunteer lecturer in Qualitative Research Methods, Qualitative Research Methods, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mima Cattan
- Professor Emeritus of Public Health & Wellbeing (Knowledge Translation), Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine how the role in offender mental health for the probation service described in policy translates into practice through exploring staff and offenders’ perceptions of this role in one probation trust. In particular, to examine barriers to staff performing their role and ways of overcoming them.
Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative secondary analysis of data from semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 11 probation staff and nine offenders using the constant comparative method.
Findings
Both staff and offenders defined probation’s role as identifying and monitoring mental illness amongst offenders, facilitating access to and monitoring offenders’ engagement with health services, and managing risk. Barriers to fulfilling this role included limited training, a lack of formal referral procedures/pathways between probation and health agencies, difficulties in obtaining and administering mental health treatment requirements, problems with inter-agency communication, and gaps in service provision for those with dual diagnosis and personality disorder. Strategies for improvement include improved training, developing a specialist role in probation and formalising partnership arrangements.
Research limitations/implications
Further research is required to explore the transferability of these findings, particularly in the light of the recent probation reforms.
Originality/value
This is the first paper to explore how staff and offenders perceive probation’s role in offender mental health in comparison with the role set out in policy.
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Newman L, Baum F, Javanparast S, O'Rourke K, Carlon L. Addressing social determinants of health inequities through settings: a rapid review. Health Promot Int 2016; 30 Suppl 2:ii126-43. [PMID: 26420808 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dav054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing settings to be more supportive of health and healthy choices is an optimum way to improve population health and health equity. This article uses the World Health Organisation's (1998) (WHO Health Promotion Glossary. WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW) definition of settings approaches to health promotion as those focused on modifying settings' structure and nature. A rapid literature review was undertaken in the period June-August 2014, combining a systematically conducted search of two major databases with targeted searches. The review focused on identifying what works in settings approaches to address the social determinants of health inequities, using Fair Foundations: the VicHealth framework for health equity. This depicts the social determinants of health inequities as three layers of influence, and entry points for action to promote health equity. The evidence review identified work in 12 settings (cities; communities and neighbourhoods; educational; healthcare; online; faith-based; sports; workplaces; prisons; and nightlife, green and temporary settings), and work at the socioeconomic, political and cultural context layer of the Fair Foundations framework (governance, legislation, regulation and policy). It located a relatively small amount of evidence that settings themselves are being changed in ways which address the social determinants of health inequities. Rather, many initiatives focus on individual behaviour change within settings. There is considerable potential for health promotion professionals to focus settings work more upstream and so replace or integrate individual approaches with those addressing daily living conditions and higher level structures, and a significant need for programmes to be evaluated for differential equity impacts and published to provide a more solid evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lareen Newman
- Southgate Institute for Health Society & Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Fran Baum
- Southgate Institute for Health Society & Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sara Javanparast
- Southgate Institute for Health Society & Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kerryn O'Rourke
- Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), 15-31 Pelham Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Leanne Carlon
- Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), 15-31 Pelham Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
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Lorvick J, Comfort ML, Krebs CP, Kral AH. Health service use and social vulnerability in a community-based sample of women on probation and parole, 2011–2013. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2015; 3:13. [PMCID: PMC5151512 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-015-0024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Most women involved in the criminal justice system are not incarcerated, but rather on probation or parole. We examined the receipt of health services and social vulnerability among women on parole or probation in the past year. Methods In a community-based sample of 776 women who use crack cocaine or injection drugs, we compared those who had been on probation or parole in the past year with those who had no criminal justice involvement in the past year. Results Women recently on probation or people were no more likely have health insurance, or to receive most health services, than women not in the criminal justice system. In addition, we found social vulnerabilities that contribute to poor health to be significantly more prevalent among women on probation or parole. Conclusions There is a missed opportunity to address health and social needs of women on probation or parole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lorvick
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500 San Francisco, CA 94104 USA
| | - Megan L Comfort
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500 San Francisco, CA 94104 USA
| | - Christopher P Krebs
- Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, HILL 412 Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709 USA
| | - Alex H Kral
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500 San Francisco, CA 94104 USA
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Bailey D, Kerlin L. Can Health Trainers Make a Difference With Difficult-to-Engage Clients? A Multisite Case Study. Health Promot Pract 2015; 16:756-64. [PMID: 25794692 DOI: 10.1177/1524839915572802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A political attempt in the United Kingdom to address health inequalities in the past decade has been the government's initiative to employ local health trainers (HTs) or health trainer champions (HTCs) to support disadvantaged individuals with aspects of their health-related behaviors. HT/HTCs provide health-related information and support to individuals with healthy eating, physical activity, and smoking cessation. They undertake community engagement and direct individuals to relevant health services. They differ in that HTs are trained to provide health interventions to individuals or groups and to make referrals to specialist health care services when necessary. This article provides an evaluation of HT/HTCs interventions across three sites, including one prison, one probation service (three teams), and one mental health center. An evaluation framework combining process and outcome measures was employed that used mixed methods to capture data relating to the implementation of the service, including the context of the HT/HTCs interventions, the reactions of their clients, and the outcomes reported. It was found that HT/HTCs interventions were more effective in the prison and mental health center compared with the probation site largely as a result of contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Bailey
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Metropolitan University
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11
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Editorial: Ripple effects and making a lifestyle change forever. Perspect Public Health 2013; 133:182. [DOI: 10.1177/1757913913492094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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