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Poh ME, Chai CS, Liam CK, Ho GF, Pang YK, Hasbullah HH, Tho LM, Muhamad Nor I, Ho KF, Thiagarajan M, Samsudin A, Omar A, Ong CK, Soon SY, Tan SN, How SH. Does dose reduction of afatinib affect treatment outcomes of patients with EGFR-mutant metastatic non-small cell lung cancer in real-world clinical practice? Transl Lung Cancer Res 2024; 13:307-320. [PMID: 38496703 PMCID: PMC10938108 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Afatinib can be started at a dose lower than the recommended starting dose of 40 mg/day for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however treatment outcomes in real-world clinical practice remains unclear. Methods This retrospective study of patients with NSCLC from 18 major hospitals (public, private or university teaching hospitals) enrolled in Malaysia's National Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgical Database (NCTSD) assessed the efficacy of lower doses of afatinib on treatment outcomes in a real-world clinical practice. Data on clinical characteristics, afatinib dosing, and treatment outcomes for patients included in NCTSD from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2020 were analyzed. Results Of the 133 patients studied, 94.7% had adenocarcinoma. Majority of the patients (60.9%) had EGFR exon 19 deletion and 23.3% had EGFR exon 21 L858R point mutation. The mean age of patients was 64.1 years and majority (83.5%) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2-4 at diagnosis. The most common afatinib starting doses were 40 mg (37.6%), 30 mg (29.3%), and 20 mg (26.3%) once daily (OD), respectively. A quarter of patients had dose reduction (23.3%) due to side effects or cost constraints. Majority of the patients had partial response to afatinib (63.2%) whilst 2.3% had complete response. Interestingly, the objective response rate was significantly higher (72.3%) with afatinib OD doses of less than 40 mg compared to 40 mg (54.0%) (P=0.032). Patients on lower doses of afatinib were two times more likely to achieve an objective response [odds ratio =2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-5.83; P=0.016]. These patients had a numerically but not statistically longer median time to treatment failure (TTF). Median TTF (95% CI) for the overall cohort was 12.4 (10.02-14.78) months. Median overall survival (95% CI) was 21.30 (15.86-26.75) months. Conclusions Lower afatinib doses (<40 mg OD) could be equally effective as standard dose in patients with EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC and may be more suited to Asian patients, minimizing side effects that may occur at higher dosages of afatinib leading to dose interruptions and affecting treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau Ern Poh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Shee Chai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chong Kin Liam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gwo Fuang Ho
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Kek Pang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Harissa Husainy Hasbullah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Selangor, Malaysia
- Oncology and Radiotherapy Department, General Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lye Mun Tho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Beacon Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ibtisam Muhamad Nor
- Oncology and Radiotherapy Department, General Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kean Fatt Ho
- Mount Miriam Cancer Hospital, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Azlina Samsudin
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Azza Omar
- Respiratory Unit, Medical Department, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Sin Nee Tan
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Soon Hin How
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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Yu Q, Kobayashi SS, Haeno H. Mathematical analysis identifies the optimal treatment strategy for epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1137966. [PMID: 37841421 PMCID: PMC10568620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1137966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Asians, more than half of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are induced by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. Although patients carrying EGFR driver mutations display a good initial response to EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), additional mutations provoke drug resistance. Hence, predicting tumor dynamics before treatment initiation and formulating a reasonable treatment schedule is an urgent challenge. Methods To overcome this problem, we constructed a mathematical model based on clinical observations and investigated the optimal schedules for EGFR-TKI therapy. Results Based on published data on cell growth rates under different drugs, we found that using osimertinib that are efficient for secondary resistant cells as the first-line drug is beneficial in monotherapy, which is consistent with published clinical statistical data. Moreover, we identified the existence of a suitable drug-switching time; that is, changing drugs too early or too late was not helpful. Furthermore, we demonstrate that osimertinib combined with erlotinib or gefitinib as first-line treatment, has the potential for clinical application. Finally, we examined the relationship between the initial ratio of resistant cells and final cell number under different treatment conditions, and summarized it into a therapy suggestion map. By performing parameter sensitivity analysis, we identified the condition where osimertinib-first therapy was recommended as the optimal treatment option. Discussion This study for the first time theoretically showed the optimal treatment strategies based on the known information in NSCLC. Our framework can be applied to other types of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Susumu S. Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hiroshi Haeno
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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Zhang L, Hu A, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Wang L, Cheng Z. Medication adjustment of afatinib and combination therapy with sitagliptin for alleviating afatinib-induced diarrhea in rats. Neoplasia 2023; 43:100922. [PMID: 37567055 PMCID: PMC10423691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Afatinib, as the first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), causes severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions that greatly affect patients' quality of life and even potentially result in treatment discontinuation. Multiple dose adjustments and concomitant use of anti-diarrheal medications are commonly employed to manage diarrhea, also allowing for a recovery period between each adjustment. However, these approaches are based on empirical guidance and still have limitations. This study aims to explore reliable approaches to alleviate diarrhea by focusing on two strategies: adjusting the dosing regimen of afatinib itself and implementing combination therapy. In this study, we firstly revealed a dose-dependent relationship between afatinib-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal epithelial damage, resulting in atrophy, reduced expression of tight junction proteins, and increased permeability. We further found that even after discontinuation of the medication, although the severity of diarrhea had improved to baseline, the tight junction proteins and permeability of the intestinal epithelium did not fully recover, and the pharmacokinetics studies showed that drug absorption significantly increased than normal. This indicated the recovery period was longer than expected and may accelerate the occurrence of subsequent episodes of diarrhea. Hence, it would be prudent to consider adjustments to the starting dose or the recovery interval. Furthermore, we initially investigated the relationship between DPP enzyme and afatinib-induced diarrhea and found a significant decrease in plasma DPP enzyme activity following afatinib-induced diarrhea. Subsequently, we conducted continuous treatment with sitagliptin and observed significant improvement in afatinib-induced diarrhea. We observed that sitagliptin can promote the production of anti-inflammatory factors, increase the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins, and improve intestinal microbiota, further validating the mechanism through the use of GLP-23-33 as GLP-2 receptor inhibitor. In conclusion, sitagliptin exhibits promising potential as a therapeutic option for managing afatinib-induced diarrhea. Taken together, our study provides valuable insights into alleviating afatinib-induced diarrhea through both afatinib medication adjustment and sitagliptin combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Anna Hu
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Rethi L, Mutalik C, Rethi L, Chiang WH, Lee HL, Pan WY, Yang TS, Chiou JF, Chen YJ, Chuang EY, Lu LS. Molecularly Targeted Photothermal Ablation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Expressing Cancer Cells with a Polypyrrole-Iron Oxide-Afatinib Nanocomposite. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205043. [PMID: 36291827 PMCID: PMC9599920 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this manuscript, we describe the design and synthesis of a nanocomposite containing afatinib, polypyrrole, and iron oxide (PIA-NC) to molecularly target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-overexpressing cancer cells for photothermal conversion. In addition to physical and chemical characterization, we also showed that PIA-NC induces selective reactive oxygen species surge and apoptosis in response to sublethal near-infrared light only in EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells, not in EGFR-negative fibroblasts. The work demonstrates the feasibility of photothermal therapy with cellular precision. Abstract Near-infrared–photothermal therapy (NIR-PTT) is a potential modality for cancer treatment. Directing photothermal effects specifically to cancer cells may enhance the therapeutic index for the best treatment outcome. While epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly overexpressed/genetically altered in human malignancy, it remains unknown whether targeting EGFR with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-conjugated nanoparticles may direct NIR-PTT to cancers with cellular precision. In the present study, we tested this possibility through the fabrication of a polypyrrole–iron oxide–afatinib nanocomposite (PIA-NC). In the PIA-NC, a biocompatible and photothermally conductive polymer (polypyrrole) was conjugated to a TKI (afatinib) that binds to overexpressed wild-type EGFR without overt cytotoxicity. A Fenton catalyst (iron oxide) was further encapsulated in the NC to drive the intracellular ROS surge upon heat activation. Diverse physical and chemical characterization experiments were conducted. Particle internalization, cytotoxicity, ROS production, and apoptosis in EGFR-positive and -negative cell lines were investigated in the presence and absence of NIR. We found that the PIA-NCs were stable with a size of 243 nm and a zeta potential of +35 mV. These PIA-NCs were readily internalized close to the cell membrane by all types of cells used in the study. The Fourier transform infrared spectra showed 3295 cm−1 peaks; substantial O–H stretching was seen, with significant C=C stretching at 1637 cm−1; and a modest appearance of C–O–H bending at 1444 cm−1 confirmed the chemical conjugation of afatinib but not iron oxide to the NC. At a NIR-PTT energy level that has a minimal cytotoxic effect, PIA-NC significantly sensitizes EGFR-overexpressing A549 lung cancer cells to NIR-PTT-induced cytotoxicity at a rate of 70%, but in EGFR-negative 3T3 fibroblasts the rate was 30%. Within 1 min of NIR-PTT, a surge of intracellular ROS was found in PIA-NC-treated A549 cells. This was followed by early induction of cellular apoptosis for 54 ± 0.081% of A549 cells. The number of viable cells was less than a quarter of a percent. Viability levels of A549 cells that had been treated with NIR or PIA were only 50 ± 0.216% and 80 ± 0.216%, respectively. Only 10 ± 0.816% of NIH3T3 cells had undergone necrosis, meaning that 90 ± 0.124% were alive. Viability levels were 65 ± 0.081% and 81 ± 0.2%, respectively, when only NIR and PIA were used. PIA binding was effective against A549 cells but not against NIH3T3 cells. The outcome revealed that higher levels of NC + NIR exposure caused cancer cells to produce more ROS. In summary, our findings proved that a molecularly targeted NC provides an orchestrated platform for cancer cell-specific delivery of NIR-PTT. The geometric proximity design indicates a novel approach to minimizing the off-target biological effects of NIR-PTT. The potential of PIA-NC to be further developed into real-world application warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi Rethi
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chinmaya Mutalik
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lekha Rethi
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Pan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Opto Mechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, 111, Section 3, Xinglong Road, Wenshan District, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (E.-Y.C.); (L.-S.L.)
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Center for Cell Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (E.-Y.C.); (L.-S.L.)
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van de Stadt EA, Yaqub M, Schuit RC, Bartelink IH, Leeuwerik AF, Schwarte LA, de Langen AJ, Hendrikse H, Bahce I. Relationship between Biodistribution and Tracer Kinetics of 11C-Erlotinib, 18F-Afatinib and 11C-Osimertinib and Image Quality Evaluation Using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis in Advanced Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040883. [PMID: 35453931 PMCID: PMC9032381 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) driven by activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are best treated with therapies targeting EGFR, i.e., tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Radiolabeled EGFR-TKI and PET have been investigated to study EGFR-TKI kinetics and its potential role as biomarker of response in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations (EGFRm). In this study we aimed to compare the biodistribution and kinetics of three different EGFR-TKI, i.e., 11C-erlotinib, 18F-afatinib and 11C-osimertinib. Methods: Data of three prospective studies and 1 ongoing study were re-analysed; data from thirteen patients (EGFRm) were included for 11C-erlotinib, seven patients for 18F-afatinib (EGFRm and EGFR wild type) and four patients for 11C-osimertinib (EGFRm). From dynamic and static scans, SUV and tumor-to-blood (TBR) values were derived for tumor, lung, spleen, liver, vertebra and, if possible, brain tissue. AUC values were calculated using dynamic time-activity-curves. Parent fraction, plasma-to-blood ratio and SUV values were derived from arterial blood data. Tumor-to-lung contrast was calculated, as well as (background) noise to assess image quality. Results: 11C-osimertinib showed the highest SUV and TBR (AUC) values in nearly all tissues. Spleen uptake was notably high for 11C-osimertinib and to a lesser extent for 18F-afatinib. For EGFRm, 11C-erlotinib and 18F-afatinib demonstrated the highest tumor-to-lung contrast, compared to an inverse contrast observed for 11C-osimertinib. Tumor-to-lung contrast and spleen uptake of the three TKI ranked accordingly to the expected lysosomal sequestration. Conclusion: Comparison of biodistribution and tracer kinetics showed that 11C-erlotinib and 18F-afatinib demonstrated the highest tumor-to-background contrast in EGFRm positive tumors. Image quality, based on contrast and noise analysis, was superior for 11C-erlotinib and 18F-afatinib (EGFRm) scans compared to 11C-osimertinib and 18F-afatinib (EGFR wild type) scans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.C.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Robert C. Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.C.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Imke H. Bartelink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.H.B.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Anke F. Leeuwerik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.H.B.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Lothar A. Schwarte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adrianus J. de Langen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.C.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Idris Bahce
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Efficacy and Safety of Afatinib in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with EGFR Mutations: A Meta-Analysis of Real-World Evidence. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:8736288. [PMID: 34961817 PMCID: PMC8710163 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8736288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of afatinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations based on real-world evidence. Materials and Methods Eligible real-world studies were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Cochrane guidelines were used to assess the quality of included studies. Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics were used for the heterogeneity analysis. Results Twenty-five studies were included in this meta-analysis; nine studies were included in the qualitative descriptive analysis. The summarized disease control rate (DCR) was 87.6% (81.5%, 92.7%), and the overall response rate (ORR) was 58.9% (48.8%, 68.7%). The pooled median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12.4 (10.3, 14.5) months, mean time to failure (TTF) was 15.4 (13.6, 17.2) months, and median overall survival (OS) was 31.6 (26.7, 36.5) months. The total incidences of adverse events (AEs) for skin rashes, diarrhea, paronychia, and mucositis were 71.4% (64.4%, 77.9%), 70.4% (60.1%, 79.8%), 52.1% (41.9, 62.3%), and 36.5% (29.5%, 43.8%), respectively. The incidences of severe adverse events (SAEs, Grade ≥3) for diarrhea, skin rashes, paronychia, and mucositis were 9.7% (6.8%, 13.1%), 5.8% (4.5%, 7.2%), 3.8% (2.0%, 6.2%), and 2.1% (1.0%, 3.6%), respectively. Differences in PFS and OS between the afatinib non-full-dose (<40 mg) and full-dose (>40 mg) groups were not significant (P > 0.05). However, the ORR in the full-dose group was 78.5% (66.7%, 88.4%), which was significantly higher than that in the non-full-dose group (67.8% [56.8%, 77.9%]). Conclusion The efficacy and safety of afatinib has been confirmed by real-world evidence in advanced NSCLC with EGFR mutation, consistent with randomized controlled trial results. In real-world setting, tolerability-guided dose adjustment might not affect the afatinib efficacy.
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Saran F, Welsh L, James A, McBain C, Gattamaneni R, Jefferies S, Harris F, Pemberton K, Schaible J, Bender S, Cseh A, Brada M. Afatinib and radiotherapy, with or without temozolomide, in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: results of a phase I trial. J Neurooncol 2021; 155:307-317. [PMID: 34787778 PMCID: PMC8651574 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Amplification or overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene, part of the ErbB family, occur in approximately 40% and 60% of patients with GBM, respectively. We present data from a dose-finding study of the ErbB inhibitor afatinib in combination with radiotherapy (RT), with or without temozolomide (TMZ), in patients with GBM. Methods This was a phase I, open-label, 3 + 3 dose-escalation trial in patients with newly-diagnosed, histologically-confirmed grade 4 malignant glioma and proven O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene promoter methylation status. The primary endpoint was the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of continuous daily afatinib when given in combination with RT, with (regimen M) or without (regimen U) concomitant TMZ treatment. Results Fifty-five patients were enrolled; 36 received ≥ 1 dose of trial medication (regimen M, n = 20, regimen U, n = 16). Afatinib was discontinued by all patients during the study. Reasons for afatinib discontinuation (regimen M/U) included disease progression (45%/50%), dose-limiting toxicity (10%/0%), and other adverse events (AEs; 35%/38%). The most frequently reported AEs with either regimen were diarrhea and rash, with no new safety signals identified. The MTD was determined as afatinib 30 mg in combination with daily TMZ and RT, and afatinib 40 mg in combination with RT alone. Conclusions This study identified the MTD for afatinib in combination with RT, with and without TMZ, in patients with GBM. Further studies of afatinib in patients with GBM are warranted and should be based on appropriate biomarker-based preselection. Trial registration NCT00977431 (first posted September 15, 2009). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11060-021-03877-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Saran
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Cancer and Blood Service, Auckland City Hospital, Building 8, 99 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Liam Welsh
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Allan James
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah Jefferies
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Harris
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Shaun Bender
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Agnieszka Cseh
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Michael Brada
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, UK
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Liu X, Ma B, Li T, Zhao L. Case Report: Afatinib-Induced Interstitial Pneumonia: Experiences and Lessons From Two Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:698447. [PMID: 34721009 PMCID: PMC8548719 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.698447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Afatinib has shown good efficacy in patients harboring uncommon EGFR mutations, but the incidence of afatinib-induced interstitial pneumonia should be alert as its rapid progression. Here, we report two cases of interstitial pneumonia during afatinib treatment. Case presentation: The first case was of a 58-year-old male with advanced lung adenocarcinoma (cT4bN3M1b) with exon 18 G719X and exon 20 S781I EGFR mutations and received afatinib therapy. After 68 days of therapy, he developed shortness of breath and fever. Drug-induced pneumonia was not diagnosed timely, the patient received empirical antibiotics and low-dose glucocorticoids. The pulmonary inflammation rapidly progressed and the patient died 15 days after symptom onset. The second case was of a 57-year-old man with stage IV (cT3N3M1b) lung adenocarcinoma with exon 21 L861Q EGFR mutation. He received afatinib as second-line therapy. Fever and shortness of breath occurred 22 days after afatinib therapy, he received empirical antibiotic therapy. Five days later, CT showed aggravated pulmonary inflammation, and afatinib-induced interstitial pneumonia was diagnosed. He received glucocorticoid therapy, and the pneumonia quickly improved. Conclusion: Although the incidence of EGFR-TKI-associated pneumonia is uncommon, high vigilance for drug-induced interstitial pneumonia is necessary during treatment. Early diagnosis and early glucocorticoid therapy could reverse lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baozhen Ma
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiepeng Li
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingdi Zhao
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Magios N, Bozorgmehr F, Volckmar AL, Kazdal D, Kirchner M, Herth FJ, Heussel CP, Eichhorn F, Meister M, Muley T, Elshafie RA, Fischer JR, Faehling M, Kriegsmann M, Schirmacher P, Bischoff H, Stenzinger A, Thomas M, Christopoulos P. Real-world implementation of sequential targeted therapies for EGFR-mutated lung cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:1758835921996509. [PMID: 34408792 PMCID: PMC8366107 DOI: 10.1177/1758835921996509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated (EGFR+) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients failing tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) can benefit from next-line targeted therapies, but implementation is challenging. Methods: EGFR+ NSCLC patients treated with first/second-generation (1G/2G) TKI at our institution with a last follow-up after osimertinib approval (February 2016), were analyzed retrospectively, and the results compared with published data under osimertinib. Results: A total of 207 patients received erlotinib (37%), gefitinib (16%) or afatinib (47%). The median age was 66 years, with a predominance of female (70%), never/light-smokers (69%). T790M testing was performed in 174/202 progressive cases (86%), positive in 93/174 (53%), and followed by osimertinib in 87/93 (94%). Among the 135 deceased patients, 94 (70%) received subsequent systemic treatment (43% chemotherapy, 39% osimertinib), while 30% died without, either before (4%) or after progression, due to rapid clinical deterioration (22%), patient refusal of further therapy (2%), or severe competing illness (2%). Lack of subsequent treatment was significantly (4.5x, p < 0.001) associated with lack of T790M testing, whose most frequent cause (in approximately 50% of cases) was also rapid clinical decline. Among the 127 consecutive patients with failure of 1G/2G TKI started after November 2015, 47 (37%) received osimertinib, with a median overall survival of 36 months versus 24 and 21 months for patients with alternative and no subsequent therapies (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Osimertinib after 1G/2G TKI failure prolongs survival, but approximately 15% and 30% of patients forego molecular retesting and subsequent treatment, respectively, mainly due to rapid clinical deterioration. This is an important remediable obstacle to sequential TKI treatment for EGFR+ NSCLC. It pertains also to other actionable resistance mechanisms emerging under 1G/2G inhibitors or osimertinib, whose rate for lack of next-line therapy is similar (approximately 35% in the FLAURA/AURA3 trials), and highlights the need for closer monitoring alongside broader profiling of TKI-treated EGFR+ NSCLC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Magios
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
| | - Farastuk Bozorgmehr
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J Herth
- Department of Pneumology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Heussel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology with Nuclear Medicine, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
| | - Florian Eichhorn
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rami A Elshafie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Fischer
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lungenklinik Löwenstein, Löwenstein, Germany
| | - Martin Faehling
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Klinikum Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helge Bischoff
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
| | | | - Michael Thomas
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg 69126, Germany
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10
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Wu CE, Chang CF, Huang CY, Yang CT, Kuo CHS, Hsu PC, Chang JWC. Feasibility and effectiveness of afatinib for poor performance status patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:859. [PMID: 34315431 PMCID: PMC8314552 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Afatinib is one of the standard treatments for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, data on the use of afatinib in patients with poor performance status (PS ≥ 2) are limited. This study aimed to retrospectively review the clinical outcomes and safety of afatinib treatment in EGFR-mutation-positive (EGFRm+) NSCLC patients with PS ≥ 2. Methods The data for 62 patients who were treated at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 2010 to August 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ clinicopathological features were obtained, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify possible prognostic factors. Data on adverse events were collected to evaluate general tolerance for afatinib therapy. Results Until February 2020, the objective response rate, disease control rate, median progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 58.1% (36/62), 69.4% (43/62), 8.8 months, and 12.9 months, respectively. The absence of liver metastasis (PFS: p = 0.044; OS: p = 0.061) and good disease control (p < 0.001 for PFS and OS) were independent favorable prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Bone metastasis (p = 0.036) and dose modification (reduction/interruption, p = 0.021) were predictors of disease control. Conclusion Afatinib demonstrated acceptable efficacy and safety in the current cohort. This study provided evidence to support the use of afatinib as a first-line treatment in EGFRm+ NSCLC patients with poor PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-En Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsi Scott Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chih Hsu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - John Wen-Cheng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
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11
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Park K, Kim JS, Kim JH, Kim YC, Kim HG, Cho EK, Jin JY, Kim M, Märten A, Kang JH. An open-label expanded access program of afatinib in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naïve patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:802. [PMID: 34253172 PMCID: PMC8274031 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afatinib is approved globally for EGFR-TKI treatment-naïve patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this Korean expanded access program, we evaluated its 'real-world' safety and efficacy. METHODS EGFR-TKI treatment-naïve patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC received afatinib 40 mg/day until disease progression or other withdrawal criteria. Dose reductions were permitted for adverse events (AEs). The primary endpoint was the number of patients with AEs (CTCAE version 3.0). Other endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR), and changes in investigator-assessed cancer-related symptoms. RESULTS Eighty-eight patients received afatinib, including 27 (31%) with brain metastases and 16 (18%) with uncommon EGFR mutations. Median PFS was 17.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.9-23.3 months). Grade 3 treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) were reported in 51 (58%) patients; the most common were diarrhea (22%) and rash/acne (20%). No grade > 3 TRAEs were reported. AEs leading to dose reduction occurred in 49 (56%) patients. Treatment discontinuation due to TRAEs occurred in 4 (5%) patients. ORR was 81% overall, 89% in patients with brain metastases, and 55% in patients with uncommon mutations (excluding T790M/exon 20 insertions). Median DOR was 15.1 months (95% CI 12.4-21.4 months). Cancer-related symptoms were improved/unchanged/worsened in 34-66%/36-66%/0-3% of patients over the first year. CONCLUSIONS No unexpected safety signals for afatinib were observed. AEs were manageable; the treatment discontinuation rate was low. Afatinib showed encouraging efficacy in a broad patient population including those with brain metastases or tumors harboring uncommon EGFR mutations. TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01931306 ; 29/08/2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, 06351, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hang Kim
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Kim
- Chonnam National University Medical School, CNU Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoon-Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Cho
- Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Youl Jin
- Bucheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Boehringer Ingelheim Korea Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Angela Märten
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Passaro A, de Marinis F, Tu HY, Laktionov KK, Feng J, Poltoratskiy A, Zhao J, Tan EH, Gottfried M, Lee V, Kowalski D, Yang CT, Srinivasa BJ, Clementi L, Jalikop T, Huang DCL, Cseh A, Park K, Wu YL. Afatinib in EGFR TKI-Naïve Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic EGFR Mutation-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Three Phase IIIb Studies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:709877. [PMID: 34307179 PMCID: PMC8298067 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.709877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Afatinib is approved for first-line treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive (EGFRm+) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we report findings from a combined analysis of three phase IIIb studies of afatinib in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-naïve patients. Methods EGFR-TKI-naïve patients with EGFRm+ NSCLC received afatinib 40 mg/day. Dose reductions were permitted for adverse events (AEs). Efficacy endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), time to symptomatic progression (TTSP), and tumor response. Subgroup analyses were performed by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), presence of brain metastasis, age and common/uncommon EGFR mutations (plus other factors). Results 1108 patients were treated. Median age was 61 years (range, 25-89); 19.2% had baseline brain metastases, 4.4% had ECOG PS ≥2, and 17.9% had tumors harboring uncommon mutations. Treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) were reported in 97.2%, most commonly diarrhea and rash. 41.6% had AEs leading to dose reduction. Median PFS was 13.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.0-13.8]; median TTSP was 14.8 months (95% CI: 13.9-16.1). Objective response rate (ORR) was 55.0%. Age, presence of baseline brain metastases, major (G719X, L861Q, S768I) or compound uncommon mutations had little/no effect on PFS, TTSP, or ORR, while outcomes were poorer in patients with ECOG PS 2 or exon 20 insertion/T790M mutations. Conclusions Afatinib was tolerable with no new safety signals. Afatinib demonstrated encouraging efficacy in a broad patient population, including those with brain metastases or uncommon EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Marinis
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Hai-Yan Tu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jifeng Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Tumor Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jun Zhao
- Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Victor Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dariusz Kowalski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Ta Yang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Cseh
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Brückl WM, Reck M, Griesinger F, Schäfer H, Kortsik C, Gaska T, Rawluk J, Krüger S, Kokowski K, Budweiser S, Ficker JH, Hoffmann C, Schüler A, Laack E. Afatinib as first-line treatment in patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer in routine clinical practice. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211012361. [PMID: 33995597 PMCID: PMC8111535 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211012361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in Germany and worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises ~80% of lung cancer diagnoses; in White patients, around 10% of NSCLC cases are epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive (EGFRm+). Head-to-head clinical trials have demonstrated superior efficacy with second-/third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) versus first-generation EGFR TKIs in EGFRm+ NSCLC. Data from routine clinical practice are necessary to confirm that clinical trial findings are transferable to real-world populations. Methods: In NCT02047903, a prospective non-interventional study in Germany, patients with EGFRm+ NSCLC received first-line afatinib until disease progression or intolerable adverse events. Key objectives were progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 12 months, objective response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). Safety/tolerability was also assessed. Results: Of 152 patients, 106 (69.7%) were female, 20 (13.1%) patients had an uncommon EGFR mutation and 51 patients (33.6%) had brain metastases. A starting dose of <40 mg was received by 39 (25.7%) patients. Overall, the 12-month PFS rate was 50.2% while the median PFS was 12.2 months. The ORR was 74.6% and the median OS was 30.4 months. In patients with brain metastases and uncommon mutations, the median PFS was 10.5 and 10.7 months, and the ORR was 77.3% and 83.3%, respectively. Treatment effectiveness was similar in patients with a starting dose of <40 mg (median PFS: 16.4 months; ORR, 81.3%) and a starting dose of 40 mg (median PFS: 10.8 months; ORR, 72.1%). Adverse drug reactions were manageable and consistent with the known afatinib safety profile. Conclusion: The results support clinical trial data for afatinib in routine clinical practice, including in patients generally excluded from clinical trials. Outcomes were positive in patients with uncommon EGFR mutations and in those with brain metastases. Treatment benefit was also seen in patients receiving a <40 mg afatinib starting dose, supporting patient-tailored dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Brückl
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital Nuremberg, Ernst-Nathan-Str.1, Nuremberg, 90419, Germany
| | - Martin Reck
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Frank Griesinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pius Hospital, University Department Internal Medicine-Oncology, University Medicine, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schäfer
- Department of Pneumonology, SHG-Clinic Voelklingen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Gaska
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Josef Clinic, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Justyna Rawluk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Krüger
- Department for Pneumology, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Florence-Nightingale-Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konrad Kokowski
- Department of Pneumonology, Bogenhausen Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Budweiser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, RoMed Clinical Centre, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Joachim H Ficker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Hoffmann
- Human Pharma Country Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Schüler
- Human Pharma Country Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
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14
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Ethacrynic Acid Enhances the Antitumor Effects of Afatinib in EGFR/T790M-Mutated NSCLC by Inhibiting WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway Activation. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5530673. [PMID: 34122668 PMCID: PMC8168479 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5530673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background. Despite afatinib as a new first-line treatment for EGFR L858R and exon 19 deletion or other rare EGFR-mutation patients, the acquired resistance or toxic effects associated with it limited its use clinically. The controlling of acquired resistance or optimization of the afatinib dosage in EGFR/T790M mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still an important fundamental problem. Ethacrynic acid (EA) has been proved as a dual inhibitor of GST and WNT, and the α, β-unsaturated-keto structure of it is similar to that of irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, these beneficial effects of EA combined with afatinib have never been reported in NSCLC. Therefore, the antitumor effects of afatinib combined with EA in EGFR L858R/T790M-mutated NSCLC cells and related mechanisms were analyzed. Our in vitro and in vivo results showed that EA has strong synergistic antitumor effects with afatinib in EGFR L858R/T790M-mutated NSCLC cells, but has no cytotoxic effects in NSCLC cells when used it alone, i.e., the cytotoxic effects of afatinib (IC30) plus EA (IC30) were stronger than the effects of afatinib (IC50) alone. Our functional studies found that the antitumor mechanisms of afatinib when combined with EA mainly occurred by inhibiting WNT/β-catenin pathway activation and suppression of the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. These results revealed that combination of afatinib with EA derivatives not only provided a new therapeutic approach for EGFR/T790M-mutated NSCLC patients but also offered a new idea for developing new drugs or optimizing the dose of afatinib in clinical use in future antitumor therapy.
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15
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Hsu CC, Yang AYP, Chen JY, Tsai HH, Lin SH, Tai PC, Huang MH, Hsu WH, Lin AMY, Yang JCH. Lysine Deprivation Induces AKT-AADAT Signaling and Overcomes EGFR-TKIs Resistance in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020272. [PMID: 33450879 PMCID: PMC7828377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the Asian population, 50–60% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carry the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. Although treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is effective, resistance inevitably occurs. Moreover, previous studies showed that cancers harboring a specific mutation are sensitive to deficiency related to a particular amino acid. The identity of this amino acid is, however, unclear in the case of EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Our studies aim to identify the critical amino acid affected in EGFR-mutant NSCLC and develop a strategy against EGFR-TKI resistance. We determined that lysine is essential for the survival of EGFR-mutant NSCLC and EGFR-TKI-resistant sublines. In addition, we found that the presence of lysine reduction can lower the dosage of EGFR-TKI required for treatment in the case of EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Lastly, our findings provide a guiding principle showing that amino acid stress can enhance not only the therapeutic potential but also the quality of life for EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. Abstract Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are the most common driver genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in the Asian population. Although EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are influential in the treatment of EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients, acquired resistance inevitably occurs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to overcome this resistance. In addition, cancer cells with particular mutations appear more vulnerable to deficiency related to the availability of specific amino acids. However, it is still unknown which amino acid is affected in the case of EGFR-mutant NSCLC. In the present study, we established a screening platform based on amino acid deprivation and found that EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells are sensitive to short-term lysine deprivation. Moreover, we found that expression of the gene for the lysine catabolism enzyme α-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT) increased under lysine deprivation, revealing that AADAT can be regulated by EGFR–AKT signaling. Finally, we found that lysine reduction can not only enhance the cytostatic effect of single-agent osimertinib but also overcome the resistance of EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells. In summary, our findings suggest that the introduction of lysine stress might act as an advancement in EGFR-mutant NSCLC therapy and offer a strategy to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Albert Ying-Po Yang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Shu-Heng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Tai
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Wei-Hsun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Anya Maan-Yuh Lin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.M.-Y.L.); (J.C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 67511) (J.C.-H.Y.); Fax: +886-2-23711174 (J.C.-H.Y.)
| | - James Chih-Hsin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (A.Y.-P.Y.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.-H.T.); (S.-H.L.); (P.-C.T.); (M.-H.H.); (W.-H.H.)
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.M.-Y.L.); (J.C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 67511) (J.C.-H.Y.); Fax: +886-2-23711174 (J.C.-H.Y.)
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Tu HY, Wu YL. Effect of Dose Adjustments on the Safety and Efficacy of Afatinib in Chinese Patients with EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Participated in the LUX-Lung Clinical Trial Program. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12539-12547. [PMID: 33324072 PMCID: PMC7733053 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s273866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post hoc analysis of the LUX-Lung 3 and 6 (LL3/6) Phase III trials showed that tolerability-guided dose-adjustments of afatinib reduced treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) without affecting progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The current post hoc analysis evaluated outcomes of tolerability-guided dose adjustments of afatinib in patients enrolled in the LL3/6/7 trials in Chinese centers. Patients and Methods Patients enrolled in LL3/6/7 had advanced EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. LL3 and LL7 recruited patients globally (including China) and LL6 enrolled Asian patients from China, Thailand, and South Korea. In LL3 and LL6, patients were randomized to afatinib 40 mg/day or cisplatin-based chemotherapy. In the Phase IIb LL7 trial, patients were randomized to afatinib 40 mg/day or gefitinib. Tolerability-guided dose adjustments were permitted for TRAEs, and PFS was the primary endpoint. This post hoc analysis pooled data from patients enrolled in Chinese centers in LL3/6/7 and analyzed the frequency and severity of TRAEs before and after afatinib dose reductions during the first 6 months. PFS and overall survival (OS) were compared for patients who had a dose reduction in the first 6 months and those who did not. Results Overall, 299 patients were enrolled in Chinese centers; 68 (23%) had afatinib dose reductions to <40 mg/day in the first 6 months. Prior to dose reduction, 55/68 patients (81%) experienced grade ≥3 TRAE versus 13/68 (19%) after dose reduction. Grade ≥3 TRAEs were much more common in patients with than in those without dose reduction. Median PFS was 11.0 months in both groups, and median OS did not differ significantly: 23.1 months in patients with a dose reduction and 26.9 months in those without a dose reduction. Conclusion Tolerability-guided afatinib dose adjustment is an effective strategy to reduce TRAEs without affecting efficacy in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Tu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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de Marinis F, Laktionov KK, Poltoratskiy A, Egorova I, Hochmair M, Passaro A, Migliorino MR, Metro G, Gottfried M, Tsoi D, Ostoros G, Rizzato S, Mukhametshina GZ, Schumacher M, Novello S, Dziadziuszko R, Tang W, Clementi L, Cseh A, Kowalski D. Afatinib in EGFR TKI-naïve patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer: Interim analysis of a Phase 3b study. Lung Cancer 2020; 152:127-134. [PMID: 33387727 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that afatinib is a suitable treatment option for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive (EGFRm +) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, such studies often exclude patients treated in routine clinical practice. We report interim results from a Phase 3b, open-label, multicenter, single-arm, exploratory trial, in which afatinib was investigated in a real-world setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with EGFRm + tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-naïve NSCLC received afatinib 40 mg orally, once-daily, until disease progression, or voluntary withdrawal. Primary objective was safety. RESULTS Overall, 479 patients received afatinib: median age 65 years, 8 % of patients had an ECOG performance status ≥ 2, 17 % had brain metastases, and 13 % had tumors containing uncommon mutations only. All but one patient (99.8 %) had an adverse event (AE). Treatment-related AEs (TRAEs; any/grade ≥ 3) occurred in 97 %/44 % of patients; most common were diarrhea (87 %/16 %) and rash (51 %/11 %). AEs leading to afatinib dose-reduction were reported in 258 patients (54 %), and 37 patients (8 %) discontinued treatment due to a TRAE. Objective response rate was 45.5 %, median duration of response was 14.1 months (95 % CI: 12.2-16.4). Overall median time to symptomatic progression and progression-free survival were 14.9 months (95 % CI: 13.8-17.6) and 13.4 months (95 % CI: 11.8-14.5), respectively, in the overall population and 19.3 months (95 % CI: 15.6-21.8) and 15.9 months (95 % CI: 13.9-19.1) in patients with EGFR exon 19 deletions. CONCLUSIONS Afatinib administration in routine clinical practice was well tolerated with no new safety signals and demonstrated promising efficacy in patients with EGFRm + NSCLC. TRAEs were generally manageable with tolerability-guided dose reductions. Overall, these data independently support findings from randomized controlled trials of afatinib in EGFRm + NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin K Laktionov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRCO), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Inna Egorova
- Clinical Oncology Dispensary, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Giulio Metro
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Daphne Tsoi
- St John of God Murdoch Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Gyula Ostoros
- National Korányi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simona Rizzato
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenbo Tang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Dariusz Kowalski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Pellerino A, Internò V, Mo F, Franchino F, Soffietti R, Rudà R. Management of Brain and Leptomeningeal Metastases from Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8534. [PMID: 33198331 PMCID: PMC7698162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of breast cancer (BC) has rapidly evolved in the last 20 years. The improvement of systemic therapy allows a remarkable control of extracranial disease. However, brain (BM) and leptomeningeal metastases (LM) are frequent complications of advanced BC and represent a challenging issue for clinicians. Some prognostic scales designed for metastatic BC have been employed to select fit patients for adequate therapy and enrollment in clinical trials. Different systemic drugs, such as targeted therapies with either monoclonal antibodies or small tyrosine kinase molecules, or modified chemotherapeutic agents are under investigation. Major aims are to improve the penetration of active drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or brain-tumor barrier (BTB), and establish the best sequence and timing of radiotherapy and systemic therapy to avoid neurocognitive impairment. Moreover, pharmacologic prevention is a new concept driven by the efficacy of targeted agents on macrometastases from specific molecular subgroups. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical and molecular factors involved in the selection of patients for local and/or systemic therapy, as well as the results of clinical trials on advanced BC. Moreover, insight on promising therapeutic options and potential directions of future therapeutic targets against BBB and microenvironment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pellerino
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (F.F.); (R.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Valeria Internò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesca Mo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (F.F.); (R.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Federica Franchino
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (F.F.); (R.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (F.F.); (R.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (F.F.); (R.S.); (R.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Castelfranco Veneto and Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
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Feinberg B, Halmos B, Gucalp R, Tang W, Moehring B, Hochmair MJ. Making the case for EGFR TKI sequencing in EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC: a GioTag study US patient analysis. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1585-1595. [PMID: 32757853 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess time-to-treatment failure (TTF) in US patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received sequential afatinib-osimertinib treatment in the global, observational GioTag study. Patients & methods: Patients had EGFR T790M mutation-positive disease after first-line afatinib and subsequently received osimertinib. The primary outcome was TTF. Results: In 129 patients at US centers, median TTF was 28.4 months (90% CI: 27.0-34.1). Median overall survival was 47.6 months (90% CI: 35.5-51.5). Conclusion: Sequential afatinib-osimertinib in this US-treated population was associated with long median TTF and represents an effective, evidence-based treatment option for US patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC not presenting with active brain metastases or de novo T790M. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03370770 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore/Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Rasim Gucalp
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore/Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Wenbo Tang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Barbara Moehring
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Maximillian J Hochmair
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research & Pulmonary Oncology, Vienna, Austria
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Nationwide Real-world Cohort Study of First-line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-mutated Non-small-cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; 21:e647-e653. [PMID: 32636159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few randomized trials directly compared the relative efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and most trials comprised selected series from Asian populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the overall survival (OS) of advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC in a large white population and to evaluate variation between different TKIs and identify predictors of survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Information about clinical characteristics, treatment, and survival for 873 patients with stage IV EGFR + NSCLC, diagnosed from 2015 through 2017, was derived from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. OS was evaluated by actuarial analysis and multivariable Cox regression. Prognostic factors are reported as hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A total of 596 (68%) patients received first-line treatment with regular TKIs, providing a median survival of 20.2 months. Forty-five percent of patients were 70 years and older, and 54% of patients had distant metastasis in multiple organs. In the multivariate analysis, survival was significantly worse for men, and patients with higher age, poorer performance, and ≥ 3 organs with metastasis. Compared with erlotinib, OS was worse for gefitinib users (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.64), predominantly in patients with brain metastasis. CONCLUSION Dutch patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC who received first-line treatment with regular TKIs have a median OS of 20.2 months in a nationwide real-world cohort. In patients with brain metastasis, erlotinib showed superior results compared with gefitinib and was similar to afatinib.
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Moran T, Taus A, Arriola E, Aguado C, Dómine M, Rueda AG, Calles A, Cedrés S, Viñolas N, Isla D, Palmero R, Sereno M, Diaz V, Juan O, Marsé R, Martorell PM, Sánchez Torres JM. Clinical Activity of Afatinib in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Uncommon EGFR Mutations: A Spanish Retrospective Multicenter Study. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; 21:428-436.e2. [PMID: 32461037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (u-EGFRm) are a heterogeneous group of molecular alterations and have also been reported as comutations with other EGFR mutations (complex mutations) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Afatinib has shown activity against some u-EGFRm, and we examined its efficacy in Spanish clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data of 67 patients with advanced NSCLC with u-EGFRm treated with afatinib between 2012 and 2017 at 23 Spanish institutions were reviewed. u-EGFRm were analyzed as complex mutations (group A), EGFR exon 20 insertions (ins20; group B), or single mutations (group C). Efficacy was evaluated in terms of overall survival (OS) and tumor response. RESULTS Group A complex u-EGFRm consisted of double mutations of G719X+E709F, G719X+S768I, G719X+L861Q, L858R+T790M, L858R+S768I, L858R+S765I, del19+S768I, del19+L747S, or R776C+L861Q. No differences in clinical characteristics were found between groups A (n = 20), B (n = 23), and C (n = 24). Afatinib was administered as first-line therapy in 80% of patients. Median time of receipt of therapy was 4.2 months (range, 2.0-12.9 months). Median OS for the entire cohort was 19.9 months (95% confidence interval, 9.7, 30.1). Hazard ratios for OS were 0.26 (95% confidence interval, 0.10, 0.71; P = .008) and 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.17, 0.95; P = .037) for groups A and C compared to B, respectively. Response was significantly higher in groups A (70%) and C (54%) compared to B (13%; pairwise comparison P < .001 and .008, respectively). CONCLUSION In clinical practice, afatinib was active in patients with u-EGFRm NSCLC, particularly in complex and single mutations. Further strategies are needed for patients with ins20, a subgroup u-EGFRm with a lower clinical benefit with afatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moran
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology and Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Taus
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edurne Arriola
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Aguado
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Dómine
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS-FJD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez Rueda
- Medical Oncology Department, IRYCIS, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Calles
- Early Drug Development and Phase I Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cedrés
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Viñolas
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Isla
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramón Palmero
- Medical Oncology Department, ICO-Duran i Reynalds, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - María Sereno
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain
| | - Victor Diaz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Sureste, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Juan
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Marsé
- Medical Oncology Department, Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Gandhi S, Kapoor A, Dy G. Identification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine-Kinase Mutations in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Testing Platform Matters. Cureus 2020; 12:e7316. [PMID: 32313757 PMCID: PMC7164712 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine using targeted therapies has revolutionized the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the past decade. The discovery that sensitizing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are predictive for therapeutic benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib marked the beginning of a new era in lung cancer therapeutics. Indeed, EGFR mutation testing is category A recommendation at the time of diagnosis for patients presenting with advanced-stage NSCLC. In our case, the original report of EGFR mutation testing using pyro-sequencing from the initial biopsy was reported out as wild-type/no mutation seen in the hot spots. However, the tumor had a long duration of response to erlotinib but later developed resistance, hence there was a high index of suspicion. Consequently, it was decided to retest the tumor with more sensitive technology. Next generation sequencing identified exon 19 deletion - a sensitizing mutation. This explained the excellent response on initiating erlotinib, however, exon 21 mutation was also reported which confers resistance to TKI. The case shows that test sensitivity can have a great impact on treatment decisions and if there is a high index of suspicion, initial testing and, or retesting using newer more sensitive technology should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gandhi
- Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, USA
| | - Ankita Kapoor
- Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, USA
| | - Grace Dy
- Thoracic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, USA
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Yang JCH, Schuler M, Popat S, Miura S, Heeke S, Park K, Märten A, Kim ES. Afatinib for the Treatment of NSCLC Harboring Uncommon EGFR Mutations: A Database of 693 Cases. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:803-815. [PMID: 31931137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited clinical data are available regarding the efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) in patients with NSCLC harboring uncommon EGFR mutations. This pooled analysis assessed the activity of afatinib in 693 patients with tumors harboring uncommon EGFR mutations treated in randomized clinical trials, compassionate-use and expanded-access programs, phase IIIb trials, noninterventional trials, and case series or studies. METHODS Patients had uncommon EGFR mutations, which were categorized as follows: (1) T790M; (2) exon 20 insertions; (3) "major" uncommon mutations (G719X, L861Q, and S768I, with or without any other mutation except T790M or an exon 20 insertion); (4) compound mutations; and (5) other uncommon mutations. Key end points were overall response rate (ORR), duration of response, and time to treatment failure (TTF). RESULTS In EGFR TKI-naive patients (n = 315), afatinib demonstrated activity against major uncommon mutations (median TTF = 10.8 mo; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.1-16.6; ORR = 60.0%), compound mutations (median TTF = 14.7 mo; 95% CI: 6.8-18.5; ORR = 77.1%), other uncommon mutations (median TTF = 4.5 mo; 95% CI: 2.9-9.7; ORR = 65.2%), and some exon 20 insertions (median TTF = 4.2 mo; 95% CI: 2.8-5.3; ORR = 24.3%). The median duration of response for major uncommon mutations, compound mutations, other uncommon mutations, and some exon 20 insertions was 17.1, 16.6, 9.0, and 11.9 months, respectively. Activity of afatinib was also observed in EGFR TKI-pretreated patients (n = 378). A searchable database of these outcomes by individual genotype was generated. CONCLUSIONS Afatinib has clinical activity in NSCLC against major uncommon and compound EGFR mutations. It also has broad activity against other uncommon EGFR mutations and some exon 20 insertions. The data support the use of afatinib in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schuler
- West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Lung Unit, Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satoru Miura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata Cancer Center Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Simon Heeke
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, University Hospital Federation OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Angela Märten
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Edward S Kim
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
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Taniguchi Y, Yamamoto M, Ikushima H, Ohara S, Takeshima H, Sakatani T, Usui K. Successful Treatment of Afatinib-Refractory Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Uncommon Complex EGFR Mutations Using Pembrolizumab: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2019; 12:564-567. [PMID: 31427953 PMCID: PMC6696780 DOI: 10.1159/000501848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there has been significant progress in immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, it remains controversial whether they should be used in the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We herein report the case of an NSCLC patient with uncommon complex EGFR mutations (G719S and L861Q) who was refractory to afatinib treatment but who showed a good response to pembrolizumab treatment. A 65-year-old female ex-smoker was diagnosed with right upper lobe NSCLC (clinical stage IVB; cT2bN3M1c). She had received afatinib for two months, but her disease showed rapid progression. Pembrolizumab treatment was initiated because more than 75% of her tumor cells expressed PD-L1. Her tumor responded well to pembrolizumab treatment and it remained effective for more than 1 year. Our case suggests that pembrolizumab treatment is a treatment option for NSCLC patients with uncommon EGFR mutations and high PD-L1 expression levels who are refractory to EGFR-TKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Taniguchi
- Division of Respirology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Yamamoto
- Division of Respirology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sayaka Ohara
- Division of Respirology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Sakatani
- Division of Respirology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Usui
- Division of Respirology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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