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Demirci Yildirim T, Sari İ. SAPHO syndrome: current clinical, diagnostic and treatment approaches. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:2301-2313. [PMID: 37889264 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of SAPHO (Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis), a rare autoinflammatory disease that primarily affects bones, skin, and joints. We conducted a search on Medline/PubMed using keywords such as SAPHO syndrome, chronic recurrent multifocal osteitis/osteomyelitis, and related terms. SAPHO syndrome is rare, with a reported frequency of 1 in 10,000 in the Caucasian population. However, the actual incidence of SAPHO syndrome is unknown, and the incidence of the disease is likely higher. The pathogenesis of SAPHO syndrome remains incompletely understood. Current evidence suggests that SAPHO results from a complex interplay between immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. It's not clear if SAPHO syndrome is an autoimmune disease or an autoinflammatory disease, but current evidence suggests that it's more likely an autoinflammatory disease because of things like neutrophil hyperactivity, fewer natural killer (NK) cells, high levels of interleukin (IL)-1, and a good response to treatments that block IL-1. Osteo-articular (OA) involvement is a key clinical feature of SAPHO. It affects the anterior chest wall, axial skeleton, peripheral joints, mandible, long bones of the extremities, and pelvis. Dermatological involvement is a common target in SAPHO, with lesions observed in 60-90% of cases. Common skin lesions include psoriasis and acne, with hidradenitis suppurativa and neutrophilic dermatoses being less commonly seen. Other clinical findings include constitutional symptoms caused by systemic inflammation, such as fever, weight loss, and fatigue. There is no specific laboratory finding for SAPHO syndrome. However, during active disease, there may be an increase in positive acute phase markers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), complement levels, mild leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. Diagnosis is crucial for SAPHO syndrome, which lacks a specific diagnostic finding and is often underrecognized. A comprehensive evaluation of a patient's medical history and physical examination is crucial. Treatment options include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, conventional and synthetic disease-modifying agents (cDMARDs and sDMARDs), biological therapies, bisphosphonates, and antibiotics. Biological treatments have emerged as a viable alternative for SAPHO patients who do not respond to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Demirci Yildirim
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balçova/İzmir, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Sari
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balçova/İzmir, Turkey
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Kurose R, Wakai Y. Stress fracture of the clavicle associated with sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis combined with bony ankylosis of the acromioclavicular joint and ossification of the coracoclavicular ligament. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2024; 8:378-382. [PMID: 38728083 DOI: 10.1093/mrcr/rxae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) has been reported in patients with pustulotic arthro-osteitis, but there are few reports of marked ossification of the lateral part of the clavicle. Here, we report a case of stress fracture in a patient with SCCH with marked ossification of the lateral part of the clavicle. In this case, the clavicular fracture was proximal and no dislocation. Conservative treatment with a clavicle band and the administration of corticosteroids resulted in rapid symptom improvement. Eight months later, the patient had no difficulty in daily life, but X-rays showed that bone fusion was not complete. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully follow-up such patients for any recurrence of symptoms and radiographic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kurose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki Memorial Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Wakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki Memorial Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
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Leerling AT, Smit F, Spӓth Z, Cañete AN, de Geus-Oei LF, van de Burgt A, Dekkers OM, van der Bruggen W, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Vriens D, Winter EM. 18F-Sodium fluoride PET-CT visualizes disease activity in chronic nonbacterial osteitis in adults. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziad007. [PMID: 38505528 PMCID: PMC10945721 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) is a rare disease spectrum, which lacks biomarkers for disease activity. Sodium fluoride-18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]NaF-PET/CT) is a sensitive imaging tool for bone diseases and yields quantitative data on bone turnover. We evaluated the capacities of [18F]NaF-PET/CT to provide structural and functional assessment in adult CNO. A coss-sectional study was performed including 43 adult patients with CNO and 16 controls (patients referred for suspected, but not diagnosed with CNO) who underwent [18F]NaF-PET/CT at our expert clinic. Structural features were compared between patients and controls, and maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax [g/mL]) were calculated for bone lesions, soft tissue/joint lesions, and reference bone. SUVmax was correlated with clinical disease activity in patients. Structural assessment revealed manubrial and costal sclerosis/hyperostosis and calcification of the costoclavicular ligament as typical features associated with CNO. SUVmax of CNO lesions was higher compared with in-patient reference bone (mean paired difference: 11.4; 95% CI: 9.4-13.5; p < .001) and controls (mean difference: 12.4; 95%CI: 9.1-15.8; p < .001). The highest SUVmax values were found in soft tissue and joint areas such as the costoclavicular ligament and manubriosternal joint, and these correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients (correlation coefficient: 0.546; p < .002). Our data suggest that [18F]NaF-PET/CT is a promising imaging tool for adult CNO, allowing for detailed structural evaluation of its typical bone, soft-tissue, and joint features. At the same time, [18F]NaF-PET/CT yields quantitative bone remodeling data that represent the pathologically increased bone turnover and the process of new bone formation. Further studies should investigate the application of quantified [18F]NaF uptake as a novel biomarker for disease activity in CNO, and its utility to steer clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T Leerling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Smit
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, 2353 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Zita Spӓth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Navas Cañete
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Alina van de Burgt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, 2353 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van der Bruggen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Slingeland Hospital, Doetinchem, 7009 BL, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vriens
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
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Leerling AT, Andeweg EH, Faber J, Streefland TC, Dekkers OM, Appelman‐Dijkstra NM, Winter EM. Immunological Characterization of Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis (CNO) in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10818. [PMID: 38130757 PMCID: PMC10731106 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare disease spectrum affecting children and adults. Adult CNO may occur as isolated bone inflammation, or with a broad range of extraskeletal features. CNO pathophysiology, including the key drivers of inflammation, remains largely unknown. For pediatric CNO, a role for pro-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation has been proposed, but studies in adults are scarce. We therefore provide immunological characterization of adult CNO. Cross-sectional study in our referral center including adult CNO patients (n = 172) and healthy controls (n = 65). Inflammation parameters and systemic inflammatory based scores(SIBS, including neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio [NLR] and systemic immune inflammation index [SII]) were compared between groups. Cytokine expression was explored with electrochemiluminescent immunoassays in 33 patients, eight healthy controls and 21 osteoporosis patients. Routine inflammation markers were higher in patients than in controls, but generally remained within reference range. Systemic inflammation was more pronounced in patients with additional vertebral involvement as compared to those osteitis in the anterior chest wall alone, in patients with comorbid pustulosis palmoplantaris or psoriasis, and in patients with strongly rather than moderately increased lesional uptake on nuclear imaging. SII was elevated in CNO patients too, but NLR was not. Cytokine expression was generally nondifferential between patients and both control groups, and patients displayed low absolute concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this adult CNO cohort, systemic inflammation was generally subtle, but more pronounced in patients with vertebral lesions, associated skin disease, and strongly increased uptake on nuclear imaging. SII was increased in patients compared to healthy controls. Contrasting pediatric studies, we found no increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that have been proposed to drive the inflammatory cascade, like interleukin-6, -8, and -17 (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17), and tumor necrosis α (TNF-α). Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of SII in diagnosis and monitoring of CNO, and elucidate the role of cytokine dysregulation in adult disease. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T. Leerling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Bone QualityLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H. Andeweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Bone QualityLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Juliette Faber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Bone QualityLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Trea C.M. Streefland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Olaf M. Dekkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Natasha M. Appelman‐Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Bone QualityLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M. Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Bone QualityLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Leerling AT, Clunie G, Koutrouba E, Dekkers OM, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Winter EM. Diagnostic and therapeutic practices in adult chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:206. [PMID: 37480122 PMCID: PMC10362746 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare, and impactful auto-inflammatory bone disease occurring in children and adults. Clinical care for CNO is challenging, as the condition lacks validated classification criteria and evidence-based therapies. This study aimed to map the current diagnostic and therapeutic practices for CNO in adults, as a first step towards a standardized disease definition and future consensus treatment plans. METHODS A primary survey was spread among global rheumatological/bone networks and 57 experts as identified from literature (May 2022), covering terminology, diagnostic tools (clinical, radiological, biochemical) and treatment steps. A secondary survey (sent to primary survey responders in August 2022) further queried key diagnostic features, treatment motivations, disease activity and treatment response monitoring. RESULTS 36 and 23 physicians completed the primary and secondary survey respectively. Diagnosis was mainly based on individual physician assessment, in which the combination of chronic relapsing-remitting bone pain with radiologically-proven osteitis/osteomyelitis, sclerosis, hyperostosis and increased isotope uptake on bone scintigraphy were reported indicative of CNO. Physicians appeared more likely to refer to the condition as synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome in the presence of joint and skin pathology. MRI was most frequently performed, and the preferred diagnostic test for 47%. X-rays were second-most frequently used, although considered least informative of all available tools. Typical imaging features reported were hyperostosis, osteitis, osteosclerosis, bone marrow edema, while degeneration, soft tissue calcification, and ankylosis were not regarded characteristic. Inflammation markers and bone markers were generally regarded unhelpful for diagnostic and monitoring purposes and physicians infrequently performed bone biopsies. Management strategies diverged, including indications for treatment, response monitoring and declaration of remission. Step-1 treatment consisted of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/COX-2 inhibitors (83%). Common step 2-3 treatments were pamidronate, methotrexate, and TNF-a-inhibition (anti-TNFα), the latter two regarded especially convenient to co-target extra-skeletal inflammation in SAPHO syndrome. Overall pamidronate and anti-TNFα and were considered the most effective treatments. CONCLUSIONS Following from our survey data, adult CNO is a broad and insufficiently characterized disease spectrum, including extra-osseous features. MRI is the favoured imaging diagnostic, and management strategies vary significantly. Overall, pamidronate and anti-TNFα are regarded most successful. The results lay out current practices for adult CNO, which may serve as backbone for a future consensus clinical guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Leerling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G Clunie
- Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Koutrouba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - O M Dekkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E M Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Leerling AT, Dekkers OM, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Winter EM. Clinical and therapeutic diversity in adult chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) of the sternocostoclavicular region: a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:512-522. [PMID: 35961032 PMCID: PMC9891421 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare inflammatory bone disease. The distinct CNO subtype that affects the anterior chest wall is descriptively named sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) and mainly occurs in adults. Literature on CNO/SCCH is scattered and lacks diagnostic and therapeutic consensus. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to characterize clinical presentation and therapeutic modalities applied in adult CNO/SCCH patients. Untransformed numerical data and double-arcsine transformed proportional data were pooled in a random effects model in R-4.0.5; proportions were reported with 95% CI. RESULTS Forty studies were included, containing data on 2030 and 642 patients for aim 1 and 2, respectively. A female predisposition (67%, 95% CI 60, 73) and major diagnostic delay (5 years 95% CI 3, 7) were noted. Clinical presentation included chest pain (89%, 95% CI 79, 96) and swelling (79%, 95% CI 62, 91). Patients suffered from pustulosis palmoplantaris (53%, 95% CI 37, 68), arthritis (24%, 95% CI 11, 39) and acne (8%, 95% CI 4, 13). Inflammatory markers were inconsistently elevated. Autoantibody and HLA-B27 prevalence was normal, and histopathology unspecific. Increased isotope uptake (99%, 95% CI 96, 100) was a consistent imaging finding. Among manifold treatments, pamidronate and biologicals yielded good response in 83%, 95% CI 60, 98 and 56%, 95% CI 26, 85, respectively. CONCLUSION CNO/SCCH literature proves heterogeneous regarding diagnostics and treatment. Timely diagnosis is challenging and mainly follows from increased isotope uptake on nuclear examination. Biopsies, autoantibodies and HLA status are non-contributory, and biochemical inflammation only variably detected. Based on reported data, bisphosphonates and biologicals seem reasonably effective, but due to limitations in design and heterogeneity between studies the precise magnitude of their effect is uncertain. Fundamentally, international consensus seems imperative to advance clinical care for CNO/SCCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T Leerling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology.,Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology.,Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology.,Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chen W, Ito T, Lin S, Song Z, Al‐Khuzaei S, Jurik A, Plewig G. Does
SAPHO
syndrome exist in dermatology? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1501-1506. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - T. Ito
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - S.‐H. Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Medical Center Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Z. Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical Universtiy Chongqing China
| | - S. Al‐Khuzaei
- Department of Dermatology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Cooperation, Al Rumaila, Off Al Istiolal Street, P.O. Box 3050 Doha Qatar
| | - A.G. Jurik
- Department of Radiology Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - G. Plewig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig‐Maximilian‐University of Munich Munich Germany
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Leerling AT, Winter EM. Comment on: The neglected and untreated pains of CRMO and SAPHO syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 62:e12-e13. [PMID: 35426917 PMCID: PMC9788808 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne T Leerling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Winter
- Correspondence to: Elizabeth M. Winter, Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Bone Quality, Albinusdreef 2, Postal zone B2-R, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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Gallo R, Applewhite AI, Silvis ML, Yenior AL, Ton AN, Ortiguera CJ, Pujalte G. Shoulder Evaluation by Telephone and Video Visit: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e22461. [PMID: 35371710 PMCID: PMC8942451 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Telemedicine has a very important role in today’s healthcare system, which has been accentuated during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Virtual medical evaluations offer a myriad of benefits for both patients and providers. Evaluations of the musculoskeletal system, however, present unique challenges because diagnosis significantly relies on a physical examination, something not easily accomplished by virtual means. The shoulder, a complex region with four separate articulations, is no exception. Nevertheless, a properly planned and executed telemedicine visit may yield successful results even with challenging shoulder pathologies. This narrative review aims to offer clinicians who are novices in the practice of telemedicine a basic framework with instructions, questions, and some examples of interpretation of patient answers to guide them through encounters for the evaluation of shoulder complaints via telephone and video consultation.
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Molligan JF, Powell GM, Wenger DE, Torres-Mora J, Folpe AL. Sternoclavicular Joint Pseudotumor: A Clinicopathologic and Radiologic Study of 25 Cases Occurring in Patients Without Prior Neck Dissection. Hum Pathol 2021; 122:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ramautar AI, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Lakerveld S, Schroijen MA, Snel M, Winter EM, Hamdy NA. Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis of the Sternocostoclavicular Region in Adults: A Single-Center Dutch Cohort Study. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10490. [PMID: 33977206 PMCID: PMC8101619 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disorder caused by chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), which is associated with sclerosis and hyperostosis primarily affecting the sternum, the medial end of the clavicles, and the first ribs. Other areas of the axial skeleton may also be affected. The more severe synovitis–acne–pustulosis–hyperostosis–osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is additionally associated with dermatoses and joint manifestations. This Dutch retrospective cross‐sectional single‐center cohort study characterizes the spectrum of clinical features in adult CNO/SCCH patients at the time of diagnosis. The only inclusion criteria was the availability of complete sets of clinical and imaging data systematically collected over three decades using in‐house protocols. Data from 213 predominantly female patients (88%) with a median age of 36 years at presentation were studied. The mean diagnostic delay was 5 ± 5 years. The main symptoms were chronic pain (92%), bony swelling (61%), and restricted shoulder girdle function (46%); 32% had palmoplantar pustulosis and 22% had autoimmune disease. The majority (73%) had isolated SCCH; 59 (27%) had additional localizations in vertebrae (19%), the mandible (9%), or both (2%); 4 had SAPHO. The prevalence of current or past smoking was high (58%), particularly for patients with palmoplantar pustulosis (76%). There was a significant relationship between delay in diagnosis and both the extent of affected skeletal sites (p = 0.036) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels (p = 0.023). Adult‐onset CNO is characterized by distinctive clinical and radiological features, but diverse aspects of its spectrum are currently not fully captured by a comprehensive classification. Delayed diagnosis is still common and potentially associated with irreversible structural changes and debilitating chronic symptoms, increasing the burden of illness and negatively impacting on quality of life. It is hoped that findings from this study will dispel confusion about nomenclature and classification of adult‐onset CNO and increase awareness of its distinctive clinical and radiological features, and thus facilitate early diagnosis and referral for treatment, which should positively impact prognosis by preventing disease progression, although this remains to be established. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Ie Ramautar
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Shannon Lakerveld
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Marielle A Schroijen
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Snel
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Winter
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Neveen At Hamdy
- Centre for Bone Quality, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
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Leerling AT, Cañete AN, Ramautar AIE, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Winter EM. Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis: Positive Clinical and Radiological Response on Pamidronate. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:621604. [PMID: 33679619 PMCID: PMC7930901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.621604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) is a rare disease, constituting a chronic sterile osteomyelitis with elevated bone turnover in the axial skeleton, causing pain and shoulder dysfunction. SCCH severely interferes with daily activities, work, and quality of life. SCCH has a relapse-remitting disease course, but inflammatory-induced sclerotic transformation in the affected area is slowly progressive. Here we present two patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of SCCH treated with intravenous pamidronate, leading to clinical remission in both, but complete resolution of sclerosis in one of them, which is a novel finding in our experience. CASE PRESENTATION Two adult female SCCH-patients presented with longstanding pain, swelling of the anterior chest wall, and compromised shoulder function. Subsequent single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT/CT) illustrated elevated bone activity and sclerosis in the SC region, with hyperostosis, confirming the diagnosis of SCCH. As symptoms in both patients were eventually refractory to standard painkillers such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), intravenous pamidronate treatment in 3-month cycles was started. Pamidronate was effective in reducing pain and improving shoulder function and also led to decreased bone turnover on skeletal scintigraphy. Sclerosis in the first patient persisted. In the second patient, however, a complete resolution of sclerosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS SCCH remains a rare bone disorder for which no evidence-based therapies are yet available. While disease burden is high, SCCH lacks recognition and is often diagnosed long after symptomatic presentation. As for the cases in this report, pamidronate was successful in reducing symptoms, and in the second case even led to regression of sclerotic changes on CT-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T. Leerling
- Center for Bone Quality, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ana Navas Cañete
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ashna I. E. Ramautar
- Center for Bone Quality, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra
- Center for Bone Quality, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M. Winter
- Center for Bone Quality, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth M. Winter,
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Oktem A, Uysal PI, Akdoğan N, Tokmak A, Yalcin B. Clinical characteristics and associations of palmoplantar pustulosis: an observational study. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 95:15-19. [PMID: 31899067 PMCID: PMC7058866 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Palmoplantar pustulosis is a chronic and relapsing disease of the palms and soles, which is characterized by scattered clusters of pinhead-sized, sterile pustules. Objective The aim of the present study was to determine demographic features, co-morbidities, and relation of palmoplantar pustulosis with psoriasis. Methods A total of 48 patients (M/F: 15/33) were enrolled in the present study. A detailed history regarding age of onset, palmoplantar pustulosis duration, number of recurrences, personal and family history of psoriasis, accompanying arthritis, sternoclavicular tenderness, dental fillings, smoking status, and autoimmune disease was obtained; thorough dermatological examination was carried out. Patch testing results and laboratory investigations for thyroid autoimmunity were recorded. Results Thirty-five of 48 patients (72.9%) were current smokers. Twenty of the 48 patients (41.7%) had dental fillings. There was not any significant correlation between palmoplantar pustulosis duration and dental filling duration (p = 0.170). Psoriasis was not detected in any patients either in history or in dermatological examination. Nail involvement and joint complaints were observed in seven of 48 patients (14%) and in nine of 48 patients (18%), respectively. Autoimmune thyroiditis was observed in four of 48 patients (12%). Patients with patch testing positivity (12.5% of patients, M/F: 1/5) had no considerable association for history of external contact with these materials. Study limitations Retrospective analysis. Conclusion Palmoplantar pustulosis appears to be a distinct entity from psoriasis. Routine thyroid functions test could be analyzed, but patch testing is not required in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis. Also, patients with palmoplantar pustulosis must be evaluated for musculoskeletal symptoms and signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Oktem
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Incel Uysal
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Akdoğan
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Tokmak
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Basak Yalcin
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Anatomic shape variants of extremitas sternalis claviculae as collected from sternoclavicular thin-slice CT-studies of 2820 male borderline-adults. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1517-1528. [PMID: 31104134 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Within medical age assessment practice, the indicator "medial clavicular ossification" constitutes crucial evidence capable of excluding age minority "beyond reasonable doubt" concerning age-disputed individuals doubtfully claiming children's rights during legal procedures. Yet, one of its characteristics affects the morphological variability including a fair amount of downright peculiar appearances. As a result, inexperienced examiners are tempted to classify actually not-assessable formations according to the two established developmental typologies of Schmeling et al. and Kellinghaus et al. being at the same time the most frequent systemic error of age-related clavicular taxation. Since a respective overview appears missing, the study extracts not-assessable shape variants of the medial collar bone from a large sample of 2820 male borderline-adults as seen from thin-slice, sternoclavicular computed tomography. The two already highlighted configurations "more than one, medial, secondary ossification centres" and "medial metaphyseal concavity" are found as the most commonly encountered features impeding reliable delineation of staging criteria. In accordance with previous literature, it is emphasized that "qualified" rating of extremitas sternalis claviculae within age assessment practice presupposes "knowledge about the diversity of [its] anatomic shape variants."
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Yachoui R, Kreidy M, Parker BJ. Treatment-Refractory Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis. Clin Med Res 2017; 15:37-40. [PMID: 28751466 PMCID: PMC5573521 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2017.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) is an infrequent chronic inflammatory disorder of the axial skeleton of unknown origin. SCCH goes often unrecognized due to a low level of awareness for the disorder. It typically presents with relapsing and remitting pain in the shoulder, neck, and anterior chest wall area with occasional swelling and tenderness of the sternoclavicular area. The diagnosis is confirmed radiologically by sclerosis and hyperostosis of the sternoclavicular joints. There have been several reports in which intravenous bisphosphonates and tumor necrosis factor-inhibitors have shown reasonable efficacy in the treatment of this disorder. We report a patient with a long history of SCCH in whom pamidronate 60 mg intravenously every 3 months for 3 years failed to reduce symptom severity and improve radiologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Yachoui
- Department of Rheumatology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA; Current affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Mazen Kreidy
- Department of Pulmonary/Critical care, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian J Parker
- Department of Radiology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
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16
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Sugase T, Akimoto T, Kanazawa H, Kotoda A, Nagata D. Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis: An Insufficiently Recognized Clinical Entity. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2017; 10:1179544117702877. [PMID: 28469489 PMCID: PMC5390919 DOI: 10.1177/1179544117702877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 79-year-old male chronic hemodialysis patient with no history of central venous catheterization was referred to our hospital with progressive swelling of the left upper limb ipsilateral to a forearm arteriovenous fistula. Radiological assessments revealed marked hyperostosis in the ribs, sternum, and clavicles with well-developed ossification of the sternocostoclavicular ligaments. Such characteristic structural abnormalities and our failure to identify the left subclavian vein with contrast material despite the abundant dilated collaterals in the left shoulder area encouraged us to diagnose our patient with sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) complicated by central vein obstruction. The structural impact of the sternocostoclavicular region as a potential risk for inducing central vein obstruction and the diagnostic concerns of SCCH in this patient are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Sugase
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kanazawa
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Nagata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Valkema PA, Luymes CH, Witteveen JE, le Cessie S, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Hogendoorn PCW, Hamdy NAT. High prevalence of autoimmune disease in the rare inflammatory bone disorder sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: survey of a Dutch cohort. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:20. [PMID: 28122596 PMCID: PMC5267408 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH; ORPHA178311) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the axial skeleton, the precise pathophysiology of which remains to be established. We addressed the potential association of SCCH with autoimmune processes by evaluating the lifetime prevalence of autoimmune disease in 70 patients with adult-onset SCCH and 518 SCCH-unaffected first-degree relatives (parents, siblings and children). Danish hospital registry data for autoimmune diseases were used as reference data. RESULTS The mean age of interviewed patients was 56.3 years (range 26-80 years) and 86% were female. Interviewed patients belonged to 63 families, with four families having clusters of 2-3 patients. A diagnosis of at least one autoimmune disease was reported in 20 SCCH patients (29%) and in 47 relatives (9.1%), compared to an estimated 3.9% prevalence of autoimmune disease in the Danish reference population. A diversity of autoimmune diseases was reported in SCCH patients and relatives, most frequently psoriasis vulgaris (14%). Palmoplantar pustulosis was reported by 28 patients (40%). In SCCH patients, inclusion of palmoplantar pustulosis as putative autoimmune disease increased the overall prevalence to 54%. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of autoimmune disease in patients with sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis and their first-degree relatives suggests that autoimmunity may play a role in the still elusive pathophysiology of the intriguing osteogenic response to inflammation observed in this rare bone disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A Valkema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Clare H Luymes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke E Witteveen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neveen A T Hamdy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands.
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De Maeseneer M, Lenchik L, Buls N, Boulet C, Döring S, de Mey J, Willekens I. High-resolution CT of the sternoclavicular joint and first costochondral synchondrosis in asymptomatic individuals. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45:1257-62. [PMID: 27357311 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess CT features of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) and first costochondral junction in asymptomatic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 66 patients transverse and coronal oblique high-resolution multiple detector CT images of the SCJ and first costochondral junction were obtained. Images were reviewed by consensus of two radiologists. Joint space width was measured at three levels, and osteophytes, geodes, and erosions were evaluated. Variants and degree of ossification were noted. Statistical analysis consisted of Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson's test, and paired sample t test. RESULTS There were 34 men and 32 women with a mean age of 60 years (age range, 17-98 years). The width of the joint spaces showed a normal distribution. There was no significant difference between the left and right sides. On coronal images the joint space was wider superiorly and on transverse images posteriorly. There was a trend toward decreasing joint space with age, although it did not reach significance (p > 0.05). Clavicular osteophytes were seen in 16 out of 66 patients (24 %) and sternal osteophytes in 16 out of 66 patients. Clavicular geodes were seen in 10 out of 66 patients (15 %) and sternal geodes in 14 out of 66 patients (14 %). No erosions were seen. Clefts of the first costochondral junction were seen in 31 out of 66 patients (47 %). CONCLUSION In asymptomatic patients, there is no significant asymmetry of the SCJ. The joint spaces did not significantly decrease with age, although such a trend could be observed. Pronounced joint space narrowing with large geodes and osteophytes was not seen. Clefts of the first costochondral junction are common and not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel De Maeseneer
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leon Lenchik
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, 27103, USA
| | - Nico Buls
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cedric Boulet
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Seema Döring
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan de Mey
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inneke Willekens
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Roed B, Kristensen T, Thorsen S, Poulsen Bloch K, Afzelius P. Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis: An Ill-Recognized Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:diagnostics6030029. [PMID: 27527220 PMCID: PMC5039563 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SCCH) is an ill-recognized, rarely diagnosed disease. Today, SCCH is widely considered part of the synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. SCCH develops over years with intermittent attacks of pain, swelling, and reddening of the sternocostoclavicular region. The disease causes progressive hyperostosis, fusion of the sternocostoclavicular joints, and soft tissue ossification. SCCH is chronic, non-malignant, and occurs predominantly bilaterally in middle-aged women. The incidence of the disease is unknown. We present a case of isolated SCCH, where chest radiographs showed a clear development of bilateral disease over the course of more than a decade. Whole-body bone scintigraphy was performed and was suggestive of SCCH. The diagnosis was established as late as 14 years from the onset of symptoms. During this period, the patient underwent several inconclusive examinations, resulting in a delay of diagnosis and in prolonged and aggravated symptoms. With this case report, we want to draw attention to SCCH and the importance of early diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolette Roed
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Tatiana Kristensen
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Søren Thorsen
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Poulsen Bloch
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Pia Afzelius
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
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Zwaenepoel T, Vlam KD. SAPHO: Treatment options including bisphosphonates. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016; 46:168-173. [PMID: 27369452 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both the diagnosis and treatment of the syndrome of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) remain difficult. We describe a case series of 21 patients with SAPHO and their response to several pharmacological treatments. METHODS Clinical and biochemical data, along with medical imaging, were collected from the medical records of 21 patients, diagnosed as SAPHO during follow-up between 2005 and 2013. Symptoms and inflammatory markers were recorded twice, once at first patient presentation, and once at the end of follow-up. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis were labeled as defining features. All treatment options were categorized according to their respective responses (full remission, partial remission, and no disease control). RESULTS There was a female predominance and a median age of 32 years (range: 12-54 years). Median follow-up duration was 45 months (range: 0-188 months). Total prevalence of defining features in this cohort increased for each defining feature during follow-up, except for acne. All patients reached full or partial remission at the end of follow-up. A total of 14 patients were treated with bisphosphonates. Of which 8 of them went into full or partial remission. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In our case series, none of the patients had the full presentation of SAPHO at the first consultation. Some presented with symptoms suggestive for psoriatic arthritis. This explains why diagnosis of SAPHO can be challenging. Full remission was induced in the majority of individuals. Bisphosphonates seem to be a noteworthy treatment option. We suggest a prospective placebo-controlled clinical trial with bisphosphonates to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Zwaenepoel
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt de Vlam
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) is an acronym for various osteoarticular and dermatological manifestations that can appear in the same patient. It is a rare syndrome, but since its awareness has increased, there have been more and more such reports in the literature. AIMS The objectives of this review are to summarize the current state of knowledge on pediatric and adult-onset SAPHO syndrome, and to discuss treatment strategies that should be considered. RESULTS The SAPHO syndrome can affect patients of any age, and its etiology is still not known. The syndrome has its cognizable radiological characteristics that are most important in making the diagnosis. There are several diagnostic criteria as well, but they need further validation. No standard treatment protocols are available and current treatment options are not evidenced-based due to the rarity of the syndrome. Therapy is empirical and aimed at easing pain and modifying the inflammatory process. It includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the first-line agents. Antibiotics, corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, biologicals targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin-1, and bisphosphonates have all been used with variable success. Surgery is reserved to treat complications. Even though it is a disease with good long-term prognosis, its treatment remains a challenge and the results are known to be disappointing, especially with the skin component of the disease. CONCLUSION It is expected that these patients present at the time of diagnosis and the treatment should be as early, effective, and safe as possible in order to prevent osteoarticular progression and to limit the adverse events associated with pharmacological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Rukavina
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Mondal S, Sinha D, Nag A, Ghosh A. Unilateral sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis: A case report with color Doppler ultrasonogram findings. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2013; 23:278-80. [PMID: 24347862 PMCID: PMC3843340 DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.120280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the sternoclavicular joint and upper ribs. There is a strong association with seronegative spondyloarthropathy in which bilateral involvement is common. Ultrasonography and Color Doppler findings of this entity have not been described previously, to the best of our knowledge. We describe the findings in a patient of ankylosing spondylitis who was referred for unilateral sternoclavicular joint swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantro Mondal
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Debanjali Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Arijit Nag
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Alakendu Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India ; Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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