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Azhar M, Watson LPE, De Lucia Rolfe E, Ferraro M, Carr K, Worsley J, Boesch C, Hodson L, Chatterjee KK, Kemp GJ, Savage DB, Sleigh A. Association of insulin resistance with the accumulation of saturated intramyocellular lipid: A comparison with other fat stores. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5117. [PMID: 38356104 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
It has been shown using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) that, in a group of females, whole-body insulin resistance was more closely related to accumulation of saturated intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) than to IMCL concentration alone. This has not been investigated in males. We investigated whether age- and body mass index-matched healthy males differ from the previously reported females in IMCL composition (measured as CH2:CH3) and IMCL concentration (measured as CH3), and in their associations with insulin resistance. We ask whether saturated IMCL accumulation is more strongly associated with insulin resistance than other ectopic and adipose tissue lipid pools and remains a significant predictor when these other pools are taken into account. In this group of males, who had similar overall insulin sensitivity to the females, IMCL was similar between sexes. The males demonstrated similar and even stronger associations of IMCL with insulin resistance, supporting the idea that a marker reflecting the accumulation of saturated IMCL is more strongly associated with whole-body insulin resistance than IMCL concentration alone. However, this marker ceased to be a significant predictor of whole-body insulin resistance after consideration of other lipid pools, which implies that this measure carries no more information in practice than the other predictors we found, such as intrahepatic lipid and visceral adipose tissue. As the marker of saturated IMCL accumulation appears to be related to these two predictors and has a much smaller dynamic range, this finding does not rule out a role for it in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueed Azhar
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura P E Watson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michele Ferraro
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Carr
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jieniean Worsley
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Boesch
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology AMSM, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Krishna K Chatterjee
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham J Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gastaldelli A, Sabatini S, Carli F, Gaggini M, Bril F, Belfort‐DeAguiar R, Positano V, Barb D, Kadiyala S, Harrison S, Cusi K. PPAR-γ-induced changes in visceral fat and adiponectin levels are associated with improvement of steatohepatitis in patients with NASH. Liver Int 2021; 41:2659-2670. [PMID: 34219361 PMCID: PMC9290929 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists decrease hepatic/visceral fat (VF) and improve necroinflammation despite subcutaneous (SC) fat weight-gain. Understanding the impact of changes in VF, VF-to-SC fat distribution (VF/SC) and adiponectin (ADPN) levels in relation to histological improvement after weight-loss or pioglitazone is relevant as novel PPAR-γ agonists are being developed for treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Fifty-five patients with NASH received a -500 kcal/d hypocaloric diet and were randomized (double-blind) to pioglitazone (45 mg/d) or placebo for 6-months. Before and after treatment patients underwent a liver biopsy and measurement of hepatic/peripheral glucose fluxes, hepatic/adipose tissue-IR and, in 35 patients, hepatic and VF/SC-fat was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy/imaging. Data were examined by multivariable statistical analyses combined with machine-learning techniques (partial least square discriminant analysis [PLS-DA]). RESULTS Both pioglitazone (despite weight-gain) and placebo (if weight-loss) reduced steatosis but only pioglitazone ameliorated necroinflammation. Using machine-learning PLS-DA showed that the treatment differences induced by a PPAR-γ agonist vs placebo on metabolic variables and liver histology could be best explained by the increase in ADPN and a decrease in VF/SC, and to a lesser degree, improvement in oral glucose tolerance test-glucose concentrations and ALT. Decrease in steatosis and disease activity score (ballooning plus lobular inflammation) kept a close relationship with an increase in ADPN (r = -.71 and r = -.44, P < .007, respectively) and reduction in VF/SC fat (r = .41 and r = .37, P < .03 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Reduction in VF and improved VF/SC-distribution, combined with an increase in ADPN, mediate the histological benefits of PPAR-γ action, highlighting the central role of fat metabolism and its distribution on steatohepatitis disease activity in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Gastaldelli
- Diabetes DivisionThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA,Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research CouncilCNRPisaItaly
| | - Silvia Sabatini
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research CouncilCNRPisaItaly,Università degli Studi di SienaSienaItaly
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research CouncilCNRPisaItaly
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research CouncilCNRPisaItaly
| | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Renata Belfort‐DeAguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - Diana Barb
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Sushma Kadiyala
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismMalcom Randall Veteran Administration Medical Center at GainesvilleGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismMalcom Randall Veteran Administration Medical Center at GainesvilleGainesvilleFLUSA
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Implications of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on Ectopic Fat Deposition in Individuals After Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2020; 49:924-934. [PMID: 32658076 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are established risk factors for pancreatitis. This study investigated the associations between tobacco smoking/alcohol consumption in people after an attack of pancreatitis and intrapancreatic fat deposition (IPFD), intrahepatic fat deposition (IHFD), and skeletal muscle (SMFD) fat deposition. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify IPFD, IHFD, and SMFD by 2 independent raters. A validated questionnaire was used to determine tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. RESULTS A total of 119 individuals after an attack of pancreatitis were included. Average tobacco smoking contributed most to variance in IPFD (R = 6.5%) and least to variance in SMFD (R = 0.4%). Average alcohol consumption contributed most to variance in variance in IPFD (R = 2.8%) and least to IHFD (R = 1.1%). Packs/day contributed more than years of smoking to variance in IPFD (R = 4.9 and 0.2%, correspondingly), whereas years of drinking contributed more than average daily alcohol consumption (R = 3.9 and 3.2%, correspondingly). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption contributed more to variance in IPFD than IHFD and SMFD. Smoking contributed more than drinking to variance in IPFD. The daily amount of tobacco smoked appeared to be more important than years of smoking for IPFD.
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Sievert H, Krause C, Geißler C, Grohs M, El-Gammal AT, Wolter S, Mann O, Lehnert H, Kirchner H. Epigenetic Downregulation of FASN in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Insulin Resistant Subjects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:674-682. [PMID: 32434239 DOI: 10.1055/a-1150-7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The risk to develop type 2 diabetes increases with the amount of visceral adiposity presumably due to increased lipolysis and subsequent lipid accumulation in visceral organs. However, data describing the molecular regulation of these pathways in humans are rare. We tested if genes of the lipogenic and lipolytic pathways are associated with glucose intolerance independently of obesity in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese subjects. Moreover, we studied DNA methylation of FASN (fatty acid synthase), that catalyses the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids, in VAT of the same subjects and whether it is associated with metabolic traits. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Visceral adipose tissue biopsies and blood samples were taken from 93 severely obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. Subjects were grouped in low HbA1c (L-HbA1c, HbA1c<6.5 %) and high HbA1c (H-HbA1c, HbA1c≥6.5 %) groups and expression of genes from the lipogenic and lipolytic pathways was analysed by TaqMan qPCR. DNA methylation of FASN was quantified by bisulfite-pyrosequencing. RESULTS FASN expression was downregulated in visceral fat from subjects with high HbA1c (p = 0.00009). Expression of other lipogenetic (SCD, ELOVL6) or lipolytic genes (ADRB3, PNPLA2) and FABP4 was not changed. DNA methylation of FASN was increased at a regulatory ChoRE recognition site in the H-HbA1c-subgroup and correlated negatively with FASN mRNA (r = - 0.302, p = 0.0034) and positively with HbA1c (r = 0.296, p = 0.0040) and blood glucose (r = 0.363, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic downregulation of FASN in visceral adipose tissue of obese subjects might contribute to limited de novo lipogenesis of important insulin sensitizing fatty acids and could thereby contribute to glucose intolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes independently of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sievert
- First Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christin Krause
- First Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Martina Grohs
- First Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander T El-Gammal
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolter
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Mann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Diabetes Center (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henriette Kirchner
- First Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Diabetes Center (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
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Burian E, Syväri J, Holzapfel C, Drabsch T, Kirschke JS, Rummeny EJ, Zimmer C, Hauner H, Karampinos DC, Baum T, Franz D. Gender- and Age-Related Changes in Trunk Muscle Composition Using Chemical Shift Encoding-Based Water⁻Fat MRI. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121972. [PMID: 30551614 PMCID: PMC6315838 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing, sarcopenia, and malnutrition are associated with quantitative and qualitative changes of body composition. There are several imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for the assessment of trunk muscle tissue composition. In this study, we investigated the gender- and age-related changes in trunk muscle composition using chemical shift encoding-based water–fat MRI. A total of 79 healthy volunteers (26 men: 38.9 ± 10.4 years; 53 women: 39.5 ± 15.0 years) underwent 3T axial MRI using a six-echo multi-echo 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence, allowing for the calculation of the proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in the trunk muscles. PDFF of the abdominal, psoas, and erector spinae muscles were determined. We detected significant positive correlations for abdominal muscle PDFF with age (r = 0.638, p = 0.0001) in men, and for abdominal muscle PDFF (r = 0.709, p = 0.0001) and erector spinae muscle PDFF (r = 0.674, p = 0.0001) with age in women. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), only the correlation of age and abdominal muscle PDFF in women remained significant (r = 0.631, p = 0.0001). The findings of this study suggest that an increasing fat deposition in muscle is driven primarily by age, rather than BMI, in women. These results further support that PDFF can be considered a valid imaging biomarker of trunk muscle composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Burian
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jan Syväri
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
| | - Theresa Drabsch
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jan S Kirschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Sarr O, Strohm RJ, MacDonald TL, Gaudio N, Reed JK, Foute-Nelong J, Dyck DJ, Mutch DM. Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Secretions from Extremely Obese Men and Women both Acutely Suppress Muscle Insulin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050959. [PMID: 28468326 PMCID: PMC5454872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a key role in the development of type-2 diabetes via the secretion of adipokines. The current study investigated if secretion media derived from intact visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from extremely obese men and women differently suppressed insulin signaling in human skeletal myotubes derived from a healthy, non-diabetic male and female donor, respectively. Adipose tissue samples were collected from men and women during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. In general, secretion media collected from both SAT and VAT depots caused impaired insulin signaling in myotubes, independent of sex. In females, this was true regardless of the protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation site (Akt Thr308 and Akt Ser473) assessed (p < 0.01). In males, both SAT and VAT secretion media reduced Akt Thr308 activation in insulin-stimulated myotubes compared to controls (p < 0.001); however, only the VAT secretion media impaired Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. Independent of sex, 13 out of 18 detected cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were more abundant in VAT versus SAT secretion media (p < 0.01). Both SAT and VAT secretion media from obese men and women acutely suppress insulin signaling in myotubes, despite different secretion profiles. We propose that this crosstalk model will help to extend our understanding of the interplay between adipose and muscle, as well as the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousseynou Sarr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Rachel Joyce Strohm
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Tara Lynn MacDonald
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Nicholas Gaudio
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | | - David James Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David Michael Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Abstract
The health of cloned animals generated by somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been of concern since its inception; however, there are no detailed assessments of late-onset, non-communicable diseases. Here we report that SCNT has no obvious detrimental long-term health effects in a cohort of 13 cloned sheep. We perform musculoskeletal assessments, metabolic tests and blood pressure measurements in 13 aged (7–9 years old) cloned sheep, including four derived from the cell line that gave rise to Dolly. We also perform radiological examinations of all main joints, including the knees, the joint most affected by osteoarthritis in Dolly, and compare all health parameters to groups of 5-and 6-year-old sheep, and published reference ranges. Despite their advanced age, these clones are euglycaemic, insulin sensitive and normotensive. Importantly, we observe no clinical signs of degenerative joint disease apart from mild, or in one case moderate, osteoarthritis in some animals. Our study is the first to assess the long-term health outcomes of SCNT in large animals. Since the birth of the first cloned animal, Dolly the sheep, concerns have been raised about potential long-term health consequences of cloning. Here the authors report on a cohort of 13 aged cloned sheep, including four created from the same cells as Dolly, and find they are healthy and seem to age normally.
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Baum T, Cordes C, Dieckmeyer M, Ruschke S, Franz D, Hauner H, Kirschke JS, Karampinos DC. MR-based assessment of body fat distribution and characteristics. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85:1512-8. [PMID: 26905521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of body fat distribution and characteristics using magnetic resonance (MR) methods has recently gained significant attention as it further extends our pathophysiological understanding of diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and allows more detailed insights into treatment response and effects of lifestyle interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the current literature on MR-based assessment of body fat distribution and characteristics. PubMed search was performed to identify relevant studies on the assessment of body fat distribution and characteristics using MR methods. T1-, T2-weighted MR Imaging (MRI), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), and chemical shift-encoding based water-fat MRI have been successfully used for the assessment of body fat distribution and characteristics. The relationship of insulin resistance and serum lipids with abdominal adipose tissue (i.e. subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue), liver, muscle, and bone marrow fat content have been extensively investigated and may help to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the multifaceted obese phenotype. MR methods have also been used to monitor changes of body fat distribution and characteristics after interventions (e.g. diet or physical activity) and revealed distinct, adipose tissue-specific properties. Lastly, chemical shift-encoding based water-fat MRI can detect brown adipose tissue which is currently the focus of intense research as a potential treatment target for obesity. In conclusion, MR methods reliably allow the assessment of body fat distribution and characteristics. Irrespective of the promising findings based on these MR methods the clinical usefulness remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baum
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Cordes
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Dieckmeyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Jan S Kirschke
- Section of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Hong BS, Li Y, Lai S, Liu J, Guan H, Ke W, He X, Li Y. Ectopic Fat Deposition on Insulin Sensitivity: Correlation of Hepatocellular Lipid Content and M Value. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:3684831. [PMID: 27882331 PMCID: PMC5108854 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3684831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed to explore the relationship among insulin sensitivity and ectopic fat depots in participants with different glucose status. Methods. Fifty-nine men and women were enrolled in this study: 29 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 17 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 13 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). All participants underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to assess the insulin sensitivity index (M value) and magnetic resonance imaging to measure the hepatocellular lipid content (HCL), skeletal muscle fat content including intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) of tibialis anterior (ta), and soleus muscle (sol). Results. The M value of NGT group was higher than those of IGT and T2DM groups (P = 0.001). Participants with T2DM had the highest HCL and IMCL (ta) compared with those in NGT and IGT groups (P = 0.001). The M value had an inverse relationship with HCL (r = -0.789, P = 0.001), IMCL (sol) (r = -0.427, P = 0.002), and IMCL (ta) (r = -0.419, P = 0.002). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that HCL (standardized β = -0.416; P = 0.001) had an independent relationship with M value. Conclusions. Hepatocellular lipid content deposition happens earlier than skeletal muscle fat deposition. HCL is an independent risk factor for insulin resistance and may be used to evaluate the risk of developing T2DM as a noninvasive marker of insulin sensitivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S. Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuiqing Lai
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Ke
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Yanbing Li:
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Bongers M, Stefan N, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Nikolaou K, Schick F, Machann J. Lebervolumen, Leberfettanteil und Körpergewicht im Verlauf einer Lebensstilinterventionsstudie. Radiologe 2015; 55:323-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00117-014-2722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Garai J, Uddo RB, Mohler MC, Pelligrino N, Scribner R, Sothern MS, Zabaleta J. At the crossroad between obesity and gastric cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1238:689-707. [PMID: 25421687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide with disproportionate prevalence in different communities and ethnic groups. Recently, the American Medical Association recognized obesity as a disease, which is a significant milestone that opens the possibilities of treating obesity under standardized health plans. Obesity is an inflammatory disease characterized by elevated levels of biomarkers associated with abnormal lipid profiles, glucose levels, and blood pressure that lead to the onset of metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, inflammatory biomarkers, in particular, have been implicated in the risk of developing several types of cancer. Likewise, obesity has been linked to esophageal, breast, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. Thus, there exists a link between obesity status and tumor appearance, which may be associated to the differential levels and the circulating profiles of several inflammatory molecules. For example, mediators of the inflammatory responses in both obesity and gastric cancer risk are the same: pro-inflammatory molecules produced by the activated cells infiltrating the inflamed tissues. These molecules trigger pathways of activation shared by obesity and cancer. Therefore, understanding how these different pathways are modulated would help reduce the impact that both diseases, and their concomitant existence, have on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Garai
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Wilson JL, Chen W, Dissen GA, Ojeda SR, Cowley MA, Garcia-Rudaz C, Enriori PJ. Excess of nerve growth factor in the ovary causes a polycystic ovary-like syndrome in mice, which closely resembles both reproductive and metabolic aspects of the human syndrome. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4494-506. [PMID: 25211588 PMCID: PMC4197978 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the most common female endocrine disorder of unknown etiology, is characterized by reproductive abnormalities and associated metabolic conditions comprising insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. We previously reported that transgenic overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF), a marker of sympathetic hyperactivity, directed to the ovary by the mouse 17α-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase promoter (17NF mice), results in ovarian abnormalities similar to those seen in PCOS women. To investigate whether ovarian overproduction of NGF also induces common metabolic alterations of PCOS, we assessed glucose homeostasis by glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin levels, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan in young female 17NF mice and wild-type mice. 17NF mice exhibited increased body weight and alterations in body fat distribution with a greater accumulation of visceral fat compared with sc fat (P < .01). 17NF mice also displayed glucose intolerance (P < .01), decreased insulin-mediated glucose disposal (P < .01), and hyperinsulinemia (P < .05), which, similar to PCOS patients, occurred independently of body weight. Additionally, 17NF mice exhibited increased sympathetic outflow observed as increased interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature. This change was evident during the dark period (7 pm to 7 am) and occurred concomitant with increased interscapular brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 expression. These findings suggest that overexpression of NGF in the ovary may suffice to cause both reproductive and metabolic alterations characteristic of PCOS and support the hypothesis that sympathetic hyperactivity may contribute to the development and/or progression of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilson
- Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute/Department of Physiology (J.L.W., W.C., M.A.C., P.J.E.), Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia; Division of Neuroscience (G.A.D., S.R.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; and Department of Paediatrics (C.G.-R.), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University and Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Clayton, 3168 Victoria, Australia
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Inverse correlation of serum inflammatory markers with metabolic parameters in healthy, Black and White prepubertal youth. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:563-8. [PMID: 24276016 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine for the first time the associations between pro-inflammatory cytokines and obesity-related metabolic biomarkers in, exclusively prepubertal, otherwise healthy obese and non-obese Black and White children, 7-9 years of age. DESIGN AND METHODS Body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT (magnetic resonance imaging)); total body fat (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), ectopic, intrahepatic lipid (IHL) and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) fat (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were measured in 40 obese and non-obese children. Relationships between inflammatory cytokines and obesity were assessed by analysis of variance and Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS Significant inverse correlations were found between BMI z-score, SAT, total BF, and IHL and levels of TNF-α (Spearman's ρ=-0.36, -0.39, -0.43 and -0.39, respectively; P<0.05). Levels of IL-8 were significantly and inversely correlated with IMCL (-0.39; P=0.03) and remained significant after adjusting for race. IMCL was inversely associated with TNF-α only after adjusting for race (-0.37; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Relationships between pro-inflammatory and metabolic markers commonly observed in adults are reversed in healthy, Black and White children before puberty. Prospective studies are warranted to determine how these inverse relationships modify chronic disease risk later in life.
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Bennett B, Larson-Meyer DE, Ravussin E, Volaufova J, Soros A, Cefalu WT, Chalew S, Gordon S, Smith SR, Newcomer BR, Goran M, Sothern M. Impaired insulin sensitivity and elevated ectopic fat in healthy obese vs. nonobese prepubertal children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:371-5. [PMID: 21869763 PMCID: PMC4410716 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin sensitivity is impaired and ectopic fat (accretion of lipids outside of typical adipose tissue depots) increased in obese adults and adolescents. It is unknown how early in life this occurs; thus, it is important to evaluate young children to identify potential factors leading to the development of metabolic syndrome. We examined an ethnically diverse cohort of healthy, exclusively prepubertal children (N = 123; F = 57, M = 66; age 8.04 ± 0.77 years) to examine differences in insulin sensitivity and ectopic and visceral fat deposition between obese and nonobese youth. Obesity was categorized by age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores (nonobese = z-score <2 (N = 94) and obese = z-score ≥2 (N = 29)). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by both a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (S(i)) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)). Intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) from soleus and intrahepatic lipids (IHLs) were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by magnetic resonance imaging, and total body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We also examined serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and blood pressure (diastolic and systolic). Obese children exhibited significantly lower S(i) (5.9 ± 5.98 vs. 13.43 ± 8.18 (mµ/l)(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.01) and HDL-C and higher HOMA(IR) (1.68 ± 1.49 vs. 0.63 ± 0.47, P < 0.0001), IMCL (0.74 ± 0.39 vs. 0.44 ± 0.21% water peak, P < 0.0001), IHL (1.49 ± 1.13 vs. 0.54 ± 0.42% water peak, P < 0.0001), VAT (20.16 ± 8.01 vs. 10.62 ± 5.44 cm(2), P < 0.0001), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure relative to nonobese children. These results confirm significantly increased ectopic fat and insulin resistance in healthy obese vs. nonobese children prior to puberty. Excessive adiposity during early development appears concomitant with precursors of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bennett
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julia Volaufova
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Arlette Soros
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - William T. Cefalu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stuart Chalew
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stewart Gordon
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bradley R. Newcomer
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melinda Sothern
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Vikram A, Jena G, Ramarao P. Pioglitazone attenuates prostatic enlargement in diet-induced insulin-resistant rats by altering lipid distribution and hyperinsulinaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:1708-21. [PMID: 20726985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increased incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia among insulin-resistant individuals suggests a role for hyperinsulinaemia in prostatic enlargement. We have already reported increased cell proliferation and enlargement of prostate gland in insulin-resistant rats. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversal of prostatic enlargement in insulin-resistant rats by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist pioglitazone. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal pellet or a high-fat diet for 12 weeks with or without pioglitazone (20 mg·kg(-1)). Subgroups of animals fed different diets were castrated. Effects of dietary manipulation and pioglitazone were measured on insulin sensitivity, lipid distribution, cell proliferation and apoptosis. KEY RESULTS A high-fat diet led to the accumulation of fat in non-adipose tissues, insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and prostatic enlargement in rats. Pioglitazone treatment altered fat distribution, improved insulin sensitivity and normalized lipid and insulin level in rats on the high-fat diet. The improved metabolic parameters led to decreased cellular proliferation and increased apoptosis in the prostate gland. High-fat diet feeding and pioglitazone treatment did not change plasma testosterone levels. However, significant prostatic atrophy was observed in castrated rats irrespective of dietary intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show a previously unexplored therapeutic potential of pioglitazone for prostatic enlargement under insulin-resistant condition and further suggest that targeting distribution of lipid from non-adipose tissue to adipose tissue and insulin signalling could be new strategies for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Vikram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Yoshimura E, Kumahara H, Tobina T, Matono S, Kiyonaga A, Kimura M, Tsukikawa H, Kono S, Etou T, Irie S, Anzai K, Tanaka H. Relationships between fat deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity in Japanese individuals: a pilot study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2011; 4:35-43. [PMID: 21448320 PMCID: PMC3064417 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationships between insulin sensitivity (IS), body fat accumulation, and aerobic capacity in middle- to older-aged Japanese participants with visceral adiposity. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Aerobic capacity was measured during an incremental ramp exercise test. Computed tomography was used to measure visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous (SFA) fat area, the fat in liver-to-spleen ratio (L/S), and low-density skeletal muscle area (LDMA). IS was assessed using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. RESULTS A total of 11 males and 9 females, age 58 ± 9 years (mean ± standard deviation), body mass index 29 ±4.1 kg/m(2), and VFA 190 ±53 cm(2) participated in this study. In unadjusted models, VFA, LDMA, and L/S were significantly correlated with IS, which remained in adjusted models for LDMA and L/S, but not for VFA. In multiple stepwise regression analysis including sex, age, body fat, VFA, SFA, alcohol consumption, and aerobic capacity (oxygen uptake at the lactate threshold), L/S, and LDMA accounted for 70% of the total variance in IS. Percentage body fat and SFA, but not VFA, were significantly correlated with high molecular-weight adiponectin levels (r = 0.58, P < 0.01 and r = 0.54, P < 0.05, respectively). IS and L/S were significantly and negatively correlated with tumor necrosis factor-α (r = -0.67 and -0.63, respectively; both P < 0.01) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (r = -0.58, P < 0.01 and -0.52, P < 0.05, respectively), whereas LDMA was not. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that ectopic fat deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle may be associated with peripheral IS independently of body fat accumulation and aerobic capacity in middle- to older-aged Japanese individuals with visceral adiposity. Because of the small sample size, additional larger studies are needed to provide further insight into these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kumahara
- Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuro Tobina
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakiko Matono
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kiyonaga
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kimura
- Kyushu Clinical Pharmacology Research Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Etou
- Kyushu Clinical Pharmacology Research Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin Irie
- Kyushu Clinical Pharmacology Research Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Correspondence: Hiroaki Tanaka, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan, Tel +81 92 871 6631 (ext 6767), Fax +81 92 862 3033, Email
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