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Kidder BL, Ruden X, Singh A, Marben TA, Rass L, Chakravarty A, Xie Y, Puscheck EE, Awonuga AO, Harris S, Ruden DM, Rappolee DA. Novel high throughput screen reports that benzo(a)pyrene overrides mouse trophoblast stem cell multipotency, inducing SAPK activity, HAND1 and differentiated trophoblast giant cells. Placenta 2024; 152:72-85. [PMID: 38245404 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cultured mouse trophoblast stem cells (mTSC) maintain proliferation/normal stemness (NS) under FGF4, which when removed, causes normal differentiation (ND). Hypoxic, or hyperosmotic stress forces trophoblast giant cells (TGC) differentiate. Hypoxic, hyperosmotic, and genotoxic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), which is found in tobacco smoke, force down-regulation of inhibitor of differentiation (Id)2, enabling TGC differentiation. Hypoxic and hyperosmotic stress induce TGC by SAPK-dependent HAND1 increase. Here we test whether BaP forces mTSC-to-TGC while inducing SAPK and HAND1. METHODS Hand1 and SAPK activity were assayed by immunoblot, mTSC-to-TGC growth and differentiation were assayed at Tfinal after 72hr exposure of BaP, NS, ND, Retinoic acid (RA), or sorbitol. Nuclear-stained cells were micrographed automatically by a live imager, and assayed by ImageJ/FIJI, Biotek Gen 5, AIVIA proprietary artificial intelligence (AI) software or open source, CellPose artificial intelligence/AI software. RESULTS BaP (0.05-1μM) activated SAPK and HAND1 without diminishing growth. TSC-to-TGC differentiation was assayed with increasingly accuracy for 2-4 N cycling nuclei and >4 N differentiating TGC nuclei, using ImageJ/FIJI, Gen 5, AIVIA, or CellPose AI software. The AIVIA and Cellpose AI software matches human accuracy. The lowest BaP effects on SAPK activation/HAND1 increase are >10-fold more sensitive than similar effects for mESC. RA induces 44-47% 1st lineage TGC differentiation, but the same RA dose induces only 1% 1st lineage mESC differentiation. DISCUSSION First, these pilot data suggest that mTSC can be used in high throughput screens (HTS) to predict toxicant exposures that force TGC differentiation. Second, mTSC differentiated more cells than mESC for similar stress exposures, Third, open source AI can replace human micrograph quantitation and enable a miscarriage-predicting HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kidder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - X Ruden
- CS Mott Center/WSU Ob/gyn Department, USA; Reproductive Stress Inc, Grosse Pointe Farms, MI, USA
| | - A Singh
- CS Mott Center/WSU Ob/gyn Department, USA; WSU CMMG, USA
| | - T A Marben
- University of Detroit, Mercy (NIH Build Fellow), USA
| | - L Rass
- Barber Foundation Fellows/WSU, USA
| | | | - Y Xie
- Western Fertility, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E E Puscheck
- CS Mott Center/WSU Ob/gyn Department, USA; Invia Infertility, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - S Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - D M Ruden
- CS Mott Center/WSU Ob/gyn Department, USA; IEHS, WSU, USA
| | - D A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center/WSU Ob/gyn Department, USA; Reproductive Stress Inc, Grosse Pointe Farms, MI, USA; Dept of Physiology, WSU, USA.
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Sventitskaya MA, Ogneva IV. Reorganization of the mouse oocyte' cytoskeleton after cultivation under simulated weightlessness. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 40:8-18. [PMID: 38245351 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Female germ cells provide the structural basis for the development of a new organism, while the main molecular mechanisms of the impact of weightlessness on the cell remain unknown. The aim of this work was to determine the relative content and distribution of the main proteins of microtubules and microfilaments, to assess the relative RNA content of genes in mouse oocytes after short-term exposure to simulated microgravity, and to determine the potential for embryo development up to the 3-cell stage. Before starting the study, BALB/c mice were divided into two groups. One group received water and standard food without any modifications. Before exposure to simulated microgravity, the oocytes of these animals were randomly divided into two groups - c and µg. The second group of animals additionally received essential phospholipids containing at least 80% phosphatidylcholines, per os for 6 weeks before the start of the experiment at a dosage of 350 mg/kg of the animal's body to modify the lipid composition of the oocyte membrane. The obtained oocytes of these animals were also randomly divided into two groups - ce and µge. To determine the protein distribution and its relative content, immunofluorescence analysis was performed, and the RNA content of genes was assessed using real-time PCR with reverse transcription. After cultivation under simulated microgravity, beta-actin and acetylated alpha-tubulin are redistributed from the cortical layer to the central part of the oocyte, and the relative content of acetylated alpha-tubulin and tubulin isoforms decreases. At the same time, the mRNA content of most genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins was significantly higher in comparison with the control level. The use of essential phospholipids led to a decrease in the content of cellular cholesterol in the oocyte and leveled changes in the content and redistribution of acetylated alpha-tubulin and beta-actin after cultivation under simulated microgravity. In addition, after in vitro fertilization and further cultivation under simulated weightlessness, we observed a decrease in the number of embryos that passed the stage of the 2-cell embryo, but while taking essential phospholipids, the number of embryos that reached the 3-cell stage did not differ from the control group. The results obtained show changes in the content and redistribution of cytoskeletal proteins in the oocyte, which may be involved in the process of pronucleus migration, the formation of the fission spindle and the contractile ring under simulated weightlessness, which may be important for normal fertilization and cleavage of the future embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Sventitskaya
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoeshosse, Moscow, 123007, Russia; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Irina V Ogneva
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoeshosse, Moscow, 123007, Russia; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Wakayama S, Kikuchi Y, Soejima M, Hayashi E, Ushigome N, Yamazaki C, Suzuki T, Shimazu T, Yamamori T, Osada I, Sano H, Umehara M, Hasegawa A, Mochida K, Yang LL, Emura R, Kazama K, Imase K, Kurokawa Y, Sato Y, Higashibata A, Matsunari H, Nagashima H, Ogura A, Kohda T, Wakayama T. Effect of microgravity on mammalian embryo development evaluated at the International Space Station. iScience 2023; 26:108177. [PMID: 38107876 PMCID: PMC10725056 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian embryos differentiate into the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm at the 8-16 cell stage. The ICM forms a single cluster that develops into a single fetus. However, the factors that determine differentiation and single cluster formation are unknown. Here we investigated whether embryos could develop normally without gravity. As the embryos cannot be handled by an untrained astronaut, a new device was developed for this purpose. Using this device, two-cell frozen mouse embryos launched to the International Space Station were thawed and cultured by the astronauts under microgravity for 4 days. The embryos cultured under microgravity conditions developed into blastocysts with normal cell numbers, ICM, trophectoderm, and gene expression profiles similar to those cultured under artificial-1 g control on the International Space Station and ground-1 g control, which clearly demonstrated that gravity had no significant effect on the blastocyst formation and initial differentiation of mammalian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kikuchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Soejima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Erika Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ushigome
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Space Utilization Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamori
- Space Utilization Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ikuko Osada
- Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masumi Umehara
- Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiji Mochida
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Li Ly Yang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Rina Emura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kazama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Imase
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yuna Kurokawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research (MUIIBR), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research (MUIIBR), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
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4
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Wakayama S, Soejima M, Kikuchi Y, Hayashi E, Ushigome N, Hasegawa A, Mochida K, Suzuki T, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Umehara M, Matsunari H, Ogura A, Nagashima H, Wakayama T. Development of a new device for manipulating frozen mouse 2-cell embryos on the International Space Station. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270781. [PMID: 36206235 PMCID: PMC9543944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether mammalian embryos develop normally under microgravity remains to be determined. However, embryos are too small to be handled by inexperienced astronauts who orbit Earth on the International Space Station (ISS). Here we describe the development of a new device that allows astronauts to thaw and culture frozen mouse 2-cell embryos on the ISS without directly contacting the embryos. First, we developed several new devices using a hollow fiber tube that allows thawing embryo without practice and observations of embryonic development. The recovery rate of embryos was over 90%, and its developmental rate to the blastocyst were over 80%. However, the general vitrification method requires liquid nitrogen, which is not available on the ISS. Therefore, we developed another new device, Embryo Thawing and Culturing unit (ETC) employing a high osmolarity vitrification method, which preserves frozen embryos at −80°C for several months. Embryos flushed out of the ETC during thawing and washing were protected using a mesh sheet. Although the recovery rate of embryos after thawing were not high (24%-78%) and embryonic development in ETC could not be observed, thawed embryos formed blastocysts after 4 days of culture (29%-100%) without direct contact. Thus, this ETC could be used for untrained astronauts to thaw and culture frozen embryos on the ISS. In addition, this ETC will be an important advance in fields such as clinical infertility and animal biotechnology when recovery rate of embryos were improved nearly 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SW); (TW)
| | - Mariko Soejima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kikuchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Erika Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ushigome
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiji Mochida
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Shimazu
- Space Utilization Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Umehara
- Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research (MUIIBR), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research (MUIIBR), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SW); (TW)
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5
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Li F, Ye Y, Lei X, Zhang W. Effects of Microgravity on Early Embryonic Development and Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation: Phenotypic Characterization and Potential Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:797167. [PMID: 34926474 PMCID: PMC8675004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of science and technology, mankind’s exploration of outer space has increased tremendously. Settling in outer space or on other planets could help solve the Earth’s resource crisis, but such settlement will first face the problem of reproduction. There are considerable differences between outer space and the Earth’s environment, with the effects of gravity being one of the most significant. Studying the possible effects and underlying mechanisms of microgravity on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and embryonic development could help provide solutions to healthy living and reproduction in deep space. This article summarizes recent research progress on the effects of microgravity on ESCs and early embryonic development and proposes hypotheses regarding the potential mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the controversies and key questions in the field and indicate directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Cam-Su Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Cam-Su Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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6
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Zhao L, Bao C, Wang W, Mi D. New evidence and insight for abnormalities in early embryonic development after short-term spaceflight onboard the Chinese SJ-10 satellite. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 27:107-110. [PMID: 34756224 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During space travel, radiation and microgravity are recognized to be major hazardous factors in the overall health and well-being of astronauts. Although some efforts have been made to elucidate the effects of short-term space travel on the reproductive health of astronauts and multiple other species in a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, it is still unclear whether space travel can cause abnormal embryonic development or if it poses any reproductive risks. Recently, Lei et al. (2020) investigated the effects of short-term spaceflight onboard the Chinese SJ-10 satellite on murine preimplantation embryonic development. In the article, the authors claimed that the developmental abnormalities after short-term spaceflight onboard the SJ-10 satellite were attributed to space radiation and that these alterations in space was equivalent to those induced by a 2 mGy dose of gamma-rays in a ground-based facility. In this commentary, we discuss the possible space environmental factors and associated mechanisms that contribute to abnormalities in early embryonic development, and the potential health risks to mammals after short-term space travel. This commentary provides new evidence and a fresh perspective on whether and how short-term space travel poses potential reproductive risks in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chengyu Bao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Mi
- College of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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7
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Lei X, Cao Y, Ma B, Zhang Y, Ning L, Qian J, Zhang L, Qu Y, Zhang T, Li D, Chen Q, Shi J, Zhang X, Ma C, Zhang Y, Duan E. Development of mouse preimplantation embryos in space. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1437-1446. [PMID: 34691539 PMCID: PMC8288510 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of life beyond planet Earth is a long-standing quest of the human race, but whether normal mammalian embryonic development can occur in space is still unclear. Here, we show unequivocally that preimplantation mouse embryos can develop in space, but the rate of blastocyst formation and blastocyst quality are compromised. Additionally, the cells in the embryo contain severe DNA damage, while the genome of the blastocysts developed in space is globally hypomethylated with a unique set of differentially methylated regions. The developmental defects, DNA damage and epigenetic abnormalities can be largely mimicked by the treatment with ground-based low-dose radiation. However, the exposure to simulated microgravity alone does not cause major disruptions of embryonic development, indicating that radiation is the main cause for the developmental defects. This work advances the understanding of embryonic development in space and reveals long-term extreme low-dose radiation as a hazardous factor for mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yujing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yunfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lina Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongcun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 100049, China
| | - Dehong Li
- Division of Ionizing Radiation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Enkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
Extended travel in deep space poses potential hazards to the reproductive function of female and male astronauts, including exposure to cosmic radiation, microgravity, increased gravity (hypergravity), psychological stress, physical stress and circadian rhythm disruptions. This Review focuses on the effects of microgravity, hypergravity and cosmic radiation. Cosmic radiation contains protons, helium nuclei and high charge and energy (HZE) particles. Studies performed on Earth in which rodents were exposed to experimentally generated HZE particles have demonstrated a high sensitivity of ovarian follicles and spermatogenic cells to HZE particles. Exposure to microgravity during space flight and to simulated microgravity on Earth disrupts spermatogenesis and testicular testosterone synthesis in rodents, whereas the male reproductive system seems to adapt to exposure to moderate hypergravity. A few studies have investigated the effects of microgravity on female reproduction, with findings of disrupted oestrous cycling and in vitro follicle development being cause for concern. Many remaining data gaps need to be addressed, including the effects of microgravity, hypergravity and space radiation on the male and female reproductive tracts, hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of reproduction and prenatal development of the reproductive system as well as the combined effects of the multiple reproductive hazards encountered in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ulrike Luderer
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Po A, Giuliani A, Masiello MG, Cucina A, Catizone A, Ricci G, Chiacchiarini M, Tafani M, Ferretti E, Bizzarri M. Phenotypic transitions enacted by simulated microgravity do not alter coherence in gene transcription profile. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31799378 PMCID: PMC6872750 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in simulated microgravity undergo a reversible morphology switch, causing the appearance of two distinct phenotypes. Despite the dramatic splitting into an adherent-fusiform and a floating-spherical population, when looking at the gene-expression phase space, cell transition ends up in a largely invariant gene transcription profile characterized by only mild modifications in the respective Pearson's correlation coefficients. Functional changes among the different phenotypes emerging in simulated microgravity using random positioning machine are adaptive modifications-as cells promptly recover their native phenotype when placed again into normal gravity-and do not alter the internal gene coherence. However, biophysical constraints are required to drive phenotypic commitment in an appropriate way, compatible with physiological requirements, given that absence of gravity foster cells to oscillate between different attractor states, thus preventing them to acquire a exclusive phenotype. This is a proof-of-concept of the adaptive properties of gene-expression networks supporting very different phenotypes by coordinated 'profile preserving' modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery “Pietro Valdoni”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Ruden DM, Bolnick A, Awonuga A, Abdulhasan M, Perez G, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Effects of Gravity, Microgravity or Microgravity Simulation on Early Mammalian Development. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1230-1236. [PMID: 29562866 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant and animal life forms evolved mechanisms for sensing and responding to gravity on Earth where homeostatic needs require responses. The lack of gravity, such as in the International Space Station (ISS), causes acute, intra-generational changes in the quality of life. These include maintaining calcium levels in bone, maintaining muscle tone, and disturbances in the vestibular apparatus in the ears. These problems decrease work efficiency and quality of life of humans not only during microgravity exposures but also after return to higher gravity on Earth or destinations such as Mars or the Moon. It has been hypothesized that lack of gravity during mammalian development may cause prenatal, postnatal and transgenerational effects that conflict with the environment, especially if the developing organism and its progeny are returned, or introduced de novo, into the varied gravity environments mentioned above. Although chicken and frog pregastrulation development, and plant root development, have profound effects due to orientation of cues by gravity-sensing mechanisms and responses, mammalian development is not typically characterized as gravity-sensing. Although no effects of microgravity simulation (MGS) on mouse fertilization were observed in two reports, negative effects of MGS on early mammalian development after fertilization and before gastrulation are presented in four reports that vary with the modality of MGS. This review will analyze the positive and negative mammalian early developmental outcomes, and enzymatic and epigenetic mechanisms known to mediate developmental responses to simulated microgravity on Earth and microgravity during spaceflight experiments. We will update experimental techniques that have already been developed or need to be developed for zero gravity molecular, cellular, and developmental biology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Ruden
- 1 Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,2 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alan Bolnick
- 1 Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Awoniyi Awonuga
- 1 Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mohammed Abdulhasan
- 1 Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Gloria Perez
- 3 Reproductive Stress, Inc. , Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth E Puscheck
- 1 Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,3 Reproductive Stress, Inc. , Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- 1 Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,2 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,3 Reproductive Stress, Inc. , Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan.,4 Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,5 Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,6 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan.,7 Department of Biology, University of Windsor , Windsor, Canada
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11
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Gravity and Embryo Development. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-017-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Lin SC, Gou GH, Hsia CW, Ho CW, Huang KL, Wu YF, Lee SY, Chen YH. Simulated Microgravity Disrupts Cytoskeleton Organization and Increases Apoptosis of Rat Neural Crest Stem Cells Via Upregulating CXCR4 Expression and RhoA-ROCK1-p38 MAPK-p53 Signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1172-93. [PMID: 27269634 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a population of multipotent stem cells that are distributed broadly in many tissues and organs and are capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types that are dispersed throughout three germ layers. We are interested in studying the effects of simulated microgravity on the survival and self-renewal of NCSCs. NCSCs extracted from the hair follicle bulge region of the rat whisker pad were cultured in vitro, respectively, in a 2D adherent environment and a 3D suspension environment using the rotatory cell culture system (RCCS) to simulate microgravity. We found that rat NCSCs (rNCSCs) cultured in the RCCS for 24 h showed disrupted organization of filamentous actin, increased globular actin level, formation of plasma membrane blebbing and neurite-like artifact, as well as decreased levels of cortactin and vimentin. Interestingly, ∼70% of RCCS-cultured rNCSCs co-expressed cleaved (active) caspase-3 and neuronal markers microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and Tuj1 instead of NCSC markers, suggesting stress-induced formation of neurite-like artifact in rNCSCs. In addition, rNCSCs showed increased C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression, RhoA GTPase activation, Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and p53 expression in the nucleus. Incubation of rNCSCs with the Gα protein inhibitor pertussis toxin or CXCR4 siRNA during RCCS-culturing prevented cytoskeleton disorganization and plasma membrane blebbing, and it suppressed apoptosis of rNCSCs. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that simulated microgravity disrupts cytoskeleton organization and increases apoptosis of rNCSCs via upregulating CXCR4 expression and the RhoA-ROCK1-p38 MAPK-p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Chen Lin
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Hau Gou
- 2 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wu Hsia
- 2 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Ho
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan .,3 Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital , Longtan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan .,4 Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fu Wu
- 5 Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Lee
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Zhang S, Zheng D, Wu Y, Lin W, Chen Z, Meng L, Liu J, Zhou Y. Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Culture System Compromises the In Vitro Development of Mouse Preantral Follicles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151062. [PMID: 26963099 PMCID: PMC4786255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing cells in simulated weightlessness condition might be a highly promising new technique to maintain or generate tissue constructs in a scaffold-free manner. There is limited evidence that microgravity condition may affect development of ovarian follicles. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity on the in vitro development of mouse preantral follicles. Methods and Results Ovarian tissue from 14-day-old mice, or preantral follicles mechanically isolated from 14-day-old mouse ovaries were cultured at a simulated microgravity condition generated using a rotating wall vessel apparatus. Follicle survival was assessed quantitatively using H&E staining. Follicle diameter and oocyte diameter were measured under an inverted microscope. Ultrastructure of oocytes was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. We observed that simulated microgravity compromised follicle survival in vitro, downregulated PCNA and GDF-9 expressions, and caused ultrastructural abnormalities in oocytes. Conclusion This study showed for the first time that three-dimensional culture condition generated by simulated microgravity is detrimental to the initial stage development of mouse preantral follicles in vitro. The experimental setup provides a model to further investigate the mechanisms involved in the in vitro developmental processes of oocytes/granulosa cells under the microgravity condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dahan Zheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yonggen Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zaichong Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Luhe Meng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Stem Cells and Genetic Engineering Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JL); (YZ)
| | - Ying Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YZ)
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Rappolee DA, Xie Y, Slater JA, Zhou S, Puscheck EE. Toxic stress prioritizes and imbalances stem cell differentiation: implications for new biomarkers and in vitro toxicology tests. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012; 58:33-40. [PMID: 22239079 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2011.647381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This hypothesis and review introduces rules of stem cell stress responses that provide biomarkers and alternative testing that replaces or reduces gestational tests using whole animals. These rules for the stress responses of cultured stem cells validate the organismal strategy of the stress response and show that it emulates what must happen if the conceptus implants during a response to stress in vivo. Specifically there is a profound threshold during a stress dose response where stem cell accumulation is significantly reduced. Below this threshold stress enzymes manage the stress response by converting anabolic to catabolic processes and by suppressing apoptosis, without affecting differentiation. However above this threshold the stem cell survival response converts to an organismal survival response where stress enzymes switch to new substrates and mediate loss of potency factors, gain of early essential differentiated lineages, and suppression of later essential lineages. Stressed stem cells 'compensate' for lower accumulation rates by differentiating a higher fraction of cells, and the organismal survival response further enhances adaptation by prioritizing the differentiation of early essential lineages. Thus compensatory and prioritized differentiation and the sets of markers produced are part of a response of cultured embryos and stem cells that emulate what must happen during implantation of a stressed gestation. Knowledge of these markers and use of stressed stem cell assays in culture should replace or reduce the number of animals needed for developmental toxicity and should produce biomarkers for stressed development in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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15
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Awonuga AO, Zhong W, Abdallah ME, Slater JA, Zhou SC, Xie YF, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Eomesodermin, HAND1, and CSH1 proteins are induced by cellular stress in a stress-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:519-28. [PMID: 21710638 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eomesodermin (Eomes) is a transcription factor essential for trophoblast development. Stress stimuli activate stress-activated protein kinase (MAPK8/9) and modulate transcription factors in trophoblast stem cells (TSC). In this study, we test the hypothesis that stress-induced Eomes upregulation and downstream trophoblast development are MAPK8/9-dependent. Immunocytochemical and immunoblot assays suggest that Eomes is induced by hyperosmolar stress in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Two MAPK8/9 inhibitors that work by different mechanisms, LJNKl1 and SP600125, block induction of Eomes protein by stress. During normal TSC differentiation, the transcription factor heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1 (HAND1) is dependent on Eomes, and chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (CSH1) expression is dependent on HAND1. Similar to Eomes, HAND1 and CSH1 induction by stress are MAPK8/9-dependent, and CSH1 is induced in nearly all stressed TSC. CSH1 induction normally requires downregulation of the transcription factor inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2) as well as HAND1 upregulation. It was shown previously that hyperosmolar stress induces AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAA1/2)-dependent ID2 loss in a MAPK8/9-independent manner. Inhibition of PRKAA1/2 with compound C and LJNKl1, more than MAPK8/9 inhibitors alone, inhibits the induction of CSH1 by stress. Taken together these data suggest that stress-induced MAPK8/9 and PRKAA1/2 regulate transcription factors Eomes/HAND1 and ID2, respectively. Together this network mediates induction of CSH1 by stress. Therefore, stress triggers a proportional increase in a normal early TSC differentiation event that could be adaptive in inducing CSH1. But the flexibility of TSC to undergo stress-induced differentiation could lead to pathophysiological consequences if stress endured and TSC differentiation became unbalanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Awonuga
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Zhou S, Xie Y, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Oxygen levels that optimize TSC culture are identified by maximizing growth rates and minimizing stress. Placenta 2011; 32:475-81. [PMID: 21511332 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that 20% O(2) causes human and mouse placental trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation and suppresses proliferation. We tested the hypotheses that phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase (pSAPK) levels report the optimal O(2) level for TSC culture, and that pSAPK responds to contradictory signals. We tested the dose range of 0-20% O(2) (0, 0.5, 2, and 20%) on five effects in cultured TSC. The results showed 1) TSC accumulation rates were highest at 2% O(2), lower at 20% and lowest at 0-0.5%; 2) pSAPK protein levels were lowest at 2% O(2), higher at 20%, and highest at 0-0.5%; 3) Cleaved caspase 3, an apoptosis marker, increased at 0.5% O(2), and was highest at 0% O(2); 4) Three markers for multipotency were highest at 2 and 20% and significantly decreased at 0.5%-0%; 5) In contrast three differentiation markers were lowest at 2% and highest at 0.5%-0%. Thus, 2% O(2) is the optimum as defined by lowest pSAPK and differentiation markers and highest growth rate and multipotency markers, without appreciable apoptosis. In addition, two lines of evidence suggest that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)4 does not directly activate SAPK. SAPK activity increases transiently with FGF4 removal at 2% O(2), but SAPK activity decreases when O(2) is switched from 20% to 2% with FGF4 present. Thus, SAPK is activated by contradictory signals, but activity decreases when either signal is removed. Taken together, the findings suggest that pSAPK senses suboptimal signals during TSC culture and probably in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Xie Y, Awonuga AO, Zhou S, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Interpreting the stress response of early mammalian embryos and their stem cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 287:43-95. [PMID: 21414586 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes and interprets the normal, pathogenic, and pathophysiological roles of stress and stress enzymes in mammalian development. Emerging data suggest that stem cells from early embryos are induced by stress to perform stress-enzyme-mediated responses that use the strategies of compensatory, prioritized, and reversible differentiation. These strategies have been optimized during evolution and in turn have aspects of energy conservation during stress that optimize and maximize the efficacy of the stress response. It is likely that different types of stem cells have varying degrees of flexibility in mediating compensatory and prioritized differentiation. The significance of this analysis and interpretation is that it will serve as a foundation for yielding tools for diagnosing, understanding normal and pathophysiological mechanisms, and providing methods for managing stress enzymes to improve short- and long-term reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xie
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Rappolee DA, Awonuga AO, Puscheck EE, Zhou S, Xie Y. Benzopyrene and experimental stressors cause compensatory differentiation in placental trophoblast stem cells. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 56:168-83. [PMID: 20377314 DOI: 10.3109/19396360903431638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress causes decreased cell accumulation in early periimplantation embryos and the placental trophoblast stem cells derived from them. Benzopyrene and many other stressors activate stress enzymes that lead to suppressed stem cell accumulation through diminished proliferation and increased apoptosis. Trophoblast stem cells proliferate and a subpopulation of early postimplantation trophoblast cells differentiate to produce the first placental hormones that arise in the implanting conceptus. These hormones mediate antiluteolytic effects that enable the continuation of a successful implantation. The normal determination and differentiation of placental trophoblast stem cells is dependent upon a series of transcription factors. But, these transcription factors can also be modulated by stress through the activity of stress enzymes. This review enumerates and analyzes recent reports on the effects of benzopyrene on placental function in terms of the emerging paradigm that placental differentiation from stem cells can be regulated when insufficient production of stem cells is caused by stress. In addition, we review the other effects caused by benzopyrene throughout placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rappolee
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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