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YUSTINASARI LR, KURATOMI M, KAGAWA S, GONDO A, ARAMAKI N, IMAI H, KUSAKABE KT. Specific expression and blood kinetics for relaxin 2, lipocalin 2, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 at the canine placenta and pregnant bloods. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:77-86. [PMID: 38057091 PMCID: PMC10849861 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, humoral factors released from the placenta influence pregnancy progression, but the involvement of the canine placenta is often unidentified. We investigated specific genes in canine placentas and analyzed the blood dynamics of the translated proteins. Furthermore, RNAs are known to be released from placentas embedding in exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles. Here, the presence of cell-free RNAs in pregnant serums was also confirmed. RNA specimens were purified from the normal healthy dog placentas and applied to RNA-Seq analysis. Expressions of frequent genes were confirmed by RT-PCR using placentas from other individuals and breeds. Relaxin (RLN) 2, lipocalin (LCN) 2, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 2 were selected as high-expressed and placenta-specific genes. By western blot, the three factors were clearly detected in the pregnant serums. Quantitative analysis revealed that the amount of RLN2 increased significantly from non-pregnancy to day 41 of pregnancy. Regarding LCN2 and TFPI2, the protein serum levels elevated during pregnancy, but the statistical differences were not detected. Exosomes were found in all pregnant serums; however, the percentage was less than 6% in total extracellular vesicles. The cell-free RNA related to RLN2 was detected, but no elevation was confirmed during pregnancy. We found specific genes in the canine placenta and the transition of their translated protein into the blood. These factors may become useful tools for research on canine pregnancy and monitoring of reproductive management. Exosomes and cell-free RNA could not be found to be valid in canine reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Rakhma YUSTINASARI
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maria KURATOMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Seizaburo KAGAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ai GONDO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobuaki ARAMAKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki IMAI
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ken Takeshi KUSAKABE
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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An X, Qin J, Hu X, Zhou Y, Fu B, Wei H. Overexpression of lipocalin 2 in PBX1-deficient decidual NK cells promotes inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13676. [PMID: 36621850 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Impairment of PBX1 expression in decidual natural killer (dNK) cells is associated with the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, which results in fetal growth restriction (FGR) by affecting the secretion of downstream growth factors. However, whether other mechanisms limit embryo growth in decidua containing PBX1-deficient natural killer (NK) cells is unknown. METHOD OF STUDY Pbx1f/f ; Ncr1Cre mice were employed to explore the underlying mechanisms by which PBX1- NK cells affect embryonic development. To simulate the clinical testing of pregnant women, Doppler ultrasound imaging was used to detect embryo implantation and development. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PBX1- NK cells that may affect normal pregnancy were screened using RNA-sequencing and real-time PCR. Immune cell changes caused by DEGs were detected by flow cytometry. Finally, the mechanism of FGR was explored by injecting the protein LCN2, corresponding to the selected DEG, into mice. RESULTS We verified the embryonic dysplasia in pregnant Pbx1f/f ; Ncr1Cre mice by Doppler ultrasound imaging and found that LCN2 was upregulated in dNK cells. We also observed higher infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the decidua of Pbx1f/f ; Ncr1Cre mice. Finally, we found an increase in the number and activation of neutrophils at the maternal-fetal interface after injecting LCN2 into pregnant mice and observed that these mice showed signs of FGR. CONCLUSION Excessive LCN2 secreted by PBX1- dNK cells at the maternal-fetal interface recruit neutrophils and causes an inflammatory response, which is related to FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue An
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jingkun Qin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Cohort Study in Twin Pregnancies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144163. [PMID: 35887927 PMCID: PMC9318711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders complicate more than 10% of twin pregnancies. Several studies showed increased neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) values in women with singleton pregnancies and preeclampsia. This study aimed to assess NGAL values in twin pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders. We conducted a study of 242 consecutive twin pregnancies at the Medical University of Vienna. Serum NGAL was evaluated twice during pregnancy and once in the postpartum period. Furthermore, serum NGAL values were compared between women who developed hypertensive disorders and those who had normal blood pressure. In all twin pregnancies, mean NGAL values increased significantly from the first to the second visit (p = 0.004) and, further, after delivery (p < 0.001). NGAL was significantly higher in pregnancies that developed pregnancy hypertension or preeclampsia when compared to the control group at the first visit (109.2 ± 48.9 ng/mL vs. 91.9 ± 29.4 ng/mL, p = 0.04, respectively). The predictive power of first visit NGAL values for development of pregnancy hypertension or preeclampsia was evaluated. When using a cut-off value of 115 ng/mL, we obtained a sensitivity of 45% with a specificity of 77%. We conclude that women with twin pregnancies who develop hypertensive disorders of pregnancy showed increased NGAL values at 11−16 weeks.
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Box DM, Makkar A, Yu Z, Chaaban H, Tran HH, Burge KY, Eckert JV. Placental Neutrophil Infiltration Associated with Tobacco Exposure but Not Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030381. [PMID: 35327753 PMCID: PMC8947332 DOI: 10.3390/children9030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: In utero inflammation is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. We hypothesized that maternal tobacco exposure (TE) might induce placental neutrophil infiltration, increasing the risk for BPD. Study design: We compared the composite outcome of BPD and death in a prospective pilot study of TE and no-TE mothers and their infants born <32 weeks. Placental neutrophil infiltration was approximated by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) ELISA, and total RNA expression was analyzed via NanoString© (Seattle, WA, USA). Result: Of 39 enrolled patients, 44% were classified as tobacco exposure. No significant difference was noted in the infant’s composite outcome of BPD or death based on maternal tobacco exposure. NGAL was higher in placentas of TE vs. non-TE mothers (p < 0.05). Placental RNA analysis identified the upregulation of key inflammatory genes associated with maternal tobacco exposure. Conclusion: Tobacco exposure during pregnancy was associated with increased placental neutrophil markers and upregulated inflammatory gene expression. These findings were not associated with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Box
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.M.B.); (A.M.); (H.C.); (K.Y.B.)
| | - Abhishek Makkar
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.M.B.); (A.M.); (H.C.); (K.Y.B.)
| | - Zhongxin Yu
- Pathology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Z.Y.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Hala Chaaban
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.M.B.); (A.M.); (H.C.); (K.Y.B.)
| | - Henry H. Tran
- Pathology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Z.Y.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Kathryn Y. Burge
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.M.B.); (A.M.); (H.C.); (K.Y.B.)
| | - Jeffrey V. Eckert
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.M.B.); (A.M.); (H.C.); (K.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(405)-271-4755; Fax: +1-(405)-271-1236
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Camacho CA, Santos GDO, Caballeros JE, Cazales N, Ramirez CJ, Vidigal PMP, Ramos HJDO, Barros E, Mattos RC. Uterine infusion of conceptus fragments changes the protein profile from cyclic mares. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200552. [PMID: 33791032 PMCID: PMC7995263 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to compare at day seven after ovulation, the protein profile of uterine fluid in cyclic mares with mares infused two days before with Day 13 conceptus fragments. Experimental animals were ten healthy cyclic mares, examined daily to detect ovulation (Day 0) as soon as estrus was confirmed. On day seven, after ovulation, uterine fluid was collected, constituting the Cyclic group (n = 10). The same mares were examined in the second cycle until ovulation was detected. On day five, after ovulation, fragments from a previously collected concepti were infused into each mare's uterus. Two days after infusion, uterine fluid was collected, constituting the Fragment group (n = 10). Two-dimensional electrophoresis technique processed uterine fluid samples. A total of 373 spots were detected. MALDI-TOF/TOF and NanoUHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry identified twenty spots with differences in abundance between the Cyclic and Fragment group. Thirteen proteins were identified, with different abundance between groups. Identified proteins may be related to embryo-maternal communication, which involves adhesion, nutrition, endothelial cell proliferation, transport, and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, conceptus fragments signalized changes in the protein profile of uterine fluid seven days after ovulation in comparison to the observed at Day 7 in the same cyclic mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Camacho
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Gabriel de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Jorge Emilio Caballeros
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Nicolas Cazales
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República - UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camilo José Ramirez
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Edvaldo Barros
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Mattos
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Hallingström M, Zedníková P, Tambor V, Barman M, Vajrychová M, Lenčo J, Viklund F, Tancred L, Rabe H, Jonsson D, Kachikis A, Nilsson S, Kacerovský M, Adams Waldorf KM, Jacobsson B. Mid-trimester amniotic fluid proteome's association with spontaneous preterm delivery and gestational duration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232553. [PMID: 32379834 PMCID: PMC7205297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amniotic fluid is clinically accessible via amniocentesis and its protein composition may correspond to birth timing. Early changes in the amniotic fluid proteome could therefore be associated with the subsequent development of spontaneous preterm delivery. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to perform unbiased proteomics analysis of the association between mid-trimester amniotic fluid proteome and spontaneous preterm delivery and gestational duration, respectively. A secondary objective was to validate and replicate the findings by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a second independent cohort. METHODS Women undergoing a mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis at Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra between September 2008 and September 2011 were enrolled in this study, designed in three analytical stages; 1) an unbiased proteomic discovery phase using LC-MS analysis of 22 women with subsequent spontaneous preterm delivery (cases) and 37 women who delivered at term (controls), 2) a validation phase of proteins of interest identified in stage 1, and 3) a replication phase of the proteins that passed validation using a second independent cohort consisting of 20 cases and 40 matched controls. RESULTS Nine proteins were nominally significantly associated with both spontaneous preterm delivery and gestational duration, after adjustment for gestational age at sampling, but none of the proteins were significant after correction for multiple testing. Several of these proteins have previously been described as being associated with spontaneous PTD etiology and six of them were thus validated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Two of the proteins passed validation; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, but the results could not be replicated in a second cohort. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 are potential biomarkers of spontaneous preterm delivery and gestational duration but the findings could not be replicated. The negative findings are supported by the fact that none of the nine proteins from the exploratory phase were significant after correction for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hallingström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Zedníková
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Tambor
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Malin Barman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Vajrychová
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Felicia Viklund
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Tancred
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Biobank Väst, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hardis Rabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jonsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alisa Kachikis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marian Kacerovský
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina M. Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Yin X, Huo Y, Liu L, Pan Y, Liu S, Wang R. Serum Levels and Placental Expression of NGAL in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8760563. [PMID: 32377189 PMCID: PMC7199580 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8760563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in the serum and term placentas and its potential role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A total of 49 GDM subjects and 39 age-matched women with normal pregnancies were recruited. We examined serum concentrations of NGAL and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in maternal blood and cord blood and their expression levels in the term placentas and umbilical cord. RESULTS Serum NGAL levels were significantly higher in GDM patients than in normal pregnant controls both in the maternal blood (4.80 ± 1.99 vs. 3.66 ± 1.13, P=0.001) and the cord blood (4.70 ± 2.08 vs. 3.85 ± 1.44, P=0.027). Moreover, serum NGAL levels exhibited a positive correlation with various parameters of insulin resistance. Maternal serum NGAL levels positively correlated with the NGAL levels found in the cord blood of the control (r = 0.399, P=0.012) and the GDM subjects (r = 0.349, P=0.014). Finally, the expression of NGAL protein levels in the placenta (1.22 ± 0.39 vs. 0.65 ± 0.23, P < 0.001) and umbilical cord (0.65 ± 0.23 vs. 0.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.001) were higher in GDM women than those noted in the control subjects. In the GDM group, maternal serum NGAL levels exhibited a positive correlation with placental NGAL mRNA and protein levels (r = 0.848, P=0.008; r = 0.636, P=0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS NGAL may be an important adipokine involved in GDM and fetal development. The oversecretion of NGAL from the placenta may contribute to the elevated levels of serum NGAL in gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yixing Pan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Suxin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Runfang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Lisowska-Myjak B, Skarżyńska E, Płazińska M, Jakimiuk A. Relationships between meconium concentrations of acute phase proteins. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 45:1218-1220. [PMID: 29908081 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Meconium concentrations of naturally accumulated ceruloplasmin (CER), lactoferrin (LF), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and their relationships considered as a panel of acute phase proteins could be used for the assessment of fetal homeostasis. CER, LF and NGAL concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in meconium portions (n = 80) collected from 19 healthy neonates. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the meconium LF (1.77) and NGAL (1.26) were about two-fold higher than that of CER (0.73) with significant (P < 0.05) correlations between all three parameters. The LF to NGAL ratio (CV = 0.67) correlated strongly with the CER concentrations (r = 0.39, P < 0.01). These correlations between CER, LF and NGAL concentrations suggest their combined involvement in the metabolic processes in the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lisowska-Myjak
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Skarżyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Płazińska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Jakimiuk
- Institute of Mother and Child, Reproductive Health Department, Warsaw, Poland
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Eirini Papathanasiou A, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Gavrili S, Zachaki S, Georgantzi S, Marmarinos A, Christou C, Voulgaris K, Gourgiotis D, Briana DD. Perinatal lipocalin-2 profile at the extremes of fetal growth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:2166-2172. [PMID: 31450995 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1659774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) has been identified as an osteoblast-secreted hormone regulating immunity, inflammation and metabolic homeostasis and has emerged as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for acute kidney injury in neonates. We investigated the impact of fetal growth on antepartum maternal serum, cord serum and breast milk LCN-2 concentrations and the associations of the latter with perinatal parameters. METHODS Maternal serum, cord serum and breast milk LCN-2 concentrations were measured by ELISA in samples from 80 mothers who delivered 40 appropriate (AGA), 20 large for gestational age (LGA) and 20 intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates, classified by customized weight centiles. LCN-2 concentrations were associated with birth weight, customized centile, gender, maternal age and delivery mode. RESULTS Antepartum maternal serum LCN-2 concentrations were significantly higher in women delivering AGA infants compared to the other two groups. Cord blood LCN-2 concentrations were significantly higher compared to maternal ones; furthermore, they were significantly elevated in the IUGR group compared to the LGA one (p = .019). Lowest concentrations were detected in breast milk, which did not differ between the three growth groups. A negative correlation was documented between cord blood LCN-2 concentrations and customized centiles (r: -0.304, p = .007). CONCLUSIONS The higher cord serum LCN-2 concentrations, compared to maternal ones, may point to its fetal origin and potential role in intrauterine growth. The negative correlation of cord LCN-2 concentrations with customized centiles, possibly implies reduced nephron endowment/subclinical kidney damage in IUGR neonates. The extremely low LCN-2 breast milk concentrations could imply that the secretion of LCN-2 from maternal circulation to breast milk is not influenced by factors leading to intrauterine growth pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stavroula Gavrili
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Alexandra" University and State Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Zachaki
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology and Cytogenetics, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Georgantzi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Alexandra" University and State Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry - Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry - Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina D Briana
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Lisowska-Myjak B, Skarżyńska E, Wilczyńska P, Jakimiuk A. Correlation between the concentrations of lactoferrin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in meconium. Biometals 2017; 31:123-129. [PMID: 29285663 PMCID: PMC5778183 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and lactoferrin (Lf) are among the key components of the innate immune system due to their ability to bind iron with high affinity and thus control inflammation. The aim of this study was to test the use of NGAL and LF measurements in meconium for the assessment of the intrauterine homeostasis. NGAL and Lf concentrations were measured using ELISA kits in all serial meconium portions (n = 81) collected from 20 healthy neonates. Mean ± SD meconium concentration of Lf was 45.07 ± 78.53 µg/g and more than 1000-fold higher compared with that of NGAL at 1.93 ± 2.46 ng/g. The correlation between the two proteins (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) was found only for portions with Lf concentrations > 25 μg/g. High variability of NGAL and Lf concentrations in meconium and their correlations prove their key role as biomarkers of the fetal condition in utero. NGAL and Lf measured in meconium are candidate biomarkers for fetal iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lisowska-Myjak
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Skarżyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Wilczyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Jakimiuk
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics, Female Diseases and Gynecological Oncology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Effect of perinatal risk factors on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) level in umbilical and peripheral blood in neonates. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:274-280. [PMID: 29204092 PMCID: PMC5708209 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.70970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute kidney injury biomarkers are opening a new era in diagnosing kidney failure. The requirement for a specific and sensitive marker of kidney function is highly desirable in neonates because the diagnostic possibilities in this age group are not sufficient. Recent research show that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) can have a great potential but there is a wide range of medical conditions, that may influence their expression. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of perinatal risk factors on NGAL level in neonates. Material and methods NGAL was measured in umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood in full term neonates with perinatal risk factors during the first days of life. Results We found significantly higher umbilical cord blood NGAL levels in neonates with perinatal risk factors (117.69 ng/ml) compared to the control group (64.37 ng/ml). No significant difference in peripheral blood NGAL level was shown between the two groups. Umbilical cord blood NGAL level correlated positively with peripheral blood NGAL level (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). Umbilical cord blood NGAL level was significantly higher in neonates with fetal distress and infection compared to neonates with other perinatal risk factors. Peripheral blood NGAL level was significantly higher in neonates with infection compared to neonates with other perinatal risk factors. Significantly higher umbilical cord blood NGAL levels were seen in neonates born by operative delivery compared to born by natural delivery.
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12
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Anders AP, Gaddy JA, Doster RS, Aronoff DM. Current concepts in maternal-fetal immunology: Recognition and response to microbial pathogens by decidual stromal cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77. [PMID: 28044385 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is an acute inflammation of the gestational (extraplacental) membranes, most commonly caused by ascending microbial infection. It is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and cerebral palsy. The decidua is the outermost layer of the gestational membranes and is likely an important initial site of contact with microbes during ascending infection. However, little is known about how decidual stromal cells (DSCs) respond to microbial threat. Defining the contributions of individual cell types to the complex medley of inflammatory signals during chorioamnionitis could lead to improved interventions aimed at halting this disease. We review available published data supporting the role for DSCs in responding to microbial infection, with a special focus on their expression of pattern recognition receptors and evidence of their responsiveness to pathogen sensing. While DSCs likely play an important role in sensing and responding to infection during the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis, important knowledge gaps and areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali P Anders
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Tadesse S, Norwitz NG, Guller S, Arcuri F, Toti P, Norwitz ER, Kidane D. Dynamics of Base Excision Repair at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Pregnancies Complicated by Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:856-864. [PMID: 27707956 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116670519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) (gestational proteinuric hypertension) is the leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. Although placental endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are known to contribute to PE, the exact pathological basis for this disorder remains unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that DNA damage at the maternal-fetal interface is more common in the placentas of women with PE than normotensive controls. In this study, we utilized an in vivo comparative study, including 20 preeclamptic women and 8 healthy control subjects, and an in vitro hypoxia/reperfusion model to mimic the effects of oxidative stress at the maternal-fetal interface. We tracked the spatial pattern of expression of 2 base excision repair proteins, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1), at the maternal-fetal interface in response to oxidative stress. In vivo, we found a significant increase in OGG1 and APE1 concentrations in PE placental tissues as compared to normotensive controls ( P < .0001). Further, our in vitro study revealed that OGG1 and APE1 expression is much greater in maternal cells (decidua) than in fetal cells (cytotrophoblasts) of placental tissue subjected to oxidative stress ( P < .0001). Our results suggest that OGG1 and APE1 likely protect decidual cells from oxidative base damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkalem Tadesse
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Norwitz
- 3 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Guller
- 3 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Felice Arcuri
- 4 Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Toti
- 5 Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Errol R Norwitz
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawit Kidane
- 6 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, TX, USA
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14
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Moyake N, Buchmann E, Crowther NJ. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a diagnostic marker of acute kidney injury in pre-eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1483-1488. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naledi Moyake
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service; University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Eckhart Buchmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service; University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences; Johannesburg South Africa
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15
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Rood KM, Buhimschi IA, Rodewald Millen K, Bahtiyar MO, Thung S, Summerfield T, Zhao G, Ackerman W, Shellhaas C, Samuels P, Buhimschi CS. Evidence for participation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (NGAL•MMP-9) complex in the inflammatory response to infection in pregnancies complicated by preterm birth. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:108-17. [PMID: 27251223 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed in neutrophils and involved in innate immunity by sequestering iron. NGAL's ability to complex with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and extend its gelatinolytic activity led us to investigate its role in pregnancies complicated by preterm birth (PTB) and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI). METHOD OF STUDY We assayed the amniotic fluid (AF) levels of NGAL and MMP-9 in 308 women that had a clinically indicated amniocentesis and a normal pregnancy outcome or PTB. qRT-PCR was employed to determine NGAL mRNA expression of placental villous trophoblast and amniochorion. Immunohistochemistry was used for cellular localization. RESULTS AF NGAL levels were gestational age-regulated. Women with IAI and PTB had significantly higher levels of NGAL, MMP-9 and NGAL•MMP-9 complex. CONCLUSION The amniochorion is a source of NGAL and similarly to other inflammatory conditions, this protein may augment the collagenolytic effect of MMP-9 and modulate host-microbe interactions in pregnancies complicated by IAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Rood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katherine Rodewald Millen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mert O Bahtiyar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen Thung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Taryn Summerfield
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guomao Zhao
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William Ackerman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia Shellhaas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Philip Samuels
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Nasioudis D, Witkin SS. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and innate immune responses to bacterial infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:471-9. [PMID: 25716557 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an essential component of the antimicrobial innate immune system, is present in neutrophils and multiple other tissues. It prevents iron acquisition by microorganisms by sequestering iron-loaded bacterial siderophores. NGAL also modulates neutrophil functions. Its production is inducible following Toll-like receptor 4 activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. NGAL is employed clinically in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury and may be useful in general in the differential diagnosis of a bacterial-mediated infectious process. Elevated levels of NGAL have been detected in the blood of patients with bacterial urinary tract infection, community-acquired pneumonia, sepsis, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis and peritonitis. Some bacteria have developed resistance to NGAL-mediated iron sequestration by production of modified siderophores that are not recognized by NGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Nasioudis
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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17
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Beghini J, Giraldo PC, Linhares IM, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Concentration in Vaginal Fluid: Relation to Bacterial Vaginosis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:964-8. [PMID: 25670719 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115570914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a component of innate immunity that prevents iron uptake by microorganisms. We evaluated whether NGAL was present in vaginal fluid and whether concentrations were altered in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) or vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS Vaginal secretions from 52 women with VVC, 43 with BV, and 77 healthy controls were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for NGAL and for concentrations of L-lactic acid. RESULTS The median concentration of NGAL in vaginal fluid was significantly higher in control women (561 pg/mL) than in women with BV (402 pg/mL; P = .0116) and lower in women with VVC (741 pg/mL; P = .0017). Median lactic acid levels were similar in controls (0.11 mmol/L) and women with VVC (0.13 mmol/L) and were lower in women with BV (0.02 mmol/L; P < .0001). The NGAL and lactic acid concentrations were highly correlated (P < .0001). CONCLUSION A decrease in Lactobacilli and/or lactic acid plus the absence of leukocytes results in lower vaginal NGAL levels that might facilitate the growth of bacteria associated with BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joziani Beghini
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Giraldo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara M Linhares
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - William J Ledger
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Takahashi H, Kutasy B, Pes L, Paradisi F, Puri P. Decidual β-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase-1 and 2 (BCMO1,2) expression is increased in nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:37-43. [PMID: 25344780 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-014-3621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids are essential for fetal and lung development. Beta-carotene(BC) is the main dietary retinoid source and beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase-1 and 2 (Bcmo1,2) is the primary enzyme generating retinoid from BC in adult mammalian tissues. Placenta has a major role in the retinol homeostasis in fetal life: Since there is no fetal retinol synthesis, maternal retinol has to cross the placenta. It has been recently shown that BC can be converted to retinol by Bcmo1,2 in placenta for retinol transfer and moreover, BC can cross the placenta intact. The placental Bcmo1,2 expression is tightly controlled by placental retinol level. In severe retinol deficiency it has been shown that placental Bcmo1,2 expression are increased for generating retinol from dietary maternal BC even when the main retinol transfer is blocked. In recent years, low pulmonary retinol levels and disrupted retinoid signaling pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypoplasia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the nitrofen model of CDH. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the main retinol transfer in the placenta is blocked in the nitrofen model of CDH causing increased placental and decreased serum retinol level. The aim of our study was to determine maternal and fetal β-carotene levels and to investigate the hypothesis that placental expression of BCMO1 and BCMO2 is altered in nitrofen-exposed rat fetuses with CDH. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or nitrofen on day 9 of gestation (D9). Maternal and fetal serum, placenta, liver and left lungs were harvested on D21 and divided into two groups: control (n = 8) and nitrofen with CDH (n = 8). Immunochistochemistry was performed to evaluate trophoblasts by cytokeratin expression and placental Bcmo1,2 expression. Expression levels of Bcmo1,2 genes in fetal lungs and liver were determined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. BC level was measured using HPLC. RESULTS Markedly increased decidual Bcmo1,2 immunoreactivity was observed in CDH group compared to controls. There was no difference neither in the trophoblastic Bcmo1,2 immunoreactivity nor in the pulmonary and liver Bcmo1,2 expression compared to controls. There was no significant difference in maternal serum BC levels between control and CDH mothers (2.14 ± 0.55 vs 2.56 ± 1.6 μM/g, p = 0.8). BC was not detectable neither in the fetal serum nor liver or lungs. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that nitrofen increases maternal but not fetal Bcmo1,2 expression in the placenta in nitrofen-induced CDH group. The markedly increased decidual Bcmo1,2 expression suggests that nitrofen may trigger local, decidual retinol synthesis in the nitrofen model of CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromizu Takahashi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Vajrychova M, Kacerovsky M, Tambor V, Hornychova H, Lenco J. Microbial invasion and histological chorioamnionitis upregulate neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 29:12-21. [PMID: 25424376 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.991305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our recent exploratory proteomic study suggested increased levels of neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin (P80188, NGAL_HUMAN) due to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) in women with preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. In this study, we verified the proteomics findings by assessing the amniotic fluid NGAL by ELISA in the original exploratory cohort. The NGAL level was significantly higher in women positive for both MIAC and HCA compared to women with both conditions ruled out (median 75.1 ng/ml versus 27.9 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). For independent validation and to assess NGALs potential to stratify women positive for both MIAC and HCA from women in whom at least one of these conditions was absent, we subsequently designed a retrospective replication cohort. Significantly higher NGAL levels were found in women positive for both MIAC and HCA (median 65.9 ng/ml versus 34.2 ng/ml; p = 0.0061). Significantly higher levels of NGAL were confirmed only in strata below 32 weeks of gestation. Based on the observed likelihood ratio, the best predictive cutoff level (47.1 ng/ml) was evaluated in both cohorts. Data from the verification cohort implied that NGAL is a valuable clinical marker for revealing MIAC leading to HCA; however, this potential was not replicated in the replication cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vajrychova
- a Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- b Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic .,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic , and
| | - Vojtech Tambor
- b Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hornychova
- d Fingerland's Department of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenco
- a Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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Abstract
Gestational diabetes is characterised by glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The disease shows facets of the metabolic syndrome including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia. Adipokines are a group of proteins secreted from adipocytes, which are dysregulated in obesity and contribute to metabolic and vascular complications. Recent studies have assessed the role of various adipokines including leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), resistin, NAMPT, SERPINA12, chemerin, progranulin, FGF-21, TIMP1, LCN2, AZGP1, apelin (APLN), and omentin in gestational diabetes. This Review provides an overview of these key adipokines, their regulation in, and potential contribution to gestational diabetes. Based on the evidence so far, the adipokines adiponectin, leptin, TNFα, and AFABP seem to be the most probable candidates involved in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Tadesse S, Kidane D, Guller S, Luo T, Norwitz NG, Arcuri F, Toti P, Norwitz ER. In vivo and in vitro evidence for placental DNA damage in preeclampsia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86791. [PMID: 24466242 PMCID: PMC3899334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is an idiopathic multisystem disease affecting 5–7% of pregnant women. Placental oxidative stress is a characteristic feature of PE and occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the placenta overwhelms the intrinsic anti-oxidant defenses. We hypothesize that excessive oxidative DNA damage at the fetal-maternal interface coupled with a defective DNA damage/repair response is causally related to PE. Here we demonstrate that γH2AX (a sensitive marker of DNA damage) is expressed in the maternal decidua but not trophoblast of normal placentas, and that expression is significantly higher in PE placental tissues in vivo. Using primary in vitro cultures of maternal decidual stromal cells (DSCs) and fetal cytotrophoblast cells (CTs), we show an increase in γH2AX foci in DSCs cultured with vs without H2O2 (70.6% vs 11.6%; P<0.0001) or under hypoxia-reperfusion vs normoxia (20- vs 3-fold; P = 0.01); no foci were seen in CTs. We further demonstrate that Base Excision Repair (BER) intermediates are significantly increased in DSCs (not CTs) under these same conditions. Our data show that DNA damage is significantly more common in PE placentas, and that this DNA damage is localized to the maternal and not fetal side of the placenta. CTs may be selectively resistant to DNA damage in an effort to protect the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkalem Tadesse
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tianmeng Luo
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G. Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Felice Arcuri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Toti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Errol R. Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ødum L, Andersen AS, Hviid TVF. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion increases in normal pregnancy but not in preeclampsia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 52:221-5. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) serum values have been shown to increase in preeclampsia. The goal of the present study was to evaluate changes in urinary NGAL concentrations during uncomplicated pregnancy and in cases of preeclampsia and hypertension.Fifty-one pregnant women who developed preeclampsia and 28 diagnosed with essential or gestational hypertension were investigated for urinary NGAL concentrations during pregnancy. As controls, 100 healthy pregnant women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were randomly selected. Urinary NGAL as well as urinary creatinine and albumin were measured by a standardized clinical chemistry platform (ARCHITECTUrinary NGAL concentrations increased during pregnancy in healthy pregnant women, whereas this increase was not detected in preeclampsia. In order to correct for diuresis, spot urine concentrations were also determined as NGAL/creatinine ratio. NGAL/creatinine ratio in pregnancy week 36–38 was significantly lower in preeclampsia than in healthy pregnant women or pregnant women with hypertension. NGAL urinary concentrations did not correlate with albumin concentration in urine.Urinary NGAL is not a valuable early biomarker for preeclampsia.
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Lipocalin2 enhances the matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and invasion of extravillous trophoblasts under hypoxia. Placenta 2013; 34:1036-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Brabin L, Brabin BJ, Gies S. Influence of iron status on risk of maternal or neonatal infection and on neonatal mortality with an emphasis on developing countries. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:528-40. [PMID: 23865798 PMCID: PMC3721428 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a major cause of neonatal death in developing countries. This review investigates whether host iron status affects the risk of maternal and/or neonatal infection, potentially contributing to neonatal death, and summarizes the iron acquisition mechanisms described for pathogens causing stillbirth, preterm birth, and congenital infection. In vitro evidence shows that iron availability influences the severity and chronicity of infections that cause these negative outcomes of pregnancy. In vivo evidence is lacking, as relevant studies of maternal iron supplementation have not assessed the effect of iron status on the risk of maternal and/or neonatal infection. Reducing iron-deficiency anemia among women is beneficial and should improve the iron stores of babies; moreover, there is evidence that iron status in young children predicts the risk of malaria and, possibly, the risk of invasive bacterial diseases. Caution with maternal iron supplementation is indicated in iron-replete women who may be at high risk of exposure to infection, although distinguishing between iron-replete and iron-deficient women is currently difficult in developing countries, where a point-of-care test is needed. Further research is indicated to investigate the risk of infection relative to iron status in mothers and babies in order to avoid iron intervention strategies that may result in detrimental birth outcomes in some groups of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Brabin
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictor of the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89:425-9. [PMID: 23332549 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease mostly occurring in preterm infants. The pathogenesis of BPD involves early inflammation and remodeling of the premature lung. AIM To search for the novel predictive marker of BPD development, we studied serum levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an innate immune mediator, in preterm infants. METHODS Serum NGAL concentrations at birth were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The reference levels were determined in 52 infants having no anomalies or inherited diseases. The levels and clinical variables were assessed in association with BPD. RESULTS Geometric means (95%CI) of serum NGAL levels at birth of infants having no underlying diseases were 32.4 (22.1-47.5), 58.6 (47.9-71.8), and 126.2 (99.0-168.7) ng/mL for <31, 31-36 and >36 gestational weeks (GW), respectively (p<0.001). These levels positively correlated with neutrophil (p<0.0001) or monocyte counts (p<0.0001). The median NGAL levels (307.8 ng/mL) and neutrophil counts (4141/μL) at birth of 16 preterm infants (<31 GW) who developed BPD were higher than those (42.9 ng/mL and 1357/μL) of 20 infants (<31 GW) who did not (p<0.0001 and p=0.012), respectively. In multivariable analysis for 36 infants born less than 31 GW, higher NGAL levels (≥ 82 ng/mL) but not neutrophil counts at birth had a significant association with developing BPD (gestational-age adjusted odds ratio [OR]=37.45 [3.08-455.49], p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS High serum levels of NGAL at birth could be an early sensitive marker for BPD in preterm infants, because their levels were physiologically low.
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Kim SM, Park JS, Norwitz ER, Jung HJ, Kim BJ, Park CW, Jun JK. Circulating levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) correlate with the presence and severity of preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1083-9. [PMID: 23439619 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113477480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has emerged as a reliable marker of acute renal injury and is produced at the maternal-fetal interface but its role in preeclampsia has not been systematically examined. This study investigated whether plasma NGAL concentrations changed in patients with preeclampsia at diagnosis compared to normotensive controls. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study was performed. Plasma was collected from women with preeclampsia and normotensive controls matched for age, gestational age, and body mass index. Plasma NGAL concentrations were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Patients with preeclampsia had significantly higher NGAL concentrations than controls (median [range]: 203.8 ng/mL [66.1-575.4] vs. 122.8 ng/mL [7.0-669.7]; P = .047). In subgroup analysis, patients with severe preeclampsia had significantly higher NGAL concentrations than those with mild preeclampsia. Plasma NGAL concentrations were positively correlated with the amount of proteinuria in women with preeclampsia (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS Plasma NGAL concentrations were significantly elevated in women with preeclampsia versus normotensive controls, and concentrations appear to be associated with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kutasy B, Gosemann JH, Duess JW, Puri P. Increased trophoblastic apoptosis mediated by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) activation in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:25-31. [PMID: 23114405 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids play a key role in fetal lung development. It has been suggested that the maternal-fetal retinol transport is disrupted by trophoblastic apoptosis. The mechanism underlying nitrofen-induced apoptosis in placenta is not fully understood. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed in the fetal part of the maternal-fetal interface. NGAL is part of the immune barrier and serves primarily as a transport protein transferring biologically hazardous molecules in a safe and controlled way. It has been shown that over-activation of NGAL induces apoptosis. We hypothesized that increased placental NGAL expression induces trophoblastic apoptosis in the nitrofen model of CDH. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or nitrofen on day 9 of gestation (D9). Placenta harvested on D21 and divided into two groups: control and nitrofen with CDH. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate trophoblasts (by cytokeratin expression), NGAL expression, and apoptotic trophoblastic cells (using TUNEL assay). Total RNA was extracted from each placenta and the relative mRNA expression levels of NGAL were analyzed using RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed NGAL immunoreactivity both in control and CDH in the fetal part of the fetal-maternal interface of placenta. Markedly increased NGAL expression was detected in CDH group compared to controls. Relative mRNA expression levels of NGAL gene were significantly increased in the CDH group compared to control in the placenta (5.924 ± 0.93 vs. 1.895 ± 0.54, p < 0.001). Markedly increased numbers of apoptotic trophoblastic cells were seen in the maternal-fetal interface in the CDH group compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS NGAL activation may lead to increased trophoblastic apoptosis in the maternal-fetal interface in the nitrofen model of CDH. These changes may therefore cause disturbance in maternal-fetal retinol transport affecting fetal lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Kutasy
- The National Children's Research Center, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, 12, Ireland
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28
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Han M, Li Y, Liu M, Li Y, Cong B. Renal neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in the rat. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13:25. [PMID: 22564340 PMCID: PMC3474147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a highly predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury. To understand the role of NGAL in renal injury during sepsis, we investigated the temporal changes and biological sources of NGAL in a rat model of acute kidney injury, and explored the relationship between renal inflammation, humoral NGAL and NGAL expression during endotoxemia. METHODS To induce acute renal injury, rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3.5 mg/kg, ip), and the location of NGAL mRNA was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Quantitative RT-PCR was also used to determine the dynamic changes in NGAL, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours following LPS treatment. The correlation among NGAL, TNFα and IL-6 was analyzed. Urinary and plasma NGAL (u/pNGAL) levels were measured, and the relationship between humoral NGAL and NGAL expression in the kidney was investigated. RESULTS Renal function was affected 3-12 hours after LPS. NGAL mRNA was significantly upregulated in tubular epithelia at the same time (P < 0.001). The course of NGAL mRNA upregulation occurred in parallel with renal damage. There was a transient increase in TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels within 3 hours following LPS administration, and a strong correlation between TNFα and NGAL mRNA (r = 0.995, P <0.001) but not with IL-6 mRNA. Both pNGAL and uNGAL levels were markedly increased compared with those in the control group (P < 0.001); however, only uNGAL levels were correlated with NGAL mRNA (r = 0.850, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS NGAL upregulation is sensitive to LPS-induced renal TNFα increase and injury, which are observed in the tubular epithelia. Urinary NGAL levels accurately reflect changes in NGAL in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Department of Nephropathy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Auten RL, Gilmour MI, Krantz QT, Potts EN, Mason SN, Foster WM. Maternal diesel inhalation increases airway hyperreactivity in ozone-exposed offspring. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:454-60. [PMID: 22052876 PMCID: PMC3359947 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0256oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutant exposure is linked with childhood asthma incidence and exacerbations, and maternal exposure to airborne pollutants during pregnancy increases airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in offspring. To determine if exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) during pregnancy worsened postnatal ozone-induced AHR, timed pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to DE (0.5 or 2.0 mg/m(3)) 4 hours daily from Gestation Day 9-17, or received twice-weekly oropharyngeal aspirations of the collected DE particles (DEPs). Placentas and fetal lungs were harvested on Gestation Day 18 for cytokine analysis. In other litters, pups born to dams exposed to air or DE, or to dams treated with aspirated diesel particles, were exposed to filtered air or 1 ppm ozone beginning the day after birth, for 3 hours per day, 3 days per week for 4 weeks. Additional pups were monitored after a 4-week recovery period. Diesel inhalation or aspiration during pregnancy increased levels of placental and fetal lung cytokines. There were no significant effects on airway leukocytes, but prenatal diesel augmented ozone-induced elevations of bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines at 4 weeks. Mice born to the high-concentration diesel-exposed dams had worse ozone-induced AHR, which persisted in the 4-week recovery animals. Prenatal diesel exposure combined with postnatal ozone exposure also worsened secondary alveolar crest development. We conclude that maternal inhalation of DE in pregnancy provokes a fetal inflammatory response that, combined with postnatal ozone exposure, impairs alveolar development, and causes a more severe and long-lasting AHR to ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Auten
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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