1
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Menon R. Fetal inflammatory response at the fetomaternal interface: A requirement for labor at term and preterm. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:149-167. [PMID: 35285967 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human parturition at term and preterm is an inflammatory process synchronously executed by both fetomaternal tissues to transition them from a quiescent state t an active state of labor to ensure delivery. The initiators of the inflammatory signaling mechanism can be both maternal and fetal. The placental (fetal)-maternal immune and endocrine mediated homeostatic imbalances and inflammation are well reported. However, the fetal inflammatory response (FIR) theories initiated by the fetal membranes (amniochorion) at the choriodecidual interface are not well established. Although immune cell migration, activation, and production of proparturition cytokines to the fetal membranes are reported, cellular level events that can generate a unique set of inflammation are not well discussed. This review discusses derangements to fetal membrane cells (physiologically and pathologically at term and preterm, respectively) in response to both endogenous and exogenous factors to generate inflammatory signals. In addition, the mechanisms of inflammatory signal propagation (fetal signaling of parturition) and how these signals cause immune imbalances at the choriodecidual interface are discussed. In addition to maternal inflammation, this review projects FIR as an additional mediator of inflammatory overload required to promote parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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2
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Spencer NR, Radnaa E, Baljinnyam T, Kechichian T, Tantengco OAG, Bonney E, Kammala AK, Sheller-Miller S, Menon R. Development of a mouse model of ascending infection and preterm birth. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260370. [PMID: 34855804 PMCID: PMC8638907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial invasion of the intraamniotic cavity and intraamniotic inflammation are factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Understanding the route and kinetics of infection, sites of colonization, and mechanisms of host inflammatory response is critical to reducing preterm birth risk. OBJECTIVES This study developed an animal model of ascending infection and preterm birth with live bacteria (E. coli) in pregnant CD-1 mice with the goal of better understanding the process of microbial invasion of the intraamniotic cavity and intraamniotic inflammation. STUDY DESIGN Multiple experiments were conducted in this study. To determine the dose of E. coli required to induce preterm birth, CD-1 mice were injected vaginally with four different doses of E. coli (103, 106, 1010, or 1011 colony forming units [CFU]) in 40 μL of nutrient broth or broth alone (control) on an embryonic day (E)15. Preterm birth (defined as delivery before E18.5) was monitored using live video. E. coli ascent kinetics were measured by staining the E. coli with lipophilic tracer DiD for visualization through intact tissue with an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) after inoculation. The E. coli were also directly visualized in reproductive tissues by staining the bacteria with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) prior to administration and via immunohistochemistry (IHC) by staining tissues with anti-E. coli antibody. Each pup's amniotic fluid was cultured separately to determine the extent of microbial invasion of the intraamniotic cavity at different time points. Intraamniotic inflammation resulting from E. coli invasion was assessed with IHC for inflammatory markers (TLR-4, P-NF-κB) and neutrophil marker (Ly-6G) for chorioamnionitis at 6- and 24-h post-inoculation. RESULTS Vaginally administered E. coli resulted in preterm birth in a dose-dependent manner with higher doses causing earlier births. In ex vivo imaging and IHC detected uterine horns proximal to the cervix had increased E. coli compared to the distal uterine horns. E. coli were detected in the uterus, fetal membranes (FM), and placenta in a time-dependent manner with 6 hr having increased intensity of E. coli positive signals in pups near the cervix and in all pups at 24 hr. Similarly, E. coli grew from the cultures of amniotic fluid collected nearest to the cervix, but not from the more distal samples at 6 hr post-inoculation. At 24 hr, all amniotic fluid cultures regardless of distance from the cervix, were positive for E. coli. TLR-4 and P-NF-κB signals were more intense in the tissues where E. coli was present (placenta, FM and uterus), displaying a similar trend toward increased signal in proximal gestational sacs compared to distal at 6 hr. Ly-6G+ cells, used to confirm chorioamnionitis, were increased at 24 hr compared to 6 hr post-inoculation and control. CONCLUSION We report the development of mouse model of ascending infection and the associated inflammation of preterm birth. Clinically, these models can help to understand mechanisms of infection associated preterm birth, determine targets for intervention, or identify potential biomarkers that can predict a high-risk pregnancy status early in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Spencer
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tuvshintugs Baljinnyam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Talar Kechichian
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samantha Sheller-Miller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Takahashi Y, Saito M, Usuda H, Takahashi T, Watanabe S, Hanita T, Sato S, Kumagai Y, Koshinami S, Ikeda H, Carter S, Fee EL, Furfaro L, Chemtob S, Keelan J, Olson D, Yaegashi N, Newnham JP, Jobe AH, Kemp MW. Direct administration of the non-competitive interleukin-1 receptor antagonist rytvela transiently reduced intrauterine inflammation in an extremely preterm sheep model of chorioamnionitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257847. [PMID: 34559862 PMCID: PMC8462743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intraamniotic inflammation is associated with up to 40% of preterm births, most notably in deliveries occurring prior to 32 weeks’ gestation. Despite this, there are few treatment options allowing the prevention of preterm birth and associated fetal injury. Recent studies have shown that the small, non-competitive allosteric interleukin (IL)-1 receptor inhibitor, rytvela, may be of use in resolving inflammation associated with preterm birth (PTB) and fetal injury. We aimed to use an extremely preterm sheep model of chorioamnionitis to investigate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of rytvela in response to established intra-amniotic (IA) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. We hypothesized that rytvela would reduce LPS-induced IA inflammation in amniotic fluid (AF) and fetal tissues. Methods Sheep with a single fetus at 95 days gestation (estimated fetal weight 1.0 kg) had surgery to place fetal jugular and IA catheters. Animals were recovered for 48 hours before being randomized to either: i) IA administration of 2 ml saline 24 hours before 2 ml IA and 2 ml fetal intravenous (IV) administration of saline (Saline Group, n = 7); ii) IA administration of 10 mg LPS in 2 ml saline 24 hours before 2 ml IA and 2 ml fetal IV saline (LPS Group, n = 10); 3) IA administration of 10 mg LPS in 2 ml saline 24 hours before 0.3 mg/fetal kg IA and 1 mg/fetal kg fetal IV rytvela in 2 ml saline, respectively (LPS + rytvela Group, n = 7). Serial AF samples were collected for 120 h. Inflammatory responses were characterized by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), histology, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked inmmunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent western blotting and blood chemistry analysis. Results LPS-treated animals had endotoxin and AF monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 concentrations that were significantly higher at 24 hours (immediately prior to rytvela administration) relative to values from Saline Group animals. Following rytvela administration, the average MCP-1 concentrations in the AF were significantly lower in the LPS + rytvela Group relative to in the LPS Group. In delivery samples, the expression of IL-1β in fetal skin was significantly lower in the LPS + rytvela Group compared to the LPS Group. Conclusion A single dose of rytvela was associated with partial, modest inhibition in the expression of a panel of cytokines/chemokines in fetal tissues undergoing an active inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takahashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruo Usuda
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tsukasa Takahashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shimpei Watanabe
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takushi Hanita
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusaku Kumagai
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shota Koshinami
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ikeda
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sean Carter
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erin L. Fee
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lucy Furfaro
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Keelan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - John P. Newnham
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Boonkasidecha S, Kannan PS, Kallapur SG, Jobe AH, Kemp MW. Fetal skin as a pro-inflammatory organ: Evidence from a primate model of chorioamnionitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184938. [PMID: 28957335 PMCID: PMC5619751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine infection is a primary cause of preterm birth and fetal injury. The pro-inflammatory role of the fetal skin in the setting of intrauterine infection remains poorly characterized. Whether or not inflammation of the fetal skin occurs in primates remains unstudied. Accordingly, we hypothesized that: i) the fetal primate skin would mount a pro-inflammatory response to preterm birth associated pro-inflammatory agents (lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, live Ureaplasma parvum, interleukin-1β) and; ii) that inhibiting interleukin-1 signaling would decrease the skin inflammatory response. METHODS Rhesus macaques with singleton pregnancies received intraamniotic injections of either sterile saline (control) or one of three pro-inflammatory agonists: E. coli lipopolysaccharides, interluekin-1β or live U. parvum under ultrasound guidance. A fourth group of animals received both E. coli lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1 signaling inhibitor interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) prior to delivery. Animals were surgically delivered at approximately 130 days' gestational age. RESULTS Intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide caused an inflammatory skin response characterized by increases in interluekin-1β,-6 and -8 mRNA at 16 hours. There was a modest inflammatory response to U. parvum, but interleukin-1β alone caused no inflammatory response in the fetal skin. Intraamniotic Anakinra treatment of lipopolysaccharide-exposed animals significantly reduced skin inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide and U. parvum were associated with modest increases in the expression of inflammatory mediators in primate fetal skin. Although administration of Interleukin-1β alone did not elicit an inflammatory response, lipopolysaccharide-driven skin inflammation was decreased following intraamniotic Anakinra therapy. These findings provide support for the role of the fetal skin in the development of the fetal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suppawat Boonkasidecha
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paranthaman Senthamarai Kannan
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.,School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan H Jobe
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.,School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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5
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Maboni G, Blanchard A, Frosth S, Stewart C, Emes R, Tötemeyer S. A distinct bacterial dysbiosis associated skin inflammation in ovine footrot. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45220. [PMID: 28338081 PMCID: PMC5364556 DOI: 10.1038/srep45220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine footrot is a highly prevalent bacterial disease caused by Dichelobacter nodosus and characterised by the separation of the hoof horn from the underlying skin. The role of innate immune molecules and other bacterial communities in the development of footrot lesions remains unclear. This study shows a significant association between the high expression of IL1β and high D. nodosus load in footrot samples. Investigation of the microbial population identified distinct bacterial populations in the different disease stages and also depending on the level of inflammation. Treponema (34%), Mycoplasma (29%) and Porphyromonas (15%) were the most abundant genera associated with high levels of inflammation in footrot. In contrast, Acinetobacter (25%), Corynebacteria (17%) and Flavobacterium (17%) were the most abundant genera associated with high levels of inflammation in healthy feet. This demonstrates for the first time there is a distinct microbial community associated with footrot and high cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Blanchard
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ceri Stewart
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Emes
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom.,Advanced Data Analysis Centre (ADAC), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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6
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Sweeney EL, Dando SJ, Kallapur SG, Knox CL. The Human Ureaplasma Species as Causative Agents of Chorioamnionitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:349-379. [PMID: 27974410 PMCID: PMC5217797 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00091-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human Ureaplasma species are the most frequently isolated microorganisms from the amniotic fluid and placentae of women who deliver preterm and are also associated with spontaneous abortions or miscarriages, neonatal respiratory diseases, and chorioamnionitis. Despite the fact that these microorganisms have been habitually found within placentae of pregnancies with chorioamnionitis, the role of Ureaplasma species as a causative agent has not been satisfactorily explained. There is also controversy surrounding their role in disease, particularly as not all women infected with Ureaplasma spp. develop chorioamnionitis. In this review, we provide evidence that Ureaplasma spp. are associated with diseases of pregnancy and discuss recent findings which demonstrate that Ureaplasma spp. are associated with chorioamnionitis, regardless of gestational age at the time of delivery. Here, we also discuss the proposed major virulence factors of Ureaplasma spp., with a focus on the multiple-banded antigen (MBA), which may facilitate modulation/alteration of the host immune response and potentially explain why only subpopulations of infected women experience adverse pregnancy outcomes. The information presented within this review confirms that Ureaplasma spp. are not simply "innocent bystanders" in disease and highlights that these microorganisms are an often underestimated pathogen of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Sweeney
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine L Knox
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Kemp MW, Ahmed S, Beeton ML, Payne MS, Saito M, Miura Y, Usuda H, Kallapur SG, Kramer BW, Stock SJ, Jobe AH, Newnham JP, Spiller OB. FoetalUreaplasma parvumbacteraemia as a function of gestation-dependent complement insufficiency: Evidence from a sheep model of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 77. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Tohoku University Hospital; Sendai Miyagi Prefecture Japan
| | - Shatha Ahmed
- All Wales Antibiotic Resistance Engagement (AWARE) Unit; School of Medicine; Cardiff University; University Hospital of Wales; Cardiff UK
- Department of Pathology; Nineveh College of Medicine; University of Mosul; Mosul Iraq
| | - Michael L. Beeton
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - Matthew S. Payne
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Tohoku University Hospital; Sendai Miyagi Prefecture Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miura
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Tohoku University Hospital; Sendai Miyagi Prefecture Japan
| | - Haruo Usuda
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Tohoku University Hospital; Sendai Miyagi Prefecture Japan
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Boris W. Kramer
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Sarah J. Stock
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Owen B. Spiller
- School of Women's and Infants’ Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- All Wales Antibiotic Resistance Engagement (AWARE) Unit; School of Medicine; Cardiff University; University Hospital of Wales; Cardiff UK
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8
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Stock SJ, Patey O, Thilaganathan B, White S, Furfaro LL, Payne MS, Spiller OB, Noé A, Watts R, Carter S, Ireland DJ, Jobe AH, Newnham JP, Kemp MW. Intrauterine Candida albicans Infection Causes Systemic Fetal Candidiasis With Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction in a Sheep Model of Early Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:77-84. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116649697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Stock
- Tommy’s Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olga Patey
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Basky Thilaganathan
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott White
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lucy L. Furfaro
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew S. Payne
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Owen B. Spiller
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Noé
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rory Watts
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sean Carter
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Demelza J. Ireland
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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9
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Nikiforou M, Kemp MW, van Gorp RH, Saito M, Newnham JP, Reynaert NL, Janssen LEW, Jobe AH, Kallapur SG, Kramer BW, Wolfs TGAM. Selective IL-1α exposure to the fetal gut, lung, and chorioamnion/skin causes intestinal inflammatory and developmental changes in fetal sheep. J Transl Med 2016; 96:69-80. [PMID: 26501868 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis, caused by intra-amniotic exposure to bacteria and their toxic components, is associated with fetal gut inflammation and mucosal injury. In a translational ovine model, we have shown that these adverse intestinal outcomes to chorioamnionitis were the combined result of local gut and pulmonary-driven systemic immune responses. Chorioamnionitis-induced gut inflammation and injury was largely prevented by inhibiting interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling. Therefore, we investigated whether local (gut-derived) IL-1α signaling or systemic IL-1α-driven immune responses (lung or chorioamnion/skin-derived) were sufficient for intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury in the course of chorioamnionitis. Fetal surgery was performed in sheep to isolate the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and chorioamnion/skin, and IL-1α or saline was given into the trachea, stomach, or amniotic cavity 1 or 6 days before preterm delivery. Selective IL-1α exposure to the lung, gut, or chorioamnion/skin increased the CD3+ cell numbers in the fetal gut. Direct IL-1α exposure to the gut impaired intestinal zonula occludens protein-1 expression, induced villus atrophy, changed the expression pattern of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein along the villus, and increased the CD68, IL-1, and TNF-α mRNA levels in the fetal ileum. With lung or chorioamnion/skin exposure to IL-1α, intestinal inflammation was associated with increased numbers of blood leukocytes without induction of intestinal injury or immaturity. We concluded that local IL-1α signaling was required for intestinal inflammation, disturbed gut maturation, and mucosal injury in the context of chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikiforou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rick H van Gorp
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - John P Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon E W Janssen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan H Jobe
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Boris W Kramer
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Docheva N, Korzeniewski SJ, Tarca AL, Bhatti G, Xu Z, Kusanovic JP, Dong Z, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T, Yeo L, Kim YM, Kim YM. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term V: umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in the context of a systemic maternal inflammatory response. J Perinat Med 2016; 44:53-76. [PMID: 26360486 PMCID: PMC5625297 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microbial invasion of the fetus due to intra-amniotic infection can lead to a systemic inflammatory response characterized by elevated concentrations of cytokines in the umbilical cord plasma/serum. Clinical chorioamnionitis represents the maternal syndrome often associated with intra-amniotic infection, although other causes of this syndrome have been recently described. The objective of this study was to characterize the umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term, according to the presence or absence of bacteria and/or intra-amniotic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, including patients with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (n=38; cases) and those with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis (n=77; controls). Women with clinical chorioamnionitis were classified according to the results of amniotic fluid culture, broad-range polymerase chain reaction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) and amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentration into three groups: 1) no intra-amniotic inflammation; 2) intra-amniotic inflammation without detectable microorganisms; or 3) microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation. A fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) was defined as an umbilical cord plasma IL-6 concentration >11 pg/mL. The umbilical cord plasma concentrations of 29 cytokines were determined with sensitive and specific V-PLEX immunoassays. Nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis, adjusting for a false discovery rate of 5%. RESULTS 1) Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (considered in toto) had significantly higher median umbilical cord plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-8, but significantly lower interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α concentrations than neonates born to mothers with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis; 2) neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term but without intra-amniotic inflammation had higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-8, but lower IFN-γ, than neonates not exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis, suggesting that maternal fever in the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation leads to a change in the fetal cytokine network; 3) there were significant, positive correlations between maternal and umbilical cord plasma IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations (IL-6: Spearman correlation=0.53; P<0.001; IL-8: Spearman correlation=0.42; P<0.001), consistent with placental transfer of cytokines; 4) an elevated fetal plasma IL-6 (>11 pg/mL), the diagnostic criterion for FIRS, was present in 21% of cases (8/38), and all these neonates were born to mothers with proven intra-amniotic infection; and 5) FIRS was associated with a high concentration of umbilical cord plasma IL-8, IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. CONCLUSIONS Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term had higher concentrations of umbilical cord plasma cytokines than those born to mothers without clinical chorioamnionitis. Even neonates exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis but not to intra-amniotic inflammation had elevated concentrations of multiple cytokines, suggesting that intrapartum fever alters the fetal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nikolina Docheva
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven J. Korzeniewski
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan P. Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF). Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Korea
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11
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Responses of the spleen to intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide exposure in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:29-35. [PMID: 25285474 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine inflammation activates the fetal immune system and can result in organ injury and postnatal complications in preterm infants. As the spleen is an important site for peripheral immune activation, we asked how the fetal spleen would respond to intrauterine inflammation over time. We hypothesized that intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide (IA LPS) exposure induces acute and persistent changes in the splenic cytokine profile and T-cell composition that may contribute to the sustained fetal inflammatory response after chorioamnionitis. METHODS Fetal sheep were exposed to IA LPS 5, 12, and 24 h and 2, 4, 8, or 15 d before delivery at 125 d of gestational age (term = 150 d). Splenic cytokine mRNA levels and cleaved caspase-3, CD3, and Foxp3 expression were evaluated. RESULTS IA LPS increased interleukin (IL)1, IL4, IL5, and IL10 mRNA by twofold 24 h after injection. Interferon gamma increased by fivefold, whereas IL23 decreased 15 d post-LPS exposure. Cleaved caspase-3-positive cells increased 2 and 8 d after LPS exposure. CD3 immunoreactivity increased within 5 h with increased Foxp3-positive cells at 12 h. CONCLUSION Intrauterine inflammation induced a rapid and sustained splenic immune response with persistent changes in the cytokine profile. This altered immune status may drive sustained inflammation and injury in other fetal organs.
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12
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Kemp MW. Preterm birth, intrauterine infection, and fetal inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:574. [PMID: 25520716 PMCID: PMC4249583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) (delivery before 37 weeks’ gestation) is a leading cause of neonatal death and disease in industrialized and developing countries alike. Infection (most notably in high-risk deliveries occurring before 28 weeks’ gestation) is hypothesized to initiate an intrauterine inflammatory response that plays a key role in the premature initiation of labor as well as a host of the pathologies associated with prematurity. As such, a better understanding of intrauterine inflammation in pregnancy is critical to our understanding of preterm labor and fetal injury, as well as on-going efforts to prevent PTB. Focusing on the fetal innate immune system responses to intrauterine infection, the present paper will review clinical and experimental studies to discuss the capacity for a fetal contribution to the intrauterine inflammation associated with PTB. Evidence from experimental studies to suggest that the fetus has the capacity to elicit a pro-inflammatory response to intrauterine infection is highlighted, with reference to the contribution of the lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. The paper will conclude that pathological intrauterine inflammation is a complex process that is modified by multiple factors including time, type of agonist, host genetics, and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
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13
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Ahmed S, Kemp MW, Payne MS, Kallapur SG, Stock SJ, Marsh HC, Jobe AH, Newnham JP, Spiller OB. Comparison of complement activity in adult and preterm sheep serum. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 73:232-41. [PMID: 25046333 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Functional complement activity is routinely measured utilizing rabbit antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Due to complement inhibitor expression on erythrocytes, the development of an alternative method to measure complement function in sheep serum was required. METHOD OF STUDY Several species of target erythrocyte and sensitizing antibody were investigated for improved measurement of complement function testing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Guinea pig erythrocytes were identified as the optimal target, although sensitizing them with rabbit antiguinea pig erythrocyte antibody did not enhance the lysis by maternal sheep serum. In contrast, preterm neonatal sheep serum was unable to efficiently lyse guinea pig erythrocytes unless pre-sensitized with antibody. Further investigation revealed that maternal serum contained high levels of antibodies that cross-reacted with guinea pig and rabbit erythrocytes, while no cross-reacting antierythrocyte antibodies were found in preterm neonatal serum. Therefore, unlike primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, no transplacental transfer of maternal IgG to foetal sheep occurs. Use of exogenous complement regulators is often used to dissect the contribution of complement to disease pathogenesis; however, we found that while full-length soluble human complement receptor 1 (sCR1, CDX-1135) was able to inhibit lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes by human and rat serum, no inhibition of sheep serum could be observed. Investigation of complement contribution to disease pathogenesis in the future will require the identification of an inhibitor that is effective against sheep complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Department of Pathology, Nineveh College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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14
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Maternal intravenous treatment with either azithromycin or solithromycin clears Ureaplasma parvum from the amniotic fluid in an ovine model of intrauterine infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5413-20. [PMID: 24982089 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03187-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection with Ureaplasma spp. is strongly associated with preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes. We assessed whether combined intraamniotic (IA) and maternal intravenous (IV) treatment with one of two candidate antibiotics, azithromycin (AZ) or solithromycin (SOLI), would eradicate intrauterine Ureaplasma parvum infection in a sheep model of pregnancy. Sheep with singleton pregnancies received an IA injection of U. parvum serovar 3 at 85 days of gestational age (GA). At 120 days of GA, animals (n=5 to 8/group) received one of the following treatments: (i) maternal IV SOLI with a single IA injection of vehicle (IV SOLI only); (ii) maternal IV SOLI with a single IA injection of SOLI (IV+IA SOLI); (iii) maternal IV AZ and a single IA injection of vehicle (IV AZ only); (iv) maternal IV AZ and a single IA injection of AZ (IV+IA AZ); or (v) maternal IV and single IA injection of vehicle (control). Lambs were surgically delivered at 125 days of GA. Treatment efficacies were assessed by U. parvum culture, quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and histopathology. Amniotic fluid (AF) from all control animals contained culturable U. parvum. AF, lung, and chorioamnion from all AZ- or SOLI-treated animals (IV only or IV plus IA) were negative for culturable U. parvum. Relative to the results for the control, the levels of expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP-2) in fetal skin were significantly decreased in the IV SOLI-only group, the MCP-1 protein concentration in the amniotic fluid was significantly increased in the IV+IA SOLI group, and there was no significant difference in the histological inflammation scoring of lung or chorioamnion among the five groups. In the present study, treatment with either AZ or SOLI (IV only or IV+IA) effectively eradicated macrolide-sensitive U. parvum from the AF. There was no discernible difference in antibiotic therapy efficacy between IV-only and IV+IA treatment regimens relative to the results for the control.
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15
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Payne MS, Kemp MW, Kallapur SG, Kannan PS, Saito M, Miura Y, Newnham JP, Stock S, Ireland DJ, Kramer BW, Jobe AH. Intrauterine Candida albicans infection elicits severe inflammation in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:716-22. [PMID: 24632681 PMCID: PMC4530618 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventing preterm birth and subsequent adverse neonatal sequelae is among the greatest clinical challenges of our time. Recent studies suggest a role for Candida spp. in preterm birth and fetal injury, as a result of their colonization of either the vagina and/or the amniotic cavity. We hypothesized that intraamniotic Candida albicans would cause a vigorous, acute fetal inflammatory response. METHODS Sheep carrying singleton pregnancies received single intraamniotic injections of either saline (control) or 10(7) colony-forming units C. albicans 1 or 2 d prior to surgical delivery and euthanasia at 124 ± 2 d gestation. RESULTS Colonization of the amniotic cavity by C. albicans resulted in a modest inflammatory response at 1 d and florid inflammation at 2 d, characterized by fetal thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and significant increases of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the fetal membranes skin, lung, and the amniotic fluid. CONCLUSION Acute colonization of the amniotic cavity by C. albicans causes severe intrauterine inflammation and fetal injury. C. albicans is a potent fetal pathogen that can contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Payne
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Matthew W. Kemp Ph.D., School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009., Phone: 61-8-6488-7970, Fax: 61-8-6488-7971,
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Paranthaman Senthamarai Kannan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,Division of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miura
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,Division of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Sarah Stock
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health Queen’s Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Demelza J. Ireland
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Boris W. Kramer
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,Department of Paediatrics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio USA
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16
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Wolfs TGAM, Kramer BW, Thuijls G, Kemp MW, Saito M, Willems MGM, Senthamarai-Kannan P, Newnham JP, Jobe AH, Kallapur SG. Chorioamnionitis-induced fetal gut injury is mediated by direct gut exposure of inflammatory mediators or by lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G382-93. [PMID: 24458021 PMCID: PMC3949018 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00260.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intra-amniotic exposure to proinflammatory agonists causes chorioamnionitis and fetal gut inflammation. Fetal gut inflammation is associated with mucosal injury and impaired gut development. We tested whether this detrimental inflammatory response of the fetal gut results from a direct local (gut derived) or an indirect inflammatory response mediated by the chorioamnion/skin or lung, since these organs are also in direct contact with the amniotic fluid. The gastrointestinal tract was isolated from the respiratory tract and the amnion/skin epithelia by fetal surgery in time-mated ewes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline (controls) was selectively infused in the gastrointestinal tract, trachea, or amniotic compartment at 2 or 6 days before preterm delivery at 124 days gestation (term 150 days). Gastrointestinal and intratracheal LPS exposure caused distinct inflammatory responses in the fetal gut. Inflammatory responses could be distinguished by the influx of leukocytes (MPO(+), CD3(+), and FoxP3(+) cells), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ expression and differential upregulation of mRNA levels for Toll-like receptor 1, 2, 4, and 6. Fetal gut inflammation after direct intestinal LPS exposure resulted in severe loss of the tight junctional protein zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) and increased mitosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Inflammation of the fetal gut after selective LPS instillation in the lungs caused only mild disruption of ZO-1, loss in epithelial cell integrity, and impaired epithelial differentiation. LPS exposure of the amnion/skin epithelia did not result in gut inflammation or morphological, structural, and functional changes. Our results indicate that the detrimental consequences of chorioamnionitis on fetal gut development are the combined result of local gut and lung-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim G. A. M. Wolfs
- 1Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; ,2Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Boris W. Kramer
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Geertje Thuijls
- 1Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- 3School of Women's and Infants Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- 3School of Women's and Infants Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Monique G. M. Willems
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Paranthaman Senthamarai-Kannan
- 1Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - John P. Newnham
- 3School of Women's and Infants Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- 1Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; ,3School of Women's and Infants Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- 1Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; ,3School of Women's and Infants Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Saito M, Payne MS, Miura Y, Ireland DJ, Stock S, Kallapur SG, Kannan PS, Newnham JP, Kramer BW, Jobe AH, Keelan JA, Kemp MW. Polymyxin B Agonist Capture Therapy for Intrauterine Inflammation. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:623-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719113508820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Saito
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Matthew S. Payne
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Yuichiro Miura
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Demelza J. Ireland
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Sarah Stock
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paranthaman S. Kannan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Boris W. Kramer
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Keelan
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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18
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Lee J, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Dong Z, Tarca AL, Xu Y, Chiang PJ, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS, Yeo L, Yoon BH, Than NG, Kim CJ. Characterization of the fetal blood transcriptome and proteome in maternal anti-fetal rejection: evidence of a distinct and novel type of human fetal systemic inflammatory response. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:265-84. [PMID: 23905683 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human fetus is able to mount a systemic inflammatory response when exposed to microorganisms. This stereotypic response has been termed the 'fetal inflammatory response syndrome' (FIRS), defined as an elevation of fetal plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6). FIRS is frequently observed in patients whose preterm deliveries are associated with intra-amniotic infection, acute inflammatory lesions of the placenta, and a high rate of neonatal morbidity. Recently, a novel form of fetal systemic inflammation, characterized by an elevation of fetal plasma CXCL10, has been identified in patients with placental lesions consistent with 'maternal anti-fetal rejection'. These lesions include chronic chorioamnionitis, plasma cell deciduitis, and villitis of unknown etiology. In addition, positivity for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) panel-reactive antibodies (PRA) in maternal sera can also be used to increase the index of suspicion for maternal anti-fetal rejection. The purpose of this study was to determine (i) the frequency of pathologic lesions consistent with maternal anti-fetal rejection in term and spontaneous preterm births; (ii) the fetal serum concentration of CXCL10 in patients with and without evidence of maternal anti-fetal rejection; and (iii) the fetal blood transcriptome and proteome in cases with a fetal inflammatory response associated with maternal anti-fetal rejection. METHOD OF STUDY Maternal and fetal sera were obtained from normal term (n = 150) and spontaneous preterm births (n = 150). A fetal inflammatory response associated with maternal anti-fetal rejection was diagnosed when the patients met two or more of the following criteria: (i) presence of chronic placental inflammation; (ii) ≥80% of maternal HLA class I PRA positivity; and (iii) fetal serum CXCL10 concentration >75th percentile. Maternal HLA PRA was analyzed by flow cytometry. The concentrations of fetal CXCL10 and IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Transcriptome analysis was undertaken after the extraction of total RNA from white blood cells with a whole-genome DASL assay. Proteomic analysis of fetal serum was conducted by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Differential gene expression was considered significant when there was a P < 0.01 and a fold-change >1.5. RESULTS (i) The frequency of placental lesions consistent with maternal anti-fetal rejection was higher in patients with preterm deliveries than in those with term deliveries (56% versus 32%; P < 0.001); (ii) patients with spontaneous preterm births had a higher rate of maternal HLA PRA class I positivity than those who delivered at term (50% versus 32%; P = 0.002); (iii) fetuses born to mothers with positive maternal HLA PRA results had a higher median serum CXCL10 concentration than those with negative HLA PRA results (P < 0.001); (iv) the median serum CXCL10 concentration (but not IL-6) was higher in fetuses with placental lesions associated with maternal anti-fetal rejection than those without such lesions (P < 0.001); (v) a whole-genome DASL assay of fetal blood RNA demonstrated differential expression of 128 genes between fetuses with and without lesions associated with maternal anti-fetal rejection; and (vi) comparison of the fetal serum proteome demonstrated 20 proteins whose abundance differed between fetuses with and without lesions associated with maternal anti-fetal rejection. CONCLUSION We describe a systemic inflammatory response in human fetuses born to mothers with evidence of maternal anti-fetal rejection. The transcriptome and proteome of this novel type of fetal inflammatory response were different from that of FIRS type I (which is associated with acute infection/inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Lee
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, Detroit, MI, USA
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Stampalija T, Romero R, Korzeniewski SJ, Chaemsaithong P, Miranda J, Yeo L, Dong Z, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T. Soluble ST2 in the fetal inflammatory response syndrome: in vivo evidence of activation of the anti-inflammatory limb of the immune response. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1384-93. [PMID: 23488731 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.784258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is a mechanism of host response to infection, which can be harmful when inappropriately modulated. Soluble ST2 (sST2) is a decoy receptor of interleukin (IL)-33, and this complex modulates the balance in the Th1/Th2 immune response. Moreover, sST2 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cooperation with an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine whether umbilical cord plasma sST2 concentration differs between preterm neonates with and without funisitis and between those with and without the fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS); and (2) evaluate the relationship between sST2 and IL-10 among neonates with funisitis and/or FIRS. METHODS Umbilical cord plasma was collected from neonates delivered prematurely due to preterm labor or preterm prelabor rupture of membranes with (n = 36), and without funisitis (n = 30). FIRS (umbilical cord IL-6 concentration ≥ 17.5 pg/mL) was identified in 29 neonates. Plasma sST2 and IL-10 concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay. RESULTS The median umbilical cord plasma sST2 concentration was 6.7-fold higher in neonates with FIRS than in those without FIRS (median 44.6 ng/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 13.8-80.3 ng/mL versus median 6.7 ng/mL, IQR 5.6-20.1 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). Similarly, the median umbilical cord plasma sST2 concentration was 2.7-fold higher in neonates with funisitis than in those without funisitis (median 19.1 ng/mL; IQR 7.1-75.0 ng/mL versus median 7.2 ng/mL; IQR 5.9-23.1 ng/mL; p = 0.008). There was a strong positive correlation between sST2 and IL-10 in neonates with funisitis and/or FIRS (Spearman's Rho = 0.7, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION FIRS and funisitis are associated with an elevation of umbilical cord plasma concentrations of soluble ST2. This protein represents an important mediator of the immune response in neonates diagnosed with FIRS by promoting an anti-inflammatory effect in association with IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Stampalija
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Gisslen T, Hillman NH, Musk GC, Kemp MW, Kramer BW, Senthamaraikannan P, Newnham JP, Jobe AH, Kallapur SG. Repeated exposure to intra-amniotic LPS partially protects against adverse effects of intravenous LPS in preterm lambs. Innate Immun 2013; 20:214-24. [PMID: 23751819 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913488430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histologic chorioamnionitis, frequently associated with preterm births and adverse outcomes, results in prolonged exposure of preterm fetuses to infectious agents and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as LPS. Endotoxin tolerance-type effects were demonstrated in fetal sheep following repetitive systemic or intra-amniotic (i.a.) exposures to LPS, suggesting that i.a. LPS exposure would cause endotoxin tolerance to a postnatal systemic dose of LPS in preterm sheep. In this study, randomized pregnant ewes received either two i.a. injections of LPS or saline prior to preterm delivery. Following operative delivery, the lambs were treated with surfactant, ventilated, and randomized to receive either i.v. LPS or saline at 30 min of age. Physiologic variables and indicators of systemic and lung inflammation were measured. Intravenous LPS decreased blood neutrophils and platelets values following i.a. saline compared to that after i.a. LPS. Intra-amniotic LPS prevented blood pressure from decreasing following the i.v. LPS, but also caused an increased oxygen index. Intra-amniotic LPS did not cause endotoxin tolerance as assessed by cytokine expression in the liver, lung or plasma, but increased myeloperoxidase-positive cells in the lung. The different compartments of exposure to LPS (i.a. vs i.v.) are unique to the fetal to newborn transition. Intra-amniotic LPS incompletely tolerized fetal lambs to postnatal i.v. LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tate Gisslen
- 1Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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