1
|
Zhang MZ, Liu YF, Ding L, Li ZJ, Li YZ, Si LB, Yu NZ, Wang XJ, Long X. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits the proliferation level in keloid fibroblasts through p38 in the MAPK/Erk signaling pathway. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:3135-3142. [PMID: 37190848 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MAPK/Erk signaling pathway is a classic pathway in cell proliferation. Our former study showed that keloid tissue revealed a higher proliferation level than physiological scars and normal skin. As a natural metabolite of estradiol, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) showed an inhibition proliferation effect on tumor cells. AIM In this study, the treatment effect of 2ME2 and its potential mechanisms are explored. METHODS Six keloid patients and six non-keloid patients were randomly selected from the Department of Plastic Surgery at our hospital during June 2021 to December 2021. Six groups were established: normal skin fibroblasts (N); keloid fibroblasts (K); keloid fibroblasts treated with 2ME2 (K + 2ME2); keloid fibroblasts treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (K + DMSO); keloid fibroblasts treated with doramapimod (K + IN); keloid fibroblasts treated with doramapimod (p38 inhibitor) and 2ME2 (K + IN+2ME2). The fibroblast activity and key factor expression of the MAPK/Erk signaling pathway were measured. RESULTS In the results, 2ME2 significantly inhibited keloid fibroblast activity and key factor expression (except STAT1). CONCLUSION The proliferation levels were reduced by both the p38 inhibitor and 2ME2, indicating 2ME2 may achieve an antiproliferation effect by targeting p38 in keloid fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fang Liu
- International Education College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Planned Immunity, Changjianglu Community Health Center of the West Coast New Area, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi-Jin Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Zhu Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lou-Bin Si
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan-Ze Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brouns F, Van Haaps A, Keszthelyi D, Venema K, Bongers M, Maas J, Mijatovic V. Diet associations in endometriosis: a critical narrative assessment with special reference to gluten. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1166929. [PMID: 37731404 PMCID: PMC10507348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1166929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus. The etiology remains largely unknown. Despite adequate treatment, patients can still experience symptoms or side effects resulting in therapy incompliance and in self-management strategies such as dietary measures is increasing. A gluten free diet is thought to be contributory in reducing endometriosis-related pain, thereby optimizing quality of life. However, data is conflicting and currently provides no evidence for causality. This narrative review aims to put the effect of dietary self-management strategies on endometriosis in a balanced perspective, especially the effect of gluten and a gluten free diet. Several studies have found a strong overlap in symptoms, metabolic and immune responses associated with endometriosis and those associated with celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome and non-celiac wheat sensitivity. However, it remains unclear whether these diseases and/or disorders are causal to an increased risk of endometriosis. Some studies have found a positive effect on the risk of endometriosis, endometriosis-related symptoms and quality of life (QoL) when women either avoided certain nutrients or foods, or applied a specific nutrient supplementation. This includes the avoidance of red meat and omega-3, an increasing intake of foods rich in anti-oxidants, micronutrients and dietary fibers (e.g., fruit, vegetables) and the appliance of a gluten free diet. However, data from the available studies were generally graded of low quality and it was noted that placebo and/or nocebo effects influenced the reported positive effects. In addition, such effects were no longer seen when adjusting for confounders such as overweight, when a translation was made from in vitro to in vivo, or when the nutrients were not supplemented as isolated sources but as part of a mixed daily diet. Finally, some studies showed that long-term adherence to a gluten free diet is often associated with an impaired diet quality and nutrient intake, leading to negative health outcomes and reduced QoL. Concluding, scientific evidence on the efficacy of dietary interventions on well-defined clinical endpoints of endometriosis is lacking and recommending a gluten free diet to women solely diagnosed with endometriosis should therefore not be advised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annelotte Van Haaps
- Endometriosis Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlies Bongers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Grow-School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jacques Maas
- Grow-School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology MUMC+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Velja Mijatovic
- Endometriosis Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
2-Methoxyestradiol TPGS Micelles Attenuate Cyclosporine A-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats through Inhibition of TGF-β1 and p-ERK1/2 Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081499. [PMID: 36009218 PMCID: PMC9405159 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CSA) has been linked to serious renal toxic effects. Although 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) possesses a wide range of pharmacological abilities, it suffers poor bioavailability after oral administration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of 2ME loaded D-ɑ-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) micelles to prevent CSA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A 2ME-TPGS was prepared and showed particle size of 44.3 ± 3.5 nm with good entrapment efficiency and spherical structures. Male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups, namely: Control, Vehicle, CSA, CSA + 2ME-Raw, and CSA + 2ME-Nano. CSA was injected daily at a SC dose of 20 mg/kg. Both 2ME-Raw and 2ME-Nano were given daily at oral doses of 5 mg/kg. Treatments continued for three successive weeks. 2ME-TPGS exerted significant protective effects against CSA nephrotoxicity. This was evidenced in ameliorating deterioration of renal functions, attenuation of pathological changes in kidney tissues, exerting significant anti-fibrotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects together with significant anti-apoptotic effects. Western blot analyses showed both 2ME-Raw and 2ME-Nano significantly inhibited protein expression of TGF-β1 and phospho-ERK (p-ERK). It was observed that 2ME-TPGS, in almost all experiments, exerted superior protective effects as compared with 2ME-Raw. In conclusion, 2ME loaded in a TPGS nanocarrier possesses significant protective activities against CSA-induced kidney injury in rats. This is attributable to 2ME anti-fibrotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities which are mediated at least partly by inhibition of TGF-β1/p-ERK axis.
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Peñarrubia P, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Martínez-Esparza M, Marín P, Machado-Linde F. Hypothetical roadmap towards endometriosis: prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical pollutant exposure, anogenital distance, gut-genital microbiota and subclinical infections. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:214-246. [PMID: 32108227 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynaecological hormone-dependent disorder that is defined by histological lesions generated by the growth of endometrial-like tissue out of the uterus cavity, most commonly engrafted within the peritoneal cavity, although these lesions can also be located in distant organs. Endometriosis affects ~10% of women of reproductive age, frequently producing severe and, sometimes, incapacitating symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, among others. Furthermore, endometriosis causes infertility in ~30% of affected women. Despite intense research on the mechanisms involved in the initial development and later progression of endometriosis, many questions remain unanswered and its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role played by the relationship between the microbiome and mucosal immunology in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (HIV), infertility and several gynaecologic diseases. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this review, we sought to respond to the main research question related to the aetiology of endometriosis. We provide a model pointing out several risk factors that could explain the development of endometriosis. The hypothesis arises from bringing together current findings from large distinct areas, linking high prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals with a short anogenital distance, female genital tract contamination with the faecal microbiota and the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS We performed a search of the scientific literature published until 2019 in the PubMed database. The search strategy included the following keywords in various combinations: endometriosis, anogenital distance, chemical pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the microbiome of the female reproductive tract, microbiota and genital tract, bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, oestrogens and microbiota and microbiota-immune system interactions. OUTCOMES On searching the corresponding bibliography, we found frequent associations between environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endometriosis risk. Likewise, recent evidence and hypotheses have suggested the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. Hence, we can envisage a direct relationship between higher prenatal exposure to oestrogens or estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (phthalates, bisphenols, organochlorine pesticides and others) and a shorter anogenital distance, which could favour frequent postnatal episodes of faecal microbiota contamination of the vulva and vagina, producing cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis. This relationship would disrupt local antimicrobial defences, subverting the homeostasis state and inducing a subclinical inflammatory response that could evolve into a sustained immune dysregulation, closing the vicious cycle responsible for the development of endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Determining the aetiology of endometriosis is a challenging issue. Posing a new hypothesis on this subject provides the initial tool necessary to design future experimental, clinical and epidemiological research that could allow for a better understanding of the origin of this disease. Furthermore, advances in the understanding of its aetiology would allow the identification of new therapeutics and preventive actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar García-Peñarrubia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Marín
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Machado-Linde
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Reina Sofía, CARM, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ñiguez Sevilla I, Machado Linde F, Marín Sánchez MDP, Arense JJ, Torroba A, Nieto Díaz A, Sánchez Ferrer ML. Prognostic importance of atypical endometriosis with architectural hyperplasia versus cytologic atypia in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2019; 30:e63. [PMID: 31074246 PMCID: PMC6543102 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with endometriosis are at increased risk of ovarian cancer. It has been suggested that atypical endometriosis is a precursor lesion of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). The aim of this study is to evaluate if cytologic (cellular) atypia and architectural atypia (hyperplasia), histologic findings described as atypical endometriosis, play a different role in patients with EAOC. Methods A prospective study was conducted between January 2014 and April 2017 at our institution with patients undergoing surgery with a histologic diagnosis of endometriosis, ovarian cancer, or EAOC. The prevalence and immunohistologic study (Ki-67, BAF250a, COX-2) of cases of cellular and architectural atypia in endometriosis were analyzed. Results Two hundred and sixty-six patients were included: the diagnosis was endometriosis alone in 159 cases, ovarian cancer in 81, and EAOC in 26. Atypical endometriosis was reported in 23 cases (12.43%), 39.13% of them found in patients with EAOC. Endometriosis with cellular atypia was found mainly in patients without neoplasm (71.4%), and endometriosis with architectural atypia was seen in patients with ovarian cancer (88.9%) (p=0.009). Ki-67 was significantly higher in endometriosis patients with architectural atypia than those with cellular atypia. Conclusion The diagnosis of endometriosis with architectural atypia is important because it may be a precursor lesion of ovarian cancer; therefore, pathologists finding endometriosis should carefully examine the surgical specimen to identify any patients with hyperplasia-type endometriosis, as they may be at higher risk of developing EAOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ñiguez Sevilla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Virgen de la Arrixaca' University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Julián Jesús Arense
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Murcia School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amparo Torroba
- Department of Pathology, 'Virgen de la Arrixaca' University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Anibal Nieto Díaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Virgen de la Arrixaca' University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koninckx PR, Ussia A, Adamyan L, Wattiez A, Gomel V, Martin DC. Pathogenesis of endometriosis: the genetic/epigenetic theory. Fertil Steril 2018; 111:327-340. [PMID: 30527836 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the pathophysiology of endometriosis. DESIGN Overview of observations on endometriosis. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) None. INTERVENTIONS(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The hypothesis is compatible with all observations. RESULT(S) Endometriosis, endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus, has a variable macroscopic appearance and a poorly understood natural history. It is a hereditary and heterogeneous disease with many biochemical changes in the lesions, which are clonal in origin. It is associated with pain, infertility, adenomyosis, and changes in the junctional zone, placentation, immunology, plasma, peritoneal fluid, and chronic inflammation of the peritoneal cavity. The Sampson hypothesis of implanted endometrial cells following retrograde menstruation, angiogenic spread, lymphogenic spread, or the metaplasia theory cannot explain all observations if metaplasia is defined as cells with reversible changes and an abnormal behavior/morphology due to the abnormal environment. We propose a polygenetic/polyepigenetic mechanism. The set of genetic and epigenetic incidents transmitted at birth could explain the hereditary aspects, the predisposition, and the endometriosis-associated changes in the endometrium, immunology, and placentation. To develop typical, cystic ovarian or deep endometriosis lesions, a variable series of additional transmissible genetic and epigenetic incidents are required to occur in a cell which may vary from endometrial to stem cells. Subtle lesions are viewed as endometrium in a different environment until additional incidents occur. Typical cystic ovarian or deep endometriosis lesions are heterogeneous and represent three different diseases. CONCLUSION(S) The genetic epigenetic theory is compatible with all observations on endometriosis. Implications for treatment and prevention are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R Koninckx
- Obstetrics-Gynecology, KU Leuven, Bierbeek, Belgium; Gruppo Italo Belga, Rome, Italy; Latiffa Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy.
| | - Anastasia Ussia
- Gruppo Italo Belga, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy
| | - Leila Adamyan
- Department of Operative Gynecology, Federal State Budget Institution V. I. Kulakov Research Centre for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arnaud Wattiez
- Latiffa Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Gomel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan C Martin
- School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pathogenesis of deep endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:872-885.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
8
|
Samartzis EP, Imesch P, Twiehaus A, Dubey RK, Leeners B. The estrogen metabolites 2-methoxyestradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol inhibit endometriotic cell proliferation in estrogen-receptor-independent manner. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:529-33. [PMID: 26800447 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1137094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, a painful disorder associated with infertility, is estimated to occur in approximately 7-10% of reproductive age women. Although endometriosis is considered as an estrogen-dependent disease, the role of estrogen metabolites via receptor-independent mechanisms has not yet been comprehensively clarified. In the present study, growth studies were performed comparing the effect of estradiol (E2), estrogen metabolites, that is, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), as well as estrogen-receptor-independent mechanisms using the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant, on cell proliferation of endometriotic cells. The estrogen metabolites 2-OHE2 and 2-ME inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner in pharmacological doses. Lower concentrations of 2-OHE2 had a stimulating effect on cell proliferation while pharmacologic doses exerted an antimitogenic effect. The effects on cell growth were at least partially receptor-independent, as demonstrated by simultaneous receptor antagonization with fulvestrant. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that in pharmacological doses the estrogen metabolites 2-ME and 2-OHE2 show inhibiting effects on the proliferation of endometriotic cells and may be promising substances for the treatment of endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Imesch
- a Division of Gynecology , University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland and
| | - Anja Twiehaus
- b Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Raghvendra K Dubey
- b Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Leeners
- b Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren XU, Wang Y, Xu G, Dai L. Effect of rapamycin on endometriosis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:101-106. [PMID: 27347023 PMCID: PMC4907216 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the impact of rapamycin (RAPA) on the endometriosis (EMS) lesions in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, and to examine the possible mechanism involved in a novel therapy in EMS. Following the successful establishment of an EMS-SCID mouse model, the mice were randomly assigned into the RAPA, control and saline treatment groups. Subsequent to treatment for 2 weeks, the serum hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected using ELISA. The levels of HIF-1α and VEGF, as well as the size of EMS lesions, were compared among the three groups. In addition, the HIF-1α, VEGF and CD34 protein expression levels, and the microvessel density (MVD) of the lesions were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Compared with the control and saline groups, the volume of EMS lesions in the RAPA-treated SCID mice was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the serum level and protein expression of VEGF, and the MVD in the lesions of the RAPA-treated group were significantly reduced when compared with the other two groups. These parameters were comparable in the control and saline groups. In conclusion, RAPA may inhibit the growth of endometriotic lesions, most possibly through the inhibition of the expression of VEGF in lesions, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X U Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Libing Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghazi N, Arjmand M, Akbari Z, Owsat Mellati A, Saheb-Kashaf H, Zamani Z. 1H NMR- based metabolomics approaches as non- invasive tools for diagnosis of endometriosis. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.14.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
11
|
Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Estrogen O-sulfamates and their analogues: Clinical steroid sulfatase inhibitors with broad potential. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:160-9. [PMID: 25843211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen sulfamate derivatives were the first irreversible active-site-directed inhibitors of steroid sulfatase (STS), an emerging drug target for endocrine therapy of hormone dependent diseases that catalyzes inter alia the hydrolysis of estrone sulfate to estrone. In recent years this has stimulated clinical investigation of the estradiol derivative both as an oral prodrug and its currently ongoing exploration in endometriosis. 2-Substituted steroid sulfamate derivatives show considerable potential as multi-targeting agents for hormone-independent disease, but are also potent STS inhibitors. The steroidal template has spawned nonsteroidal STS inhibitors one of which, Irosustat, has been evaluated clinically in breast cancer, endometrial cancer and prostate cancer and there is potential for innovative dual-targeting approaches. This review surveys the role of estrogen sulfamates, their analogues and current status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Liu J, He B, Li Y, Liu S, Wu B, Wang S, Zhang S, Xu X, Wang J. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulation by hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A) starts and peaks during endometrial breakdown, not repair, in a mouse menstrual-like model. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2160-70. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
13
|
Caira MR, Bourne SA, Samsodien H. Thermal, X-ray Structural, and Dissolution Characteristics of Solid Forms Derived from the Anticancer Agents 2-Methoxyestradiol and 2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-Bis-Sulfamate. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3418-25. [PMID: 26073557 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to generate alternative solid forms of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) and its sulfamoylated derivative 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (2MES), both of which are potent anticancer agents with no significant history of solid-state investigation. Screening for polymorphs and solvates by a variety of procedures yielded four distinct species: a crystalline form of 2ME, an amorphous form of 2ME, a chloroform solvate 2ME·(CHCl3 )2 , and the hemihydrate of the bis-sulfamate, 2MES·(H2 O)0.5 . Hydrogen-bonded assembly of 2ME molecules into layers in both crystalline 2ME and its chloroform solvate was established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This technique also revealed disorder of the sulfamate group at position 17 in both molecules comprising the asymmetric unit in the crystal of 2MES·(H2 O)0.5 . The thermal stabilities of the crystalline phases were recorded using hot-stage microscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were reconciled with the crystal structures. Aqueous dissolution rates measured at 37°C generally decreased in the order 2MES·(H2 O)0.5 > 2ME(amorphous) > 2ME(crystalline).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mino R Caira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan A Bourne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Halima Samsodien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qi X, Zhang Y, Ji H, Wu X, Wang F, Xie M, Shu L, Jiang S, Mao Y, Cui Y, Liu J. Knockdown of prohibitin expression promotes glucose metabolism in eutopic endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:761-70. [PMID: 25444511 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this in-vitro study, the effect of prohibitin (PHB) on glucose metabolism in eutopic endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis was investigated. Endometrial stromal cells were isolated from endometrium in women with endometriosis, in women without endometriosis, or from endometrioma tissues. Glucose metabolic phenotype of stromal cells were examined in vitro. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of glycolysis-related genes. Glucose consumption and lactate production were examined after knockdown of PHB expression in women with endometriosis with siRNA. In endometrioma tissue, significantly increased glucose consumption, lactate production and aberrant expression of glycolysis-related enzymes were found in women with endometriosis compared with women who do not have endometriosis (P < 0.05 versus P < 0.001). In women with endometriosis, PHB mRNA and protein were under-expressed in endometrioma tissue; in women without endometriosis, PHB mRNA and protein were over-expressed. Knockdown of PHB expression in women with endometriosis increased glucose consumption, although it had no effect on lactate production. This study suggests that aberrant expression of glycolysis-related enzymes in endometrioma tissue is associated with enhanced glycolytic metabolism. The malignant-like feature may be partially caused by low-expression of PHB gene in endometriotic stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Qi
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ji
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiadi Wu
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Center of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Manxin Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Shu
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwen Jiang
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine; Savannah, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health Hospital, Savannah, USA
| | - Yundong Mao
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yugui Cui
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pertegal M, Fenoy FJ, Bonacasa B, Mendiola J, Delgado JL, Hernández M, Salom MG, Bosch V, Hernández I. 2-methoxyestradiol plasma levels are associated with clinical severity indices and biomarkers of preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:198-206. [PMID: 24899468 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114537716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether clinical severity indices and biomarkers for preeclampsia (PE) are associated with low plasmatic 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) in the third trimester of gestation. Blood was collected from 53 women with PE and 73 control pregnant women before parturition. The concentration of 2ME was significantly higher in controls than in patients with PE (2906.43 ± 200.69 pg/mL vs 1818.41 ± 189.25 pg/mL). The risk of PE decreased as 2ME levels increased. The 2ME values were negatively correlated with systolic peak arterial pressure and proteinuria in PE. Additionally, those women with PE with lower 2ME had a more serious clinical situation and needed a more aggressive therapy. Finally, 2ME levels (in patients with PE and total population) were significantly correlated with concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and placental growth factor . Summarizing, patients with PE had lower 2ME levels that were correlated with different clinical indices and biomarkers of severity, indicating that 2ME could be taken into account for the clinical management of this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pertegal
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" Clinical Universitary Hospital, El Palmar (Murcia), Spain
| | - Francisco J Fenoy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Barbara Bonacasa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Jaime Mendiola
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Health and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Juan L Delgado
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" Clinical Universitary Hospital, El Palmar (Murcia), Spain
| | - Moises Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Miguel G Salom
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Vicente Bosch
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Health and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia), Spain Department of Pediatrics, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" Clinical Universitary Hospital, El Palmar (Murcia), Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pinto MP, Medina RA, Owen GI. 2-methoxyestradiol and disorders of female reproductive tissues. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:274-83. [PMID: 24764201 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol. Once thought of as a mere degradation product, 2ME has gained attention as an important component of reproductive physiology and as a therapeutic agent in reproductive pathologies such as preeclampsia, endometriosis, infertility, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the involvement of 2ME in reproductive pathophysiology and summarize its known mechanisms of action: microtubule disruption, inhibition of angiogenesis and stimulation of apoptosis. Currently, the clinical uses of 2ME as a single agent are limited due to its poor water solubility and thus low bioavailability; however, 2ME analogs and derivatives have been recently developed and tested as cancer treatments. Despite some isolated success stories and ongoing research, 2ME derivatives have not yet provided the expected results. The adjuvant use of 2ME derivatives with chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their intrinsic toxicity confounding the unwanted secondary effects of chemotherapy. However, due to the well-tested tolerance of the body to high doses of native 2ME, it may the combination of native 2ME with conventional treatments that will offer novel clinically relevant regimens for cancer and other reproductive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Interplay between Misplaced Müllerian-Derived Stem Cells and Peritoneal Immune Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013:527041. [PMID: 23843796 PMCID: PMC3697788 DOI: 10.1155/2013/527041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the genetic regulation of Müllerian structures development, a key role is played by Hoxa and Wnt clusters, because they lead the transcription of different genes according to the different phases of the organogenesis, addressing correctly cell-to-cell interactions, allowing, finally, the physiologic morphogenesis. Accumulating evidence is suggesting that dysregulation of Wnt and/or Hox genes may affect cell migration during organogenesis and differentiation of Müllerian structures of the female reproductive tract, with possible dislocation and dissemination of primordial endometrial stem cells in ectopic regions, which have high plasticity to differentiation. We hypothesize that during postpubertal age, under the influence of different stimuli, these misplaced and quiescent ectopic endometrial cells could acquire new phenotype, biological functions, and immunogenicity. So, these kinds of cells may differentiate, specializing in epithelium, glands, and stroma to form a functional ectopic endometrial tissue. This may provoke a breakdown in the peritoneal cavity homeostasis, with the consequent processes of immune alteration, documented by peripheral mononuclear cells recruitment and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in early phases and of angiogenic and fibrogenic cytokines in the late stages of the disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Raja R, Kale S, Thorat D, Soundararajan G, Lohite K, Mane A, Karnik S, Kundu GC. Hypoxia-driven osteopontin contributes to breast tumor growth through modulation of HIF1α-mediated VEGF-dependent angiogenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2053-64. [PMID: 23728336 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a salient feature of most solid tumors, and hypoxic adaptation of cancer cells has crucial implications in propagation of malignant clonal cell population. Osteopontin (OPN) has been identified as a hypoxia-responsive gene, but the mechanistic and regulatory role of OPN under hypoxia is less characterized. The present study identifies the existence of a positive inter-regulatory loop between hypoxia and OPN. We have shown that hypoxia induces OPN expression in breast cancer cells; however, the expression was found to be HIF1α independent. OPN enabled transcriptional upregulation of HIF1α expression both under normoxia and hypoxia, whereas stability of HIF1α protein in breast cancer cells remained unaffected. Moreover, we have shown that OPN induces integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/Akt-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 activation leading to HIF1α-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis in response to hypoxia. These in vitro data are biologically important as OPN expressing cells induce greater tumor growth and angiogenesis through enhanced expressions of proangiogenic molecules as compared with control. Immunohistochemical analysis of human breast cancer specimens revealed significant correlation between OPN and HIF1α but not HIF2α. Elevated expression of HIF1α and OPN was observed in pre-neoplastic and early stage infiltrating ductal carcinoma implicating the role of these proteins in neoplastic progression of breast cancer. Together, our results substantiate the prime role of OPN in cellular adaptation through ILK and NF-κB-mediated HIF1α-dependent VEGF expression in response to hypoxia that ultimately controls breast cancer progression and angiogenesis. Our study reinforces the fact that targeting OPN and its regulated signaling network hold important therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Raja
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - S Kale
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - D Thorat
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - G Soundararajan
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - K Lohite
- Grant Medical Foundation, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India
| | - A Mane
- Grant Medical Foundation, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India
| | - S Karnik
- Grant Medical Foundation, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India
| | - G C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Quezada M, Alvarez M, Peña OA, Henríquez S, d' Alençon CA, Lange S, Oliva B, Owen GI, Allende ML. Antiangiogenic, antimigratory and antiinflammatory effects of 2-methoxyestradiol in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 157:141-9. [PMID: 23142146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME), an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol, has been previously reported to possess antiangiogenic and antitumor properties. Herein, we demonstrate that the effects of this antiangiogenic steroid can be readily assayed in live zebrafish, introducing a convenient and robust new model system as a screening tool for both single cell and collective cell migration assays. Using the in vitro mammalian endothelial cell line EA.hy926, we first show that cell migration and angiogenesis, as estimated by wound assay and tube formation respectively, are antagonized by 2ME. In zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, dose-dependent exposure to 2ME diminishes (1) larval angiogenesis, (2) leukocyte recruitment to damaged lateral line neuromasts and (3) retards the lateral line primordium in its migration along the body. Our results indicate that 2ME has an effect on collective cell migration in vivo as well as previously reported anti-tumorigenic activity and suggests that the molecular mechanisms governing cell migration in a variety of contexts are conserved between fish and mammals. Moreover, we exemplify the versatility of the zebrafish larvae for testing diverse physiological processes and screening for antiangiogenic and antimigratory drugs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Quezada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|