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Ramírez-Patiño R, Avalos-Navarro G, Figuera LE, Varela-Hernández JJ, Bautista-Herrera LA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Influence of nitric oxide signaling mechanisms in cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221135454. [PMID: 36260949 PMCID: PMC9585559 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221135454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with multiple biological functions that is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as neurotransmission and blood vessel relaxation as well as the endocrine system, immune system, growth factors, and cancer. However, in the carcinogenesis process, it has a dual behavior; at low doses, NO regulates homeostatic functions, while at high concentrations, it promotes tissue damage or acts as an agent for immune defense against microorganisms. Thus, its participation in the carcinogenic process is controversial. Cancer is a multifactorial disease that presents complex behavior. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the initiation, promotion, and progression of neoplastic processes is required. Some hypotheses have been proposed regarding the influence of NO in activating oncogenic pathways that trigger carcinogenic processes, because NO might regulate some signaling pathways thought to promote cancer development and more aggressive tumor growth. Additionally, NO inhibits apoptosis of tumor cells, together with the deregulation of proteins that are involved in tissue homeostasis, promoting spreading to other organs and initiating metastatic processes. This paper describes the signaling pathways that are associated with cancer, and how the concentration of NO can serve a beneficial or pathological function in the initiation and promotion of neoplastic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramírez-Patiño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - G Avalos-Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - LE Figuera
- División de Génetica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, México,Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - JJ Varela-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - LA Bautista-Herrera
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - JF Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS) Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - MP Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Génetica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, México,Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola, División de Genética CIBO, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800, Col, Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México.
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Wang X, Zou Z, Yang Z, Jiang S, Lu Y, Wang D, Dong Z, Xu S, Zhu L. HIF 1 inhibits StAR transcription and testosterone synthesis in murine Leydig cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-18-0148.R2. [PMID: 30400066 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) is a critical transcription factor involved in cell response to hypoxia. Under physiological conditions, its a subunit is rapidly degraded in most tissues except testes. HIF1 is stably expressed in Leydig cells, which are the main source of testosterone for male, and might bind to the promoter region of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star), which is necessary for the testosterone synthesis, according to software analysis. This study aims to identify the binding sites of HIF1 on Star promoter and its transcriptional regulation of Star to affect testosterone synthesis. Testosterone level and steroid synthesis-related proteins were determined in male Balb/C mice exposed to hypoxia (8% O2). While HIF1 was upregulated, the testosterone level was significantly decreased. This was further confirmed by in vitro experiments with rat primary Leydig cells or TM3 cells exposed to hypoxia (1% O2), CoCl2 or DFX to raise HIF1. The decline of testosterone was reversed by pregnenolone but not cAMP, indicating the cholesterol transport disorder as the main cause. In agreement, StAR expression level was decreased in response to HIF1, while 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and p450scc did not exhibit significant changes. By ChIP, EMSA supershift and dual-luciferase reporter assays, HIF1 was found to bind to the Star promoter region and repress the expression of StAR. Mutation assays identified three HIF1-binding sites on mouse Star promoter. These findings indicate that HIF1 represses Star transcription through directly binding to the Star promoter at -2082/-2078, -2064/-2060 and -1910/-1906, leading to the negative regulation of testosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- X Wang, Biochemisty, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiran Zou
- Z Zou, Biochemisty, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Z Yang, Biochemistry, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- S Jiang, Biochemisty, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Y Lu, Biochemisty, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Dan Wang
- D Wang, Biochemisty, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Z Dong, Molecular Biology, Key laboratory of neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong, China
| | - Sha Xu
- S Xu, physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- L Zhu, Biochemisty, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong, China
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Torres RC, Magalhães NS, E Silva PMR, Martins MA, Carvalho VF. Activation of PPAR-γ reduces HPA axis activity in diabetic rats by up-regulating PI3K expression. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:290-301. [PMID: 27725163 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity in diabetes is strongly associated with several morbidities noted in patients with the disease. We previously demonstrated that hyperactivity of HPA axis under diabetic conditions is associated with up-regulation of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) receptors (MC2R) in adrenal and down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) in pituitary. This study investigates the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in HPA axis hyperactivity in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan into fasted rats. The PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone and/or PI3K inhibitor wortmannin were administered daily for 18 consecutive days, starting 3days after diabetes induction. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone were evaluated by radioimmunoassay, while intensities of MC2R, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), GR, MR, PI3K p110α and PPAR-γ were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Rosiglitazone treatment inhibited adrenal hypertrophy and hypercorticoidism observed in diabetic rats. Rosiglitazone also significantly reversed the diabetes-induced increase in the MC2R expression in adrenal cortex. We noted that rosiglitazone reduced the number of corticotroph cells and inhibited both anterior pituitary POMC expression and plasma ACTH levels. Furthermore, rosiglitazone treatment was unable to restore the reduced expression of GR and MR in the anterior pituitary of diabetic rats. Rosiglitazone increased the number of PPAR-γ+ cells and expression of PI3K p110α in both anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex of diabetic rats. In addition, wortmannin blocked the ability of rosiglitazone to restore corticotroph cell numbers, adrenal hypertrophy and plasma corticosterone levels in diabetic rats. In conclusion, our findings revealed that rosiglitazone down-regulates HPA axis hyperactivity in diabetic rats via a mechanism dependent on PI3K activation in pituitary and adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carvalho Torres
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil no. 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia Santos Magalhães
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil no. 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia M R E Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil no. 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marco A Martins
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil no. 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil no. 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Newby EA, Myers DA, Ducsay CA. Fetal endocrine and metabolic adaptations to hypoxia: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E429-39. [PMID: 26173460 PMCID: PMC4556885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00126.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In utero, hypoxia is a significant yet common stress that perturbs homeostasis and can occur due to preeclampsia, preterm labor, maternal smoking, heart or lung disease, obesity, and high altitude. The fetus has the extraordinary capacity to respond to stress during development. This is mediated in part by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and more recently explored changes in perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) in response to hypoxia. Obvious ethical considerations limit studies of the human fetus, and fetal studies in the rodent model are limited due to size considerations and major differences in developmental landmarks. The sheep is a common model that has been used extensively to study the effects of both acute and chronic hypoxia on fetal development. In response to high-altitude-induced, moderate long-term hypoxia (LTH), both the HPA axis and PAT adapt to preserve normal fetal growth and development while allowing for responses to acute stress. Although these adaptations appear beneficial during fetal development, they may become deleterious postnatally and into adulthood. The goal of this review is to examine the role of the HPA axis in the convergence of endocrine and metabolic adaptive responses to hypoxia in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Newby
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California; and
| | - Dean A Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Charles A Ducsay
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California; and
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