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Schuh KM, Ahmed J, Kwak E, Xu CX, Davis TT, Aronoff CB, Tronson NC. A mouse model of oral contraceptive exposure: Depression, motivation, and the stress response. Horm Behav 2024; 158:105470. [PMID: 38061232 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives (OCs), regulate hormonal cycles and broadly affect physiological processes, including stress responsivity. Whereas many users describe overall improved mood, up to 10 % of OC users experience adverse effects, including depression and anxiety. Given the link between regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress exposure, and risk for depression, it is likely that OC-effects on stress mediate increased risk or increased resilience to these disorders. In this study, we developed and characterized a tractable mouse model of OC exposure with which to identify the mechanisms underlying OC modulation of brain, behavior, and mood. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether translationally relevant doses of OC-hormones in mice mimic changes in stress responsivity observed in humans taking OCs and describe behavioral changes during OC exposure. Young adult female C57Bl/6 N mice received daily ethinyl estradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LVNG) in 10 % sucrose, EE and drospirenone (DRSP) in 10 % sucrose, or 10 % sucrose alone. Translationally relevant doses of EE + LVNG-exposure, but not EE + DRSP, suppressed the acute stress response, consistent with effects observed in human OC users. EE + LVNG caused a specific anhedonia-like effect, without broad changes in stress-coping behavior, other depression-like behaviors, or anxiety-like behaviors. The suppression of regular estrous cycling, together with the blunting of the corticosterone response to acute stress, demonstrate the utility of this model for future studies to identify the mechanisms underlying OC interactions with stress, motivation, and risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Schuh
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jabir Ahmed
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Esther Kwak
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Cecilia X Xu
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Tronjay T Davis
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Chloe B Aronoff
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Natalie C Tronson
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
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Zhou Y, Richard S, Batchelor NJ, Oorschot DE, Anderson GM, Pankhurst MW. Anti-Müllerian hormone-mediated preantral follicle atresia is a key determinant of antral follicle count in mice. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:2635-2645. [PMID: 36107143 PMCID: PMC9627584 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) induce preantral follicle atresia in mice? SUMMARY ANSWER The present findings suggest that AMH-mediated follicle atresia only occurs in early follicles before they become sensitive to FSH. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Most prior studies have investigated the ability of AMH to inhibit primordial follicle activation. Our previous study showed that AMH-overexpressing mice had fewer preantral follicles than expected after accounting for primordial follicle inhibition but the reason for this was not determined. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Cross-sectional-control versus transgenic/knockout mouse studies were carried out. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Studies were conducted on female wild-type (Amh+/+), AMH-knockout (Amh-/-) and AMH overexpressing (Thy1.2-AMHTg/0) mice on a C57Bl/6J background (age: 42-120 days). The follicle counts were conducted for primordial, transitioning, primary, secondary and antral follicles in Amh-/- and Amh+/+ mice. After confirming that follicle development speeds were identical (proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry), the ratio of follicles surviving beyond each stage of folliculogenesis was determined in both genotypes. Evidence for increased rates of preantral follicle atresia was assessed by active caspase-3 immunohistochemistry in wild-type and Thy1.2-AMHTg/0 mice. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Amh -/- mice at 100-120 days of age had lower primordial follicle counts but higher primordial follicle activation rates compared to Amh+/+ mice. These counteracting effects led to equivalent numbers of primordial follicles transitioning to the primary stage in Amh+/+ and Amh-/- mice. Despite this, Amh+/+ mice had fewer primary, secondary, small antral and medium antral follicles than Amh-/- mice indicating differing rates of developing follicle atresia between genotypes. Cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry in Thy1.2-AMHTg/0 ovaries revealed high rates of granulosa cell and oocyte apoptosis in late primary/early secondary follicles of Thy1.2-AMHTg/0 mice. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The findings were shown only in one species and additional research will be required to determine generalizability to other species. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study is consistent with prior studies showing that Amh-/- mice have increased primordial follicle activation but these new findings demonstrate that AMH-mediated preantral follicle atresia is a predominant cause of the increased small antral follicle counts in Amh-/- mice. This suggests that the role of AMH is not to conserve the ovarian reserve to prolong fertility, but instead to prevent the antral follicle pool from becoming too large. While this study may demonstrate a new function for AMH, the biological purpose of this function requires further investigation, particularly in mono-ovulatory species. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand and the University of Otago. No competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - S Richard
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N J Batchelor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D E Oorschot
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G M Anderson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M W Pankhurst
- Correspondence address. Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Tel: +64-3-479-7440; E-mail:
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Tronson NC, Schuh KM. Hormonal contraceptives, stress, and the brain: The critical need for animal models. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 67:101035. [PMID: 36075276 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal contraceptives are among the most important health and economic developments in the 20thCentury, providing unprecedented reproductive control and a range of health benefits including decreased premenstrual symptoms and protections against various cancers. Hormonal contraceptives modulate neural function and stress responsivity. These changes are usually innocuous or even beneficial, including their effects onmood. However, in approximately 4-10% of users, or up to 30 million people at any given time, hormonal contraceptives trigger depression or anxiety symptoms. How hormonal contraceptives contribute to these responses and who is at risk for adverse outcomes remain unknown. In this paper, we discussstudies of hormonal contraceptive use in humans and describe the ways in which laboratory animal models of contraceptive hormone exposure will be an essential tool for expanding findings to understand the precise mechanisms by which hormonal contraceptives influence the brain, stress responses, and depression risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Tronson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kristen M Schuh
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yan F, Zhao Q, Li Y, Zheng Z, Kong X, Shu C, Liu Y, Shi Y. The role of oxidative stress in ovarian aging: a review. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:100. [PMID: 36050696 PMCID: PMC9434839 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian aging refers to the process by which ovarian function declines until eventual failure. The pathogenesis of ovarian aging is complex and diverse; oxidative stress (OS) is considered to be a key factor. This review focuses on the fact that OS status accelerates the ovarian aging process by promoting apoptosis, inflammation, mitochondrial damage, telomere shortening and biomacromolecular damage. Current evidence suggests that aging, smoking, high-sugar diets, pressure, superovulation, chemotherapeutic agents and industrial pollutants can be factors that accelerate ovarian aging by exacerbating OS status. In addition, we review the role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Sirtuin (Sirt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (AKT), Forkhead box O (FoxO) and Klotho signaling pathways during the process of ovarian aging. We also explore the role of antioxidant therapies such as melatonin, vitamins, stem cell therapies, antioxidant monomers and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and investigate the roles of these supplements with respect to the reduction of OS and the improvement of ovarian function. This review provides a rationale for antioxidant therapy to improve ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Zheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinliang Kong
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Shu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Shi
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Chatzidaki EE, Powell S, Dequeker BJH, Gassler J, Silva MCC, Tachibana K. Ovulation suppression protects against chromosomal abnormalities in mouse eggs at advanced maternal age. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4038-4051.e7. [PMID: 34314679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of egg aneuploidy and trisomic pregnancies increases with maternal age. To what extent individual approaches can delay the "maternal age effect" is unclear because multiple causes contribute to chromosomal abnormalities in mammalian eggs. We propose that ovulation frequency determines the physiological aging of oocytes, a key aspect of which is the ability to accurately segregate chromosomes and produce euploid eggs. To test this hypothesis, ovulations were reduced using successive pregnancies, hormonal contraception, and a pre-pubertal knockout mouse model, and the effects on chromosome segregation and egg ploidy were examined. We show that each intervention reduces chromosomal abnormalities in eggs of aged mice, suggesting that ovulation reduction delays oocyte aging. The protective effect can be partly explained by retention of chromosomal Rec8-cohesin that maintains sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis. In addition, single-nucleus Hi-C (snHi-C) revealed deterioration in the 3D chromatin structure including an increase in extruded loop sizes in long-lived oocytes. Artificial cleavage of Rec8 is sufficient to increase extruded loop sizes, suggesting that cohesin complexes maintaining cohesion restrict loop extrusion. These findings suggest that ovulation suppression protects against Rec8 loss, thereby maintaining both sister chromatid cohesion and 3D chromatin structure and promoting production of euploid eggs. We conclude that the maternal age effect can be delayed in mice. An implication of this work is that long-term ovulation-suppressing conditions can potentially reduce the risk of aneuploid pregnancies at advanced maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouella E Chatzidaki
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sean Powell
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart J H Dequeker
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Gassler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana C C Silva
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kikuë Tachibana
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Totipotency, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Munich, Germany.
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Akino N, Wada-Hiraike O, Isono W, Terao H, Honjo H, Miyamoto Y, Tanikawa M, Sone K, Hirano M, Harada M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Koga K, Oda K, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Activation of Nrf2/Keap1 pathway by oral Dimethylfumarate administration alleviates oxidative stress and age-associated infertility might be delayed in the mouse ovary. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:23. [PMID: 30760288 PMCID: PMC6375213 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-associated infertility is a problem worldwide, and management of oxidative stress is known to be essential. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway works as an essential defense mechanism against oxidative stress, and an oral drug Dimethylfumarate (DMF) is known to activate the pathway. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that oral DMF could alleviate oxidative stress in the ovary, resulting in salvation of age-associated infertility in a mouse model of reproductive age, and we examined the effects of DMF administration. 20 mg/kg DMF was administrated to female mice from 32 to 48 weeks, and Nrf2 levels, antioxidant levels, ovarian reserve, DNA damage, and oxidative stress were examined. RESULTS DMF administration resulted in elevated mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2, antioxidants, and telomere, and serum levels of Nrf2 and anti-mullerian hormone were also elevated. Results of TUNEL assay and Immunohistochemistry of mice ovarian tissues showed that DNA damage and oxidative stress were decreased by DMF administration, and significantly more oocytes were collected along with preservation of 60% more primordial follicles. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that DMF administration activates the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, elevate levels of antioxidants, and decrease DNA damage and oxidative stress, resulting in improved ovarian reserve in the mouse ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Akino
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Wataru Isono
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
- 0000 0000 9239 9995grid.264706.1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University, Kawasaki, 2138507 Japan
| | - Hiromi Terao
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Harunori Honjo
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miyamoto
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Mana Hirano
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138655 Japan
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