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Bonokwane MB, Lekhooa M, Struwig M, Aremu AO. Antidepressant Effects of South African Plants: An Appraisal of Ethnobotanical Surveys, Ethnopharmacological and Phytochemical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:895286. [PMID: 35846999 PMCID: PMC9277359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the search for safe and potent natural-based treatment for depression is receiving renewed interest given the numerous side-effects associated with many existing drugs. In South Africa, the use of plants to manage depression and related symptoms is fairly documented among different ethnic groups. In the current study, we reviewed existing ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological and phytochemical studies on South African medicinal plants used to manage depression. Electronic databases were accessed for scientific literature that meets the inclusion criteria. Plants with ethnobotanical evidence were subjected to a further pharmacological review to establish the extent (if any) of their effectiveness as antidepressants. Critical assessment resulted in 20 eligible ethnobotanical records, which generated an inventory of 186 plants from 63 plant families. Due to the cultural differences observed in the definition of depression, or lack of definition in some cultures, most plants are reported to treat a wide range of atypical symptoms related to depression. Boophone disticha, Leonotis leonurus and Mentha longifolia were identified as the three most popular plants, with over eight mentions each from the ethnobotanical records. The dominant families were Asteraceae (24), Fabaceae (16), Amaryllidaceae (10), and Apocynaceae (10) which accounted for about 32% of the 186 plants. Only 27 (≈14.5%) of the plants have been screened for antidepressant activity using in vitro and in vivo models. Agapanthus campanulatus, Boophone disticha, Hypericum perforatum, Mondia whitei and Xysmalobium undulatum, represent the most studied plants. Phytochemical investigation on nine out of the 27 plants revealed 24 compounds with antidepressant-like effects. Some of these included buphanidrine and buphanamine which were isolated from the leaves of Boophone disticha, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabichromene obtained from the buds of Cannabis sativa and carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and salvigenin from Rosmarinus officinalis, A significant portion (≈85%) of 186 plants with ethnobotanical records still require pharmacological studies to assess their potential antidepressant-like effects. This review remains a valuable reference material that may guide future ethnobotanical surveys to ensure their robustness and validity as well as database to identify promising plants to screen for pharmacology efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melia Bokaeng Bonokwane
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Makhotso Lekhooa
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Makhotso Lekhooa, ; Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu,
| | - Madeleen Struwig
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Makhotso Lekhooa, ; Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu,
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Zaragoza-Puchol D, Ortiz JE, Orden AA, Sanchez M, Palermo J, Tapia A, Bastida J, Feresin GE. Alkaloids Analysis of Habranthus cardenasianus (Amaryllidaceae), Anti-Cholinesterase Activity and Biomass Production by Propagation Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010192. [PMID: 33401696 PMCID: PMC7795992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants in the Amaryllidaceae family synthesize a diversity of bioactive alkaloids. Some of these plant species are not abundant and have a low natural multiplication rate. The aims of this work were the alkaloids analysis of a Habranthus cardenasianus bulbs extract, the evaluation of its inhibitory activity against cholinesterases, and to test several propagation strategies for biomass production. Eleven compounds were characterized by GC-MS in the alkaloid extract, which showed a relatively high proportion of tazettine. The known alkaloids tazettine, haemanthamine, and the epimer mixture haemanthidine/6-epi-haemanthidine were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Inhibitory cholinesterases activity was not detected. Three forms of propagation were performed: bulb propagation from seed, cut-induced bulb division, and micropropagated bulbs. Finally, different imbibition and post-collection times were evaluated in seed germination assays. The best propagation method was cut-induced bulb division with longitudinal cuts into quarters (T1) while the best conditions for seed germination were 0-day of post-collection and two days of imbibition. The alkaloids analyses of the H. cardenasianus bulbs showed that they are a source of anti-tumoral alkaloids, especially pretazettine (tazettine) and T1 is a sustainable strategy for its propagation and domestication to produce bioactive alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zaragoza-Puchol
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), C.P. 5400 San Juan, Argentina; (D.Z.-P.); (J.E.O.); (A.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C.P. 1425 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier E. Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), C.P. 5400 San Juan, Argentina; (D.Z.-P.); (J.E.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Alejandro A. Orden
- INTEQUI CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Almirante Brown 1455, C.P. D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina;
| | - Marianela Sanchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón, C.P. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.S.); (J.P.)
- CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CITVM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Campus Universitario, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Villa María, C.P. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Palermo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón, C.P. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.S.); (J.P.)
- CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), C.P. 5400 San Juan, Argentina; (D.Z.-P.); (J.E.O.); (A.T.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), C.P. 5400 San Juan, Argentina
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII # 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Gabriela E. Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), C.P. 5400 San Juan, Argentina; (D.Z.-P.); (J.E.O.); (A.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C.P. 1425 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), C.P. 5400 San Juan, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-264-421-1700 (ext. 410/294); Fax: +54-264-420-0289
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