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Lara Vázquez PM, Morenas-Aguilar MD, Chacón Ventura S, Jiménez-Martínez P, Alix-Fages C, García Ramos A, Vera J, Redondo B. Effects of Phenylcapsaicin on Intraocular and Ocular Perfusion Pressure During a 30-Min Cycling Task: A Placebo-Controlled, Triple-Blind, Balanced Crossover Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:298-306. [PMID: 38917985 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The main objective of this placebo-controlled, triple-blind, balanced crossover study was to assess the acute effects of phenylcapsaicin (PC) intake (2.5 mg) on intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), and heart rate (HR) during a 30-min cycling task performed at 15% of the individual maximal power. Twenty-two healthy young adults performed the cycling task 45 min after ingesting PC or placebo. IOP was measured with a rebound tonometer before exercise, during cycling (every 6 min), and after 5 and 10 min of recovery. OPP was assessed before and after exercise. HR was monitored throughout the cycling task. We found an acute increase of IOP levels related to PC consumption while cycling (mean difference = 1.91 ± 2.24 mmHg; p = .007, ηp2=.30), whereas no differences were observed for OPP levels between the PC and placebo conditions (mean difference = 1.33 ± 8.70 mmHg; p = .608). Mean HR values were higher after PC in comparison with placebo intake (mean difference = 3.11 ± 15.87 bpm, p = .019, ηp2=.24), whereas maximum HR did not differ between both experimental conditions (p = .199). These findings suggest that PC intake before exercise should be avoided when reducing IOP levels is desired (e.g., glaucoma patients or those at risk). Future studies should determine the effects of different ergogenic aids on IOP and OPP levels with other exercise configurations and in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Lara Vázquez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Sara Chacón Ventura
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jesús Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
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González-Devesa D, Suárez-Iglesias D, Diz JC, Esmerode-Iglesias A, Ayán C. Systematic review on the impact of exercise on intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:351. [PMID: 39160282 PMCID: PMC11333518 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Due to limited studies, we systematically reviewed evidence on the impact of physical exercise on intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Using MEDLINE/Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, we selected English, Portuguese, or Spanish studies excluding case reports and yoga-based interventions. From 1001 records, 15 studies were independently evaluated. Evaluated through the MMAT scoring system, two quantitative randomised controlled studies scored 100% while 13 non-randomised studies averaged 84.62%. Our findings indicated that both aerobic and resistance training led to an immediate IOP reduction post-exercise. However, these findings were largely from single-session experiments. In contrast, the effects of longer-term exercise programmes on IOP varied. Although our review underscores the potential utility of exercise in IOP management, the evidence remains inconclusive due to variations in study design, participant demographics, and exercise parameters. This lack of consistency in the research highlights the necessity for larger, standardised, and longer-term studies to robustly corroborate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D González-Devesa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - D Suárez-Iglesias
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - J C Diz
- Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Esmerode-Iglesias
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, España
| | - C Ayán
- Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Gildea D, Doyle A, O'Connor J. The Effect of Exercise on Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2024; 33:381-386. [PMID: 38722193 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
PRCIS A review of the literature found that certain types of exercise and physical activity result in transient reductions in intraocular pressure and may have a beneficial effect on glaucoma severity and progression. INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for the disease. Exercise is known to result in changes in IOP. The purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of exercise on IOP and glaucoma. METHODS A comprehensive search of multiple literature databases was performed. Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane libraries were used to search for the relevant terms. 16 original studies were selected for the review. RESULTS Exercise of varying intensity and type has differing effects on IOP. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise results in transient reductions in IOP, while high-intensity resistance exercise and weight-lifting lead to transient elevations in IOP. There is evidence to suggest that exercise and higher levels of fitness may be protective against the development of glaucoma. In addition, increased daily physical activity may be associated with less visual field progression in patients with glaucoma. While secondary causes of glaucoma are included in some of the studies discussed in this review, the findings are largely applicable to primary open angle glaucoma. CONCLUSION Exercise may be a beneficial lifestyle modification in the management of glaucoma; however, further longitudinal studies are required to validate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gildea
- Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Krobot Cutura N, Mrak M, Cutura DM, Petric Vickovic I, Ruzic L. Evaluating Intraocular Pressure Alterations during Large Muscle Group Isometric Exercises with Varying Head and Body Positions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:476. [PMID: 38673387 PMCID: PMC11050476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Performing physical exercise affects intraocular pressure, and its elevation and fluctuations are the main risk factors for glaucoma development or progression. The aim of this study was to examine the acute alterations in intraocular pressure (IOP) during four unweighted isometric exercises and to determine whether the different head and body positions taken during exercise additionally affect IOP. Twelve healthy volunteers between the ages of 25 and 33 performed four isometric exercises: wall sit in neutral head and body position, elbow plank in prone head and body position, reverse plank in supine head and body position for 1 min, and right-side plank in lateral head and body position for 30 s. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation portable tonometry, before performing the exercise, immediately after exercise completion, and after five minutes of rest. A significant acute increase in intraocular pressure was found as a response to the performance of the elbow plank (p < 0.01), the reverse plank (p < 0.001), and the right-side plank (p < 0.001). The wall sit exercise did not reveal a statistically significant IOP elevation (p = 0.232). Different head and body positions had no significant additional influence on IOP (F (3,33) = 0.611; p = 0.613), even though the alteration in IOP was found to be greater in exercises with a lower head and body position. Our data revealed that IOP elevation seems to be affected by the performance of the elbow plank, the reverse plank, and the right-side plank; and not by the wall sit exercise. More different isometric exercises should be examined to find ones that are safe to perform for glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Krobot Cutura
- Varazdin General Hospital, Ivana Mestrovica 1, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia;
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Dominik-Mate Cutura
- Varazdin General Hospital, Ivana Mestrovica 1, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia;
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivanka Petric Vickovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Ruzic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Hackett DA, Li J, Wang B, Way KL, Cross T, Tran DL. Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise on Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:394-404. [PMID: 38090981 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hackett, DA, Li, J, Wang, B, Way, KL, Cross, T, and Tran, DL. Acute effects of resistance exercise on intraocular pressure in healthy adults: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 394-404, 2024-Intraocular pressure (IOP) tends to fluctuate during a resistance exercise (RE). This systematic review examines the acute effects of RE on IOP in healthy adults and factors that influence changes in IOP. Five electronic databases were searched using terms related to RE and IOP. A strict inclusion criterion was applied, which included being 55 years or younger with no medical conditions and RE intensity needing to be quantifiable (e.g., based on a maximal effort). Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Isometric and isotonic contractions produced similar changes in IOP during RE up to 28.7 mm Hg. Exercises that involved larger muscle mass, such as squats and leg press, were found to produce changes in IOP during exercise ranging from 3.1 to 28.7 mm Hg. Smaller changes in IOP during RE were found for exercises engaging less muscle mass (e.g., handgrip and bicep curls). Intraocular pressure was found to increase during RE when lifting heavier loads and with longer exercise durations (e.g., greater repetitions). The Valsalva maneuver (VM) and breath-hold during RE accentuated the change in IOP, with more extreme changes observed with the VM. However, most studies showed that postexercise IOP returned to baseline after approximately 1 minute of recovery. An acute increase in IOP is observed during RE in healthy adults with fluctuations of varying magnitude. Factors that independently increase IOP during RE include exercises involving larger muscle mass, heavy loads, greater set duration, and when the VM or breath-hold is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jiuzhang Li
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Boliang Wang
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Way
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Troy Cross
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Derek L Tran
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Camperdown, Australia; and
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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Janicijevic D, Redondo B, Jiménez R, Garcia-Ramos A, Vera J. The intraocular pressure lowering-effect of low-intensity aerobic exercise is greater in fitter individuals: a cluster analysis. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:86-97. [PMID: 35608210 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2079987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the influence of physical fitness level and sex on intraocular pressure (IOP) during the low-intensity aerobic exercise. Forty-four participants (twenty-two men) cycled 30 minutes at low intensity (10% of the maximal power). Maximal power was determined by asking participants to perform maximal sprints of 6 seconds against 3-4 different resistances separated by 3 minutes of rest. The IOP was measured on 9 occasions (1) prior to the warm-up, (2) after the warm-up, (3-7) every 6 minutes during the low-intensity cycling task, and (8-9) 5 and 10 minutes after the cycling task. Low-intensity aerobic exercise had a lowering effect on IOP, being the beneficial effect more accentuated and prolonged in the High-fit group (IOP reduction compared to baseline lasted 30 minutes) than in the Low-fit group (IOP was only reduced at 6 minutes of exercise compared to baseline). Participants´ sex had no effect on the IOP behaviour at any time point (p = 0.453). These findings indicate that individuals who need to reduce IOP levels (i.e., glaucoma patients or those at risk) should increase or maintain a high fitness level to benefit more from the IOP lowering effect during low-intensity aerobic exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Centre, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jesus Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Influence of the body positions adopted for resistance training on intraocular pressure: a comparison between the supine and seated positions. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s00417-023-06009-0. [PMID: 36795163 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A variety of factors are known to mediate on the intraocular pressure (IOP) response to resistance training. However, the influence of the body position adopted during resistance training on IOP remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the IOP response to the bench press exercise at three levels of intensity when performed in supine and seated positions. METHODS Twenty-three physically active healthy young adults (10 men and 13 women) performed 6 sets of 10 repetitions against the 10-RM (repetition maximum) load during the bench press exercise against three levels of intensity (high intensity: 10-RM load; medium intensity: 50% of the 10-RM load; and control: no external load) and while adopting two different body positions (supine and seated). A rebound tonometer was employed to measure IOP in baseline conditions (after 60 s in the corresponding body position), after each of the 10 repetitions, and after 10 s of recovery. RESULTS The body position adopted during the execution of the bench press exercise significantly affected the changes in IOP (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.83), with the seated position providing lower increases in IOP levels compared to the supine position. There was an association between IOP and exercise intensity, with greater IOP values in the more physically demanding conditions (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS The use of seated positions, instead of supine positions, for the execution of resistance training should be prioritized for maintaining more stable IOP levels. This set of findings incorporates novel insights into the mediating factors on the IOP response to resistance training. In future studies, the inclusion of glaucoma patients would allow to assess the generalizability of these findings.
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Vera J, Redondo B, Koulieris GA, Jiménez R, García-Ramos A. Effect of wearing different types of face masks during dynamic and isometric resistance training on intraocular pressure. Clin Exp Optom 2022:1-6. [PMID: 35358407 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2054315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of face masks has demonstrated to be an effective strategy to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Wearing face masks, mainly Filtering Face Piece 2 (FFP2) masks, during exercise practice has demonstrated to affect several physiological measures. BACKGROUND This study was aimed at assessing the intraocular pressure (IOP) behaviour during the execution of the dynamic and isometric biceps-curl exercise with a surgical and FFP2 face mask. METHODS Twenty two physically active young adults performed sets of 10 repetitions against the 10-RM (repetition maximum) load and 1-minute isometric effort against a load 15% lower than the 10-RM load with the FFP2 and surgical mask and without any mask. A total of six exercise sets (3 experimental conditions [FFP2, surgical and control] × 2 exercise modalities) were performed. A rebound tonometer was used to measure IOP before, during (10 measurements), and after (30-seconds of passive recovery) each training set. RESULTS At rest, there were not statistically significant IOP differences (p = 0.222). During dynamic exercise, there was a progressive IOP rise (p < 0.001), and a higher IOP response with the FFP2 than without the mask (corrected p-value = 0.003). For the isometric exercise, there was a greater IOP response as a function of accumulated effort (p < 0.001), which was dependent of the face mask used (FFP2> surgical>control; corrected p-values< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The FFP2 masks cause a heightened IOP response during the execution of dynamic and isometric biceps-curl exercise, suggesting that, when possible, glaucoma patients should limit the use of FFP2 masks during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Vera J, Redondo B, Molina R, García-Ramos A, Jiménez R. Immediate and cumulative effects of upper-body isometric exercise on the cornea and anterior segment of the human eye. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13160. [PMID: 35341047 PMCID: PMC8944333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The execution of isometric resistance training has demonstrated to cause changes in the ocular physiology. The morphology of the cornea and anterior chamber is of paramount importance in the prevention and management of several ocular diseases, and thus, understating the impact of performing isometric exercise on the eye physiology may allow a better management of these ocular conditions. We aimed to determine the short-term effects of 2-minutes upper-body isometric effort at two different intensities on corneal and anterior eye morphology. Methods Eighteen healthy young adults performed a 2-minutes isometric biceps-curl exercise against two loads relative to their maximum strength capacity (high-intensity and low-intensity) in a randomized manner. An Oculus Pentacam was used to measure the corneal morphology and anterior chamber parameters in both experimental conditions at baseline, during the isometric effort (after 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds), and after 30 and 120 seconds of passive recovery. Results We found that isometric effort causes an increase in pupil size (P < 0.001), and a decrease in the iridocorneal angle (P = 0.005), anterior chamber volume (P < 0.001) and K-flat (P < 0.001) during isometric effort, with these effects being more accentuated in high-intensity condition (P < 0.005 in all cases).Performing 2-minutes upper-body isometric effort did not alter anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness, corneal volume, and K-steep (P > 0.05 in all cases). Conclusions Our data exhibit that performing 2-minutes of upper-body isometric exercise modifies several parameters of the corneal morphology and anterior eye biometrics, with these changes being greater for the high-intensity exercise condition. The findings of this study may be of relevance for the prevention and management of corneal ectasias and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Vera
- Department of Optics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Spain
| | - Rubén Molina
- Department of Optics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Granada, Spain,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile, Chile
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Spain
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Gene-Morales J, Gené-Sampedro A, Martín-Portugués A, Bueno-Gimeno I. Do Age and Sex Play a Role in the Intraocular Pressure Changes after Acrobatic Gymnastics? J Clin Med 2021; 10:4700. [PMID: 34682821 PMCID: PMC8541003 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of an acrobatic gymnastics (AG) training session on intraocular pressure (IOP), a familiarization session was employed to confirm the participant's suitability for the study. Forty-nine gymnasts (63.27% females, 18-40 years old) voluntarily agreed to participate. As age, sex, baseline IOP, and central corneal thickness (CCT) were considered as potential predictors of the IOP variations, in the second session measurements of the above parameters were taken before and after 90 min of AG. A mixed-factorial analysis of variance evaluated differences. Linear regression was conducted to potentially predict the IOP variation with the exercise. After the scheduled exercise, highly significant (p < 0.001, effect size: 0.73) reductions in IOP, but no significant changes in CCT (p = 0.229), were observed. IOP was significantly modified in males, older than 25 years, and subjects with baseline IOP > 14 mmHg (p ≤ 0.001, effect sizes: 0.57-1.02). In contrast, the IOP of females, younger participants, and subjects with baseline IOP ≤ 14 mmHg was not significantly modified (p = 0.114). With the regression analyses, we concluded that both sex and baseline IOP levels were significant predictors of the IOP fluctuation with AG. These findings could be of interest for gymnasts, coaches, ophthalmologists, and/or optometrists in the prevention and control of risk factors associated with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, St. Gascó Oliag 3, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, St. Serpis 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Gené-Sampedro
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, St. Serpis 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Optics, Optometry & Vision Science, University of Valencia, St. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Alba Martín-Portugués
- Department of Optics, Optometry & Vision Science, University of Valencia, St. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno
- Department of Optics, Optometry & Vision Science, University of Valencia, St. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
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Li Y, Li S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Yang J, Ma J. Effects of isometric resistance exercise of the lower limbs on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure among healthy adults: A meta-analysis. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:1596-1604. [PMID: 34454773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main risks for glaucoma are increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and decreased ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). This review aims to examine the potential impact of lower limb isometric resistance exercise on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure. METHOD A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the potential impact of isometric exercise on IOP and OPP. The literature on the relationship between isometric resistance exercise and IOP was systematically searched according to the "Cochrane Handbook" in the databases of Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Scopus through December 31, 2020. The search terms used were "exercise," "train," "isometric," "intraocular pressure," and "ocular perfusion pressure," and the mean differences of the data were analyzed using the Stata 16.0 software, with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS A total of 13 studies, which included 268 adult participants consisting of 162 men and 106 women, were selected. All the exercise programs that were included were isometric resistance exercises of the lower limbs with intervention times of 1min, 2min, or 6min. The increase in IOP after intervention was as follows: I2=87.1%, P=0.001 using random-effects model combined statistics, SMD=1.03 (0.48, 1.59), and the increase in OPP was as follows: I2=94.5%, P=0.001 using random-effects model combined statistics, SMD=2.94 (1.65, 4.22), with both results showing high heterogeneity. CONCLUSION As isometric exercise may cause an increase in IOP and OPP, therefore, people with glaucoma and related high risk should perform isometric exercise with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Zhengzhou Shengda University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - S Li
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Y Wang
- Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - J Zhou
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - J Yang
- Tangshan Hongci Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - J Ma
- Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China.
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Vaghefi E, Shon C, Reading S, Sutherland T, Borges V, Phillips G, Niederer RL, Danesh-Meyer H. Intraocular pressure fluctuation during resistance exercise. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2021; 6:e000723. [PMID: 34046525 PMCID: PMC8126276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of weightlifting (leg press) on intraocular pressure (IOP). Design Prospective cohort study. Subjects A total of 24 participants met the inclusion criteria and completed the study procedures. Participants had an average age of 22.7±2.7 years and included nine women. The mean baseline IOP was 13.9 mm Hg (SD=2.4) with an average body mass index of 24.5 (SD= 3.1). Methods The maximum load for a single lift was found for each participant. Participants then performed three leg press regimens: one repetition using 95% of maximal load (1RM), six repetitions using 75% of maximal load (6RM) and isometric push against a weight much heavier than maximal load (ISO). Main outcome measure IOP was measured pre-exercise, during and immediately following the exercise using an iCare TA01i rebound tonometer. Blood pressure and HR were being monitored continuously during the lift. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained pre and postexercise session. Results The average maximum weight lifted by our participants was 331.9 Kg (SD=97.3). Transient increased IOP was observed across the 1RM, 6RM and ISO exercises with an average increase in 26.4 mm Hg (23.7 mm Hg to 28.7 mm Hg) to reach an average max IOP of 40.7 mm Hg (27.8 mm Hg to 54.2 mm Hg), with an absolute maximum of 70 mm Hg in one participant. Conclusions There is a transient and dramatic fluctuation in IOP with resistance training. This coupled with regular exposure to resistance training is potentially a significant risk factor for glaucoma. It should be noted that this study has been carried out in a healthy young population, and, thus, the external validity of these results in glaucoma participants requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Vaghefi
- Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Shon
- Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stacey Reading
- Sports Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Victor Borges
- Sports Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geraint Phillips
- Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachael L Niederer
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Effects of Wearing the Elevation Training Mask During Low-intensity Cycling Exercise on Intraocular Pressure. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:e193-e197. [PMID: 33534510 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PRCIS Low-intensity aerobic exercise is recommended to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) levels. However, this effect depends on several factors. We found that using an elevation training mask (ETM) during low-intensity aerobic exercise causes an IOP rise. PURPOSE The aim was to assess the influence of wearing an ETM on IOP during low-intensity endurance training. METHODS Sixteen physically active young adults (age=23.9±2.9 y) cycled during 30 minutes at 10% of maximal power production with and without an ETM in 2 different days and randomized order. A rebound tonometer was used to measure IOP at baseline, after a warm-up of 5 minutes, during cycling (6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 min), and recovery (5 and 10 min) by rebound tonometry. RESULTS The use of an ETM significantly affects the IOP behaviour during exercise (P<0.001, ηp²=0.66). In the ETM condition, there was an IOP increment during exercise (P<0.001, ηp²=0.28) whereas an IOP-lowering effect was observed in the control condition (P<0.001, ηp²=0.41). Post hoc comparisons showed that there were greater IOP values during exercise in the ETM condition in comparison to the control condition (average IOP difference=3.7±2.2 mm Hg; corrected P<0.01, and the Cohen d's >1.10, in all cases). CONCLUSION Low-intensity endurance exercise causes an increment in IOP when it is performed wearing an ETM and a decrease in IOP when the air flow is not restricted (control condition). Therefore, the ETM should be discouraged during low-intensity endurance exercise for individuals who need to reduce IOP levels (eg, glaucoma patients or those at risk). However, the external validity of these results needs to be addressed in future studies with the inclusion of glaucoma patients.
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Intraocular Pressure Responses to Four Different Isometric Exercises in Men and Women. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 97:648-653. [PMID: 32833408 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The performance of resistance exercise has evidenced to induce abrupt intraocular pressure (IOP) changes, which has been linked to the onset and progression of glaucoma. We found that four different isometric resistance exercises lead to an instantaneous and progressive IOP elevation, with these changes being independent of the type of exercise. PURPOSE The impact of physical exercise on IOP has demonstrated to be dependent on exercise type and intesity, as well as individuals' characteristics. In this study, we aimed to explore the influence of the load, exercise type, and participant's sex on the IOP behavior during a 2-minute isometric effort. METHODS Twenty-eight physically active collegiate students performed 2 minutes of isometric exercise in the military press, biceps curl, leg extension, and calf raise exercises against two different loads (high load and low load). Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry before, during (semicontinuos assessment [24 measurements]), and after 10 seconds of recovery in each of the eight (four exercises × two loads) conditions. RESULTS We found a statistically significant effect of load (P < .001, np = 0.906), with greater IOP values when performing the isometric exercises against heavier loads. There was a positive IOP rise during the execution of isometric exercise in the high-load condition, returning to baseline levels after 10 seconds of passive recovery. The exercise type and participant's sex did not reveal statistically significant differences (P = .33 and P = .56, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our data evidenced an instanteneous and progressive IOP rise during the execution of isometric exercise leading to muscular failure, regardless of the exercise type and participant's sex. After exercise, IOP rapidly retuned to baseline levels (within 10 seconds). The inclusion of glaucoma patients in future studies is guarranteed.
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Vera J, Redondo B, Perez-Castilla A, Koulieris GA, Jiménez R, Garcia-Ramos A. The intraocular pressure response to lower-body and upper-body isometric exercises is affected by the breathing pattern. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:879-886. [PMID: 32603214 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1790670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the mediating role of the breathing pattern adopted during isometric exercise on the intraocular pressure (IOP) response in the back squat and biceps curl exercises. Twenty physically active young adults performed sets of 1-minute isometric effort against a load corresponding to 80% of the maximum load while adopting three different breathing patterns: (i) Constant breathing: 10 cycles consisting of 3 s of inhalation and 3 s of exhalation, (ii) 10-sec Valsalva: 3 cycles consisting of 10 s holding the breath and 10 s of normal breathing, and (iii) 25-sec Valsalva: 2 cycles consisting of 25 s of the Valsalva maneuver and 5 s of normal breathing. A rebound tonometer was used to semi-continuously assesses IOP during the six sets of 1-minute isometric effort (2 exercises × 3 breathing patterns). We found a progressive IOP rise during isometric effort (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.83), with these increases being greater when the breath was held longer (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.58; 25-sec Valsalva > 10-sec Valsalva = constant breathing). There was a trend towards higher IOP values for the back squat in comparison to the biceps curl, although these differences did not reach statistical significance for any breathing pattern (corrected P-value ≥ 0.146, d ≤ 0.69). These findings reveal that glaucoma patients or those at risk should avoid activities in which the breath is held, especially when combined with physical exercise modalities that also promote an increment in IOP values (e.g. isometric contractions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Pérez-Castilla A, García-Ramos A, Redondo B, Andrés FR, Jiménez R, Vera J. Determinant Factors of Intraocular Pressure Responses to a Maximal Isometric Handgrip Test: Hand Dominance, Handgrip Strength and Sex. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:64-70. [PMID: 32511035 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1780265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the mediating role of strength levels, hand dominance and participants´ sex on the intraocular pressure (IOP) behaviour during the execution of a maximal isometric handgrip test. METHODS One hundred and seventy-six sport science students (102 men and 74 women) performed a maximal isometric handgrip test with the dominant and non-dominant hands. A rebound tonometer was used to measure IOP before effort, during effort, and immediately after performing the handgrip test. Men and women were divided based on their handgrip strength in low- and high-strength groups using a median split analysis. RESULTS There was an acute IOP rise during effort, returning to baseline levels immediately after exercise cessation (P < .001, ηp 2 = 0.79). A greater increase in IOP during the execution of the handgrip test was observed for the dominant-hand compared to the non-dominant hand (P = .004, d = 0.30) and for men compared to women (P = .001, d = 0.90). The main effect of strength level did not reach statistical significance (P = .266). CONCLUSIONS The IOP rise associated with a maximal isometric handgrip effort is affected by the participants´ sex (men > women) and hand dominance (dominant hand > non-dominant hand), but not on strength levels. These findings need to be corroborated in glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion , Concepción, Chile
| | - Beatríz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Fernández-Revelles Andrés
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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Vera J, Redondo B, Perez-Castilla A, Jiménez R, García-Ramos A. Intraocular pressure increases during dynamic resistance training exercises according to the exercise phase in healthy young adults. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:1795-1801. [PMID: 32405701 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) changes caused by the execution of lower body and upper body resistance training exercises leading to muscular failure depending on the exercise phase (concentric vs. eccentric). We also assessed the influence of the exercise type (back squat vs. biceps curl) and level of effort on the IOP response. METHODS Nineteen physically active young adults performed four sets (2 exercise type × 2 exercise phase) of 10 repetitions leading to muscular failure while adopting a normal breathing pattern. IOP was measured by rebound tonometry at baseline, after each of the ten repetitions, and after 1 min of recovery. RESULTS There was a main effect of the exercise phase (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.56), observing greater IOP values in the eccentric condition of the back squat and concentric condition of the biceps curl. Also, greater IOP values were obtained for the back squat in comparison with the biceps curl (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.61), and IOP progressively increases with the level of accumulated effort (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.88; Pearson r = 0.97-0.98). CONCLUSIONS IOP fluctuates during the different phases of the repetition in dynamic resistance training exercises, being greater IOP values observed during the more physically demanding phases of the exercise (eccentric phase of the back squat and concentric phase of the biceps curl). A heightened IOP response is positively associated with muscle size (back squat > biceps curl) and with the level of effort (number of accumulated repetitions). Based on these findings, highly demanding dynamic resistance training should be avoided when maintaining stable IOP levels is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatríz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Effects of Blood Flow Restriction at Different Intensities on IOP and Ocular Perfusion Pressure. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 97:293-299. [PMID: 32304539 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The use of blood flow restriction allows obtaining beneficial physical adaptions when combined with low-intensity exercise or even when used alone. We found that using blood flow restriction may be a potential strategy to avoid IOP and ocular perfusion pressure fluctuations provoked by strength and endurance training. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of bilateral blood flow restriction in the upper and lower body at two different intensities on IOP and ocular perfusion pressure, as well as the possible sex differences. METHODS Twenty-eight physically active university students (14 men and 14 women) took part in the study, and blood flow restriction was bilaterally applied with two pressures in the legs and arms. There were five experimental conditions (control, legs-high, legs-low, arms-high, and arms-low). IOP was measured by rebound tonometry before, during (every 4 seconds), and immediately after blood flow restriction. Ocular perfusion pressure was measured before and after blood flow restriction. RESULTS We found that only the arms-high condition promoted a statistically significant IOP rise when compared with the rest of the experimental conditions (all Bayes factors10, >100; effect sizes, 1.18, 1.06, 1.35, and 1.73 for the control, arms-low, legs-high, and legs-low conditions, respectively). For ocular perfusion pressure, there was strong evidence for the null hypothesis regarding the type of blood flow restriction (Bayes factor10, 0.012); however, men showed an ocular perfusion pressure reduction after blood flow restriction in the arms-high condition (Bayes factor10, 203.24; effect size, 1.41). CONCLUSIONS This study presents preliminary evidence regarding the safety of blood flow restriction in terms of ocular health. Blood flow restriction may be considered as an alternative training strategy to reduce abrupt fluctuations in IOP and ocular perfusion pressure because its use permits a considerable reduction of exercise intensity.
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Vera J, Redondo B, Bardón A, Pérez‐Castilla A, García‐Ramos A, Jiménez R. Effects of caffeine consumption on intraocular pressure during low‐intensity endurance exercise: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, balanced crossover study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:602-609. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Anabel Bardón
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez‐Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Amador García‐Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
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20
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Vera J, Raimundo J, García-Durán B, Pérez-Castilla A, Redondo B, Delgado G, Koulieris GA, García-Ramos A. Acute intraocular pressure changes during isometric exercise and recovery: The influence of exercise type and intensity, and participant´s sex. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2213-2219. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1626072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jiménez Raimundo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Durán
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gabriel Delgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mixed University Sport and Health Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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