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Lin J, Chen L, Yang J, Li X, Wang J, Zhu Y, Xu X, Cui W. Injectable Double Positively Charged Hydrogel Microspheres for Targeting-Penetration-Phagocytosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202156. [PMID: 36056898 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The localization and accumulation of drugs in the body determine their therapeutic effects; however, the specific microstructure of damaged tissues hinders drug delivery. Currently, there is a shortage of effective drug carriers to breach these barriers and achieve efficient tissue and cellular delivery of drugs. In this study, an injectable double positively charged functional hydrogel microsphere with "targeting cartilage extracellular matrix", "cartilage penetration", and "cellular phagocytosis" is designed for matching the structural characteristics of joints, addressing the difficulties of drug delivery in joints. The microspheres could be adsorbed on the negatively charged cartilage surface because of their positively charged poly-lysine surface. Furthermore, the internally loaded positively charged polyamidoamine contained kartogenin, which helped further the penetration of the cartilage under the guidance of electrical charge. The microspheres could release kartogenin for more than 21 days. In in vivo experiments, the microspheres effectively improve the efficiency of drug delivery, inhibit the degradation of cartilage matrix and subchondral bone, and delay the development of osteoarthritis. As a double positively charged drug delivery system, the versatile microsphere has great potential for treating osteoarthritis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jielai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
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He T, Shaw I, Vedadghavami A, Bajpayee AG. Single-Dose Intra-Cartilage Delivery of Kartogenin Using a Cationic Multi-Arm Avidin Nanocarrier Suppresses Cytokine-Induced Osteoarthritis-Related Catabolism. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221093072. [PMID: 35491681 PMCID: PMC9251829 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221093072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kartogenin (KGN) has proven as a both chondrogenic and chondroprotective drug for osteoarthritis (OA) therapy. However, being a small hydrophobic molecule, KGN suffers from rapid joint clearance and inability to penetrate cartilage to reach chondrocytes following intra-articular administration. As such multiple high doses are needed that can lead to off-target effects including stimulation and tissue outgrowth. Here we design charge-based cartilage targeting formulation of KGN by using a multi-arm cationic nano-construct of Avidin (mAv) that can rapidly penetrate into cartilage in high concentrations owing to weak-reversible electrostatic binding interactions with negatively charged aggrecan-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and form an extended-release drug depot such that its therapeutic benefit can be reaped in just a single dose. DESIGN We synthesized 2 novel formulations, one with a releasable ester linker (mAv-OH-KGN, release half-life ~58 h) that enables sustained KGN release over 2 weeks and another with a non-releasable amide linker (mAv-NH-KGN) that relies on mAv's ability to be uptaken and endocytosed by chondrocytes for drug delivery. Their effectiveness in suppressing cytokine-induced catabolism was evaluated in vitro using cartilage explant culture model. RESULTS A single 100 μM dose of cartilage homing mAv-KGN was significantly more effective in suppressing cytokine-induced GAG loss, cell death, inflammatory response and in rescuing cell metabolism than a single dose of free KGN; multiple doses of free KGN were needed to match this therapeutic response. CONCLUSION mAv mediated delivery of KGN is promising and can facilitate clinical translation of KGN for OA treatment with only a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei He
- Department of Bioengineering,
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irfhan Shaw
- Department of Bioengineering,
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ambika G. Bajpayee
- Department of Bioengineering,
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Ambika G. Bajpayee, Department of
Bioengineering, Northeastern University, ISEC Room 216, 805 Columbus Avenue,
Boston, MA 02120, USA.
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Wang H, Peng T, Wu H, Chen J, Chen M, Mei L, Li F, Wang W, Wu C, Pan X. In situ biomimetic lyotropic liquid crystal gel for full-thickness cartilage defect regeneration. J Control Release 2021; 338:623-632. [PMID: 34481927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a great challenge in regenerating cartilage defects, which usually involve absent bearing capacity and poor adaptation to joint movement, further exacerbating subchondral bone damage. Therefore, ideal tissue-engineering cartilage scaffolds should be endowed with biomimetic and sustained-release function for promoting long-term chondrogenesis while protecting subchondral bone. Herein, in situ self-assembling gel based on glyceryl monooleate (GMO)-hyaluronic acid (HA) composite lyotropic liquid crystal (HLC) was developed as the biomimetic scaffold to deliver kartogenin for long-term cartilage regeneration. Compared to the GMO based (LLC) gel, HLC gel with modified lattice structure exhibited improved rheological properties for better joint protection by increasing mechanical strength, elasticity and lubrication. Besides, HLC gel successfully prolonged drug release and retention in the joint cavity over 4 weeks to provide combined effect of kartogenin and HA for cartilage repair. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that HLC gel was the most effective to promote chondrogenesis and protect subchondral bone, making the damaged bone tissue restored to normal in divergent features as evidenced by the MRI, Micro-CT and histological results. Therefore, the HLC gel with joint protection and controlled drug release can serve as a firm scaffold for providing long-term cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tingting Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Haofeng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jintian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Minglong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Liling Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Metabolic reprogramming in chondrocytes to promote mitochondrial respiration reduces downstream features of osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15131. [PMID: 34302034 PMCID: PMC8302637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction in chondrocytes drives the pro-catabolic phenotype associated with osteoarthritic cartilage. In this study, substitution of galactose for glucose in culture media was used to promote a renewed dependence on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Galactose replacement alone blocked enhanced usage of the glycolysis pathway by IL1β-activated chondrocytes as detected by real-time changes in the rates of proton acidification of the medium and changes in oxygen consumption. The change in mitochondrial activity due to galactose was visualized as a rescue of mitochondrial membrane potential but not an alteration in the number of mitochondria. Galactose-replacement reversed other markers of dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism, including blocking the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Of more clinical relevance, galactose-substitution blocked downstream functional features associated with osteoarthritis, including enhanced levels of MMP13 mRNA, MMP13 protein, and the degradative loss of proteoglycan from intact cartilage explants. Blocking baseline and IL1β-enhanced MMP13 by galactose-replacement in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures inversely paralleled increases in markers associated with mitochondrial recovery, phospho-AMPK, and PGC1α. Comparisons were made between galactose replacement and the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose. Targeting intermediary metabolism may provide a novel approach to osteoarthritis care.
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Mei X, Villamagna IJ, Nguyen T, Beier F, Appleton CT, Gillies ER. Polymer particles for the intra-articular delivery of drugs to treat osteoarthritis. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33711838 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abee62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic disability. It is a progressive disease, involving pathological changes to the entire joint, resulting in joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of mobility. There is currently no disease-modifying pharmaceutical treatment for OA, and the treatments that do exist suffer from significant side effects. An increasing understanding of the molecular pathways involved in OA is leading to many potential drug targets. However, both current and new therapies can benefit from a targeted approach that delivers drugs selectively to joints at therapeutic concentrations, while limiting systemic exposure to the drugs. Delivery systems including hydrogels, liposomes, and various types of particles have been explored for intra-articular drug delivery. This review will describe progress over the past several years in the development of polymer-based particles for OA treatment, as well as their in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evaluation. Systems based on biopolymers such as polysaccharides and polypeptides, as well as synthetic polyesters, poly(ester amide)s, thermoresponsive polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol), amphiphilic polymers, and dendrimers will be described. We will discuss the role of particle size, biodegradability, and mechanical properties in the behavior of the particles in the joint, and the challenges to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, CANADA
| | - Ian J Villamagna
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, CANADA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, CANADA
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 3B7, CANADA
| | - C Thomas Appleton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 3B7, CANADA
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, CANADA
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Zheng K, Du D. Recent advances of hydrogel-based biomaterials for intervertebral disc tissue treatment: A literature review. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:299-321. [PMID: 33660950 DOI: 10.1002/term.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain is an increasingly prevalent symptom mainly associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. It is highly correlated with aging, as the nucleus pulposus (NP) dehydrates and annulus fibrosus fissure formatting, which finally results in the IVD herniation and related clinical symptoms. Hydrogels have been drawing increasing attention as the ideal candidates for IVD degeneration because of their unique properties such as biocompatibility, highly tunable mechanical properties, and especially the water absorption and retention ability resembling the normal NP tissue. Numerous innovative hydrogel polymers have been generated in the most recent years. This review article will first briefly describe the anatomy and pathophysiology of IVDs and current therapies with their limitations. Following that, the article introduces the hydrogel materials in the classification of their origins. Next, it reviews the recent hydrogel polymers explored for IVD regeneration and analyses what efforts have been made to overcome the existing limitations. Finally, the challenges and prospects of hydrogel-based treatments for IVD tissue are also discussed. We believe that these novel hydrogel-based strategies may shed light on new possibilities in IVD degeneration disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajiang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Chen CY, Li C, Ke CJ, Sun JS, Lin FH. Kartogenin Enhances Chondrogenic Differentiation of MSCs in 3D Tri-Copolymer Scaffolds and the Self-Designed Bioreactor System. Biomolecules 2021; 11:115. [PMID: 33467170 PMCID: PMC7829855 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cartilage has relatively slow metabolism compared to other normal tissues. Cartilage damage is of great clinical consequence since cartilage has limited intrinsic healing potential. Cartilage tissue engineering is a rapidly emerging field that holds great promise for tissue function repair and artificial/engineered tissue substitutes. However, current clinical therapies for cartilage repair are less than satisfactory and rarely recover full function or return the diseased tissue to its native healthy state. Kartogenin (KGN), a small molecule, can promote chondrocyte differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this research is to optimize the chondrogenic process in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based chondrogenic constructs with KGN for potential use in cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, we demonstrate that KGN treatment can promote MSC condensation and cell cluster formation within a tri-copolymer scaffold. Expression of Acan, Sox9, and Col2a1 was significantly up-regulated in three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. The lacuna-like structure showed active deposition of type II collagen and aggrecan deposition. We expect these results will open new avenues for the use of small molecules in chondrogenic differentiation protocols in combination with scaffolds, which may yield better strategies for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; or
| | - Chunching Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Cherng-Jyh Ke
- Biomaterials Translational Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40202, Taiwan;
- Center for General Education, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
- Master Program for Digital Health Innovation, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
- Master Program in Technology Management, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Sheng Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine (I-BEN), National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
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8
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Li T, Liu B, Chen K, Lou Y, Jiang Y, Zhang D. Small molecule compounds promote the proliferation of chondrocytes and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110652. [PMID: 32942151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of tissue engineering to generate cartilage is limited because of low proliferative ability and unstable phenotype of chondrocytes. The sources of cartilage seed cells are mainly chondrocytes and stem cells. A variety of methods have been used to obtain large numbers of chondrocytes, including increasing chondrocyte proliferation and stem cell chondrogenic differentiation via cytokines, genes, and proteins. Natural or synthetic small molecule compounds can provide a simple and effective method to promote chondrocyte proliferation, maintain a stable chondrocyte phenotype, and promote stem cell chondrogenic differentiation. Therefore, the study of small molecule compounds is of great importance for cartilage tissue engineering. Herein, we review a series of small molecule compounds and their mechanisms that can promote chondrocyte proliferation, maintain chondrocyte phenotype, or induce stem cell chondrogenesis. The studies in this field represent significant contributions to the research in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingzhang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyue Lou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Mancipe Castro LM, García AJ, Guldberg RE. Biomaterial strategies for improved intra-articular drug delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:426-436. [PMID: 32780515 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint degenerative disease that has become one of the leading causes of disability in the world. It is estimated that OA affects 50 million adults in the United States. Currently, there are no FDA-approved treatments that slow OA progression and its treatment is limited to pain management strategies and life style changes. Despite the discovery of several disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) and promising results in preclinical studies, their clinical translation has been significantly limited because of poor intra-articular (IA) bioavailability and challenges in delivering these compounds to tissues of interest within the joint. Here, we review current OA treatments and their effectiveness at reducing joint pain, as well as novel targets for OA treatment and the challenges related to their clinical translation. Moreover, we discuss intra-articular (IA) drug delivery as a promising route of administration, describe its inherent challenges, and review recent advances in biomaterial-based IA drug delivery for OA treatment. Finally, we highlight the potential of tissue targeting in the development of effective IA drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Mancipe Castro
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, 6231 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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Zhao Y, Teng B, Sun X, Dong Y, Wang S, Hu Y, Wang Z, Ma X, Yang Q. Synergistic Effects of Kartogenin and Transforming Growth Factor-β3 on Chondrogenesis of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro. Orthop Surg 2020; 12:938-945. [PMID: 32462800 PMCID: PMC7307229 DOI: 10.1111/os.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of kartogenin (KGN) on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSC) in vitro, and the synergistic effects of KGN and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 on hUCMSC. METHODS Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured. Then the differentiation properties were identified by flow cytometry analysis. HUCMSC were divided into four groups: control group, KGN group, TGF-β3 group, and TK group (with TGF-β3 and KGN added into the medium simultaneously). Cells in all groups were induced for 21 days using the suspension ball culture method. Hematoxylin and eosin, immunofluorescence, and Alcian blue staining were used to analyze chondrogenic differentiation. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to investigate genes associated with chondrogenic differentiation. RESULT Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that cells in the TGF-β3 group and the TK group had formed cartilage-like tissue after 21 days of culture. The results of immunofluorescence and Alcian blue staining showed that compared with the control group, cells in the KGN and TGF-β3 groups demonstrated increased secretion of aggrecan after 21 days of culture. In addition, cells in the group combining KGN with TGF-β3 (5.587 ± 0.27, P < 0.01) had more collagen II secretion than cells in the TGF-β3 alone group (2.86 ± 0.141, P < 0.01) or the KGN group (1.203 ± 0.215, P < 0.01). The expression of aggrecan (2.468 ± 0.097, P < 0.05) and SRY-Box 9 (4.08 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) in cells in the group combining KGN with TGF-β3 was significantly higher than those in the TGF-β3 group (2.216 ± 0.09, 3.02 ± 0.132, P < 0.05).' CONCLUSION The combination of KGN and TGF-β3 had synergistic effects and induced hUCMSC chondrogenesis. This could represent a new approach for clinical application and studies on cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Binhong Teng
- Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySchool and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Spine SurgeryTianjin Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yunsheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yongcheng Hu
- Department of Spine SurgeryTianjin Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsNo. 1 Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xinlong Ma
- Department of Spine SurgeryTianjin Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Spine SurgeryTianjin Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
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11
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Chen C, Huang K, Zhu J, Bi Y, Wang L, Jiang J, Zhu T, Yan X, Zhao J. A novel elastic and controlled-release poly(ether-ester-urethane)urea scaffold for cartilage regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4106-4121. [PMID: 32253395 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the tissue engineering of cartilage, scaffolds with appropriate elasticity and controlled-release properties are essential. Herein, we synthesized a poly(ether-ester-urethane)urea scaffold with a pendant amino group (PEEUUN) through a de-protection process from PEEUU-Boc polymers and grafted kartogenin (KGN) onto the PEEUUN scaffolds (PEEUUN-KGN). Characterization, performance tests, scaffold biocompatibility analysis, and chondrogenesis evaluation both in vitro and in vivo were conducted. The results revealed that the PEEUUN-KGN scaffolds were degradable and three-dimensional (3D) with interconnected pores, and possessed good elasticity, as well as excellent cytocompatibility. Meanwhile, KGN on the PEEUUN-KGN scaffolds underwent stable sustained release for a long time and promoted human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) to differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro, thus enhancing cartilage regeneration in vivo. In conclusion, the present PEEUUN-KGN scaffolds would have application potential for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang'an Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Shi K, Huang Y, Huang L, Wang J, Wang Y, Feng G, Liu L, Song Y. [Research progress of hydrogel used for regeneration of nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc degeneration]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2020; 34:275-284. [PMID: 32174070 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201907092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the research progress of hydrogels for the regeneration and repair of degenerative intervertebral disc and to investigate the potential of hydrogels in clinical application. Methods The related literature about the role of hydrogels in intervertebral disc degeneration especially for nucleus pulposus was reviewed and analyzed. Results Hydrogels share similar properties with nucleus pulposus, and it plays an important role in the regeneration and repair of degenerative intervertebral disc, which can be mainly applied in nucleus pulposus prosthesis, hydrogel-based cell therapy, non-cellular therapy, and tissue engineering repair. Conclusion Hydrogels are widely used in the regeneration and repair of intervertebral disc, which provides a potential treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Yong Huang
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Leizhen Huang
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Limin Liu
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Yueming Song
- Departmen of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
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13
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He T, Zhang C, Vedadghavami A, Mehta S, Clark HA, Porter RM, Bajpayee AG. Multi-arm Avidin nano-construct for intra-cartilage delivery of small molecule drugs. J Control Release 2019; 318:109-123. [PMID: 31843642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to joint tissues like cartilage remains a challenge that has prevented clinical translation of promising osteoarthritis (OA) drugs. Local intra-articular (IA) injections of drugs suffer from rapid clearance from the joint space and slow diffusive transport through the dense, avascular cartilage matrix comprised of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Here we apply drug carriers that leverage electrostatic interactions with the tissue's high negative fixed charge density (FCD) for delivering small molecule drugs to cartilage cell and matrix sites. We demonstrate that a multi-arm cationic nano-construct of Avidin (mAv) with 28 sites for covalent drug conjugation can rapidly penetrate through the full thickness of cartilage in high concentration and have long intra-cartilage residence time in both healthy and arthritic cartilage via weak-reversible binding with negatively charged aggrecans. mAv's intra-cartilage mean uptake was found to be 112× and 33× the equilibration bath concentration in healthy and arthritic (50% GAG depleted) cartilage, respectively. mAv was conjugated with Dexamethasone (mAv-Dex), a broad-spectrum glucocorticoid, using a combination of hydrolysable ester linkers derived from succinic anhydride (SA), 3,3-dimethylglutaric anhydride (GA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) in 2:1:1 M ratio that enabled 50% drug release within 38.5 h followed by sustained release in therapeutic doses over 2 weeks. A single 10 μM low dose of controlled release mAv-Dex (2:1:1) effectively suppressed IL-1α-induced GAG loss, cell death and inflammatory response significantly better than unmodified Dex over 2 weeks in cartilage explant culture models of OA. With this multi-arm design, <1 μM Avidin was needed - a concentration which has been shown to be safe, preventing further GAG loss and cytotoxicity. A charge-based cartilage homing drug delivery platform like this can elicit disease modifying effects as well as facilitate long-term symptomatic pain and inflammation relief by enhancing tissue specificity and prolonging intra-cartilage residence time of OA drugs. This nano-construct thus has high translational potential for enabling intra-cartilage delivery of a broad array of small molecule OA drugs and their combinations to chondrocytes, enabling OA treatment with a single injection of low drug doses and eliminating toxicity issues associated with multiple high dose injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei He
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Chenzhen Zhang
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Armin Vedadghavami
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shikhar Mehta
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Heather A Clark
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ryan M Porter
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ambika G Bajpayee
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Terabe K, Ohashi Y, Tsuchiya S, Ishizuka S, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Chondroprotective effects of 4-methylumbelliferone and hyaluronan synthase-2 overexpression involve changes in chondrocyte energy metabolism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17799-17817. [PMID: 31619518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a critical component of articular cartilage and partially helps retain aggrecan within the extracellular matrix of this tissue. During osteoarthritis, hyaluronan and aggrecan loss are an early sign of tissue damage. However, our recent attempts to mimic hyaluronan loss with the hyaluronan inhibitor 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) did not exacerbate arthritis-like features of in vitro models of arthritis, but surprisingly, caused the reverse (i.e. provided potent chondroprotection). Moreover, the protective effects of 4MU did not depend on its role as a hyaluronan inhibitor. To understand the molecular mechanism in 4MU-mediated chondroprotection, we considered recent studies suggesting that shifts in intracellular UDP-hexose pools promote changes in metabolism. To determine whether such metabolic shifts are associated with the mechanism of 4MU-mediated pro-catabolic inhibition, using molecular and metabolomics approaches, we examined whether bovine and human chondrocytes exhibit changes in the contribution of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration to ATP production rates as well as in other factors that respond to or might drive these changes. Overexpression of either HA synthase-2 or 4MU effectively reduced dependence on glycolysis in chondrocytes, especially enhancing glycolysis use by interleukin-1β (IL1β)-activated chondrocytes. The reduction in glycolysis secondarily enhanced mitochondrial respiration in chondrocytes, which, in turn, rescued phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels in the activated chondrocytes. Other glycolysis inhibitors, unrelated to hyaluronan biosynthesis, namely 2-deoxyglucose and dichloroacetate, caused metabolic changes in chondrocytes equivalent to those elicited by 4MU and similarly protected both chondrocytes and cartilage explants. These results suggest that fluxes in UDP-hexoses alter metabolic energy pathways in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Terabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ohashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Saho Tsuchiya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Shinya Ishizuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
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15
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Zheng L, Li D, Wang W, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Liu D, Zhang J, You Z, Zhang J, He C. Bilayered Scaffold Prepared from a Kartogenin-Loaded Hydrogel and BMP-2-Derived Peptide-Loaded Porous Nanofibrous Scaffold for Osteochondral Defect Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4564-4573. [PMID: 33448830 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a bilayered scaffold with an anisotropic structure mimicking a native osteochondral tissue shows considerable potential for treating osteochondral defects. Herein, a bilayered scaffold consisting of biomimetic cartilage and a subchondral bone architecture was constructed for repairing osteochondral defect. A hydrogel prepared by the Schiff base reaction of gelatin, silk fibroin, and oxidized dextran was designed as the cartilage layer, while a nanofibrous scaffold with a macroporous structure prepared from the polymer blend of poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) using the dual phase separation technique served as a subchondral layer. The subchondral layer was then treated with polydopamine coating for osteogenic factor immobilization. To facilitate the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the bilayered scaffold, the cartilage-inducing drug kartogenin (KGN) and osteogenic-inducing factor bone morphogenetic protein 2-derived peptides (P24 peptides) were, respectively, loaded on the subchondral layer. Next, the in vitro release of KGN and P24 peptide from the corresponding layer was monitored, respectively, and the results showed that both the release time of KGN and P24 peptides would last for more than 28 days. The in vitro results indicated that the KGN-loaded cartilage layer and P24 peptides-loaded subchondral layer were capable of supporting cell proliferation, and induced the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation, respectively. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments suggested that the bilayered scaffold significantly accelerated the regeneration of the osteochondral tissue in the rabbit knee joint model. Consequently, this bilayered scaffold loaded with KGN and P24 peptides would be a promising candidate for repairing osteochondral defect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201301, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jundong Zhang
- Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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16
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Chijimatsu R, Yano F, Saito T, Kobayashi M, Hamamoto S, Kaito T, Kushioka J, Hart DA, Chung U, Tanaka S, Yoshikawa H, Nakamura N. Effect of the small compound
TD
‐198946 on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and transforming growth factor β3‐associated chondrogenesis of human synovium‐derived stem cells in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:446-458. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamamoto
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Junichi Kushioka
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - David A. Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint HealthUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ung‐il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
- Global Center of Medical Engineering and InformaticsOsaka University Suita Japan
- Institute for Medical Science in SportsOsaka Health Science University Osaka Japan
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17
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Liu C, Li T, Yang Z, Liu D, Li Y, Zhou Z, Zhang Q. Kartogenin Enhanced Chondrogenesis in Cocultures of Chondrocytes and Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:990-1000. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Deshuai Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyou Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiqing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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18
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Cai G, Liu W, He Y, Huang J, Duan L, Xiong J, Liu L, Wang D. Recent advances in kartogenin for cartilage regeneration. J Drug Target 2018; 27:28-32. [PMID: 29772932 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1464011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Either osteoarthritis or sports-related injuries can lead to cartilage defects, whereas both chondrocyte self-renewal and conventional treatments face limitations. In cartilage regenerative medicine, growth factors are commonly used to induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. However, application of growth factors is confined by some drawbacks. Emerging small molecules are regarded as an alternative for cartilage regeneration. A recently discovered small-molecule compound, kartogenin (KGN), has been proven to be a chondrogenic and chondroprotective agent and is more effective in inducing cartilage regeneration when compared with growth factors. KGN has been processed and applied in many forms, such as in intra-articular injection, in collaboration with growth factors, in incorporation in drug delivery systems, and in combination with scaffolds. Fortunately, progress has been achieved in KGN applications. The current review discusses the recent advances in KGN for cartilage regeneration and thus presents new concepts in cartilage repair in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaorui Cai
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Yong He
- b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Jianghong Huang
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Li Duan
- b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Lijun Liu
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Daping Wang
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
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19
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Varela-Eirin M, Loureiro J, Fonseca E, Corrochano S, Caeiro JR, Collado M, Mayan MD. Cartilage regeneration and ageing: Targeting cellular plasticity in osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 42:56-71. [PMID: 29258883 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ageing processes play a major contributing role for the development of Osteoarthritis (OA). This prototypic degenerative condition of ageing is the most common form of arthritis and is accompanied by a general decline, chronic pain and mobility deficits. The disease is primarily characterized by articular cartilage degradation, followed by subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovial inflammation and joint degeneration. In the early stages, osteoarthritic chondrocytes undergo phenotypic changes that increase cell proliferation and cluster formation and enhance the production of matrix-remodelling enzymes. In fact, chondrocytes exhibit differentiation plasticity and undergo phenotypic changes during the healing process. Current studies are focusing on unravelling whether OA is a consequence of an abnormal wound healing response. Recent investigations suggest that alterations in different proteins, such as TGF-ß/BMPs, NF-Kß, Wnt, and Cx43, or SASP factors involved in signalling pathways in wound healing response, could be directly implicated in the initiation of OA. Several findings suggest that osteoarthritic chondrocytes remain in an immature state expressing stemness-associated cell surface markers. In fact, the efficacy of new disease-modifying OA drugs that promote chondrogenic differentiation in animal models indicates that this may be a drug-sensible state. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding cellular plasticity in chondrocytes and OA. A better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in these processes may enable us to understand the molecular pathways that promote abnormal repair and cartilage degradation in OA. This understanding would be advantageous in identifying novel targets and designing therapies to promote effective cartilage repair and successful joint ageing by preventing functional limitations and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Eirin
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesus Loureiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Caeiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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20
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Maudens P, Seemayer CA, Thauvin C, Gabay C, Jordan O, Allémann E. Nanocrystal-Polymer Particles: Extended Delivery Carriers for Osteoarthritis Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1703108. [PMID: 29327460 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) can benefit from the local release of a high therapeutic dose over an extended period of time. Such a treatment will minimize systemic side effects and avoid the inconvenience of frequent injections. To this aim, nanocrystal-polymer particles (NPPs) are developed by combining the advantages of nanotechnology and microparticles. Nanocrystals are produced by wet milling kartogenin (KGN), which is known to promote chondrogenesis and to foster chondroprotection. A fluorescent biodegradable polymer is synthesized for intravital particle tracking. Polymer microparticles with 320 nm embedded KGN nanocrystals (KGN-NPPs) show a high drug loading of 31.5% (w/w) and an extended drug release of 62% over 3 months. In vitro, these particles do not alter mitochondrial activity in cultured human OA synoviocytes. In vivo, KGN-NPPs demonstrate higher bioactivity than a KGN solution in a murine mechanistic OA model based on histological assessment (Osteoarthritis Research Society International score), epiphyseal thickness (microcomputed tomography), OA biomarkers (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, Adamts5), and prolonged intra-articular persistence (fluorescence analysis). This work provides proof-of-concept of a novel and innovative extended drug delivery system with the potential to treat human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maudens
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Cédric Thauvin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Jordan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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21
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Spakova T, Plsikova J, Harvanova D, Lacko M, Stolfa S, Rosocha J. Influence of Kartogenin on Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs in 2D Culture and in Co-Cultivation with OA Osteochondral Explant. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010181. [PMID: 29337871 PMCID: PMC6017512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage has limited capacity for natural regeneration and repair. In the present study, we evaluated kartogenin (KGN), a bioactive small heterocyclic molecule, for its effect on in vitro proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) in monolayer culture and in co-culture models in vitro. OA osteochondral cylinders and hBMSCs were collected during total knee replacement. The effect of KGN on hBMSCs during 21 days of culture was monitored by real-time proliferation assay, immunofluorescence staining, histological assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (imaging and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ELISA assay. The rate of proliferation of hBMSCs was significantly increased by treatment with 10 µM KGN during nine days of culture. Histological and SEM analyses showed the ability of hBMSCs in the presence of KGN to colonize the surface of OA cartilage and to produce glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans after 21 days of co-culture. KGN treated hBMSCs secreted higher concentrations of TIMPs and the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules (MMP 13, TNF-α) were significantly suppressed in comparison with control without hBMSCs. Our preliminary results support the concept that 10 µM KGN enhances proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and suggest that KGN is a potential promoter for cell-based therapeutic application for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Spakova
- Associated Tissue Bank of Faculty of Medicine of P. J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Plsikova
- Associated Tissue Bank of Faculty of Medicine of P. J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Denisa Harvanova
- Associated Tissue Bank of Faculty of Medicine of P. J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Lacko
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Faculty of Medicine of P. J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Stefan Stolfa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Faculty of Medicine of P. J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Rosocha
- Associated Tissue Bank of Faculty of Medicine of P. J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia.
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22
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Im GI. Application of kartogenin for musculoskeletal regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:1141-1148. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Il Im
- Department of Orthopaedics; Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital; Goyang Republic of Korea
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23
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Hu Q, Ding B, Yan X, Peng L, Duan J, Yang S, Cheng L, Chen D. Polyethylene glycol modified PAMAM dendrimer delivery of kartogenin to induce chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2189-2198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Kang ML, Jeong SY, Im GI. Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Functionalized with Self-Assembled Micelles of Amphiphilic PEGylated Kartogenin for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:630-639. [PMID: 28338415 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic hyaluronic acid (HA) containing a covalently integrated drug is capable of releasing therapeutic molecules and is an attractive candidate for the intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Herein, self-assembled PEGylated kartogenin (PEG/KGN) micelles consisting of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydrophobic KGN, which has been shown to induce chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells, were prepared by covalent crosslinking. HA hydrogels containing PEG/KGN micelles (HA/PEG/KGN) were prepared by covalently bonding PEG chains to HA. The physicochemical properties of the HA/PEG/KGN conjugate gels were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). HA/PEG/KGN gels exhibited larger micelles in aqueous solution than PEG/KGN. SEM images of PEG/KGN micelles showed a dark core and a bright shell, whereas PEG/KGN micelles covalently integrated into HA had an irregular oval shape. Covalent integration of PEG/KGN micelles in HA hydrogels significantly reduced drug release rates and provided sustained release over a prolonged period of time. HA/PEG/KGN hydrogels were degradable enzymatically by collagenase and hyaluronidase in vitro. Injection of HA/PEG/KGN hydrogels into articular cartilage significantly suppressed the progression of OA in rats compared with free-HA hydrogel injection. These results suggest that the HA/PEG/KGN hydrogels have greater potency than free-HA hydrogels against OA as biodegradable synthetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Lan Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital , Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Jeong
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital , Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Il Im
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital , Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Zhu Y, Tan J, Zhu H, Lin G, Yin F, Wang L, Song K, Wang Y, Zhou G, Yi W. Development of kartogenin-conjugated chitosan–hyaluronic acid hydrogel for nucleus pulposus regeneration. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:784-791. [PMID: 28261733 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injectable constructs for in vivo gelation have many advantages in the regeneration of degenerated nucleus pulposus.
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Miyatake K, Iwasa K, McNary SM, Peng G, Reddi AH. Modulation of Superficial Zone Protein/Lubricin/PRG4 by Kartogenin and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Surface Zone Chondrocytes in Bovine Articular Cartilage. Cartilage 2016; 7:388-97. [PMID: 27688846 PMCID: PMC5029568 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516630789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Superficial zone protein (SZP)/lubricin/PRG4 functions as a boundary lubricant in articular cartilage to decrease friction and wear. As articular cartilage lubrication is critical for normal joint function, the accumulation of SZP at the surface of cartilage is important for joint homeostasis. Recently, a heterocyclic compound called kartogenin (KGN) was found to induce chondrogenic differentiation and enhance mRNA expression of lubricin. The objective of this study was to determine whether KGN can stimulate synthesis of SZP in superficial zone, articular chondrocytes. DESIGN We investigated the effects of KGN and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on articular cartilage and synovium of the bovine knee joint by evaluating SZP secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Monolayer, micromass, and explant cultures of articular cartilage, and monolayer culture of synoviocytes, were treated with KGN. SZP accumulation in the medium was evaluated and mRNA expression was measured through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS TGF-β1 stimulated SZP secretion by superficial zone chondrocytes in monolayer, explant, and micromass cultures as expected. In addition, SZP secretion was inhibited by IL-1β in explant cultures, and enhanced by TGF-β1 in synoviocyte monolayer cultures. Although KGN elicited a 1.2-fold increase in SZP mRNA expression in combination with TGF-β1, KGN neither stimulated any significant increases in SZP synthesis nor prevented catabolic decreases in SZP production from IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the chondrogenic effects of KGN depend on cellular phenotype and differentiation status, as KGN did not alter SZP synthesis in differentiated, superficial zone articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Miyatake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kenjiro Iwasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sean M. McNary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gordon Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,A. Hari Reddi, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Research Building I, Room 2000, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Ishizuka S, Askew EB, Ishizuka N, Knudson CB, Knudson W. 4-Methylumbelliferone Diminishes Catabolically Activated Articular Chondrocytes and Cartilage Explants via a Mechanism Independent of Hyaluronan Inhibition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12087-104. [PMID: 27129266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan is one of the earliest events that occurs in association with osteoarthritis. This loss is often accompanied by a coordinate loss in another glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan. Chondrocytes experimentally depleted of cell-associated hyaluronan respond by switching to a pro-catabolic metabolism that includes enhanced production of endogenous inflammatory mediators and increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases. Hyaluronan turnover is also increased. Together, such a response provides for possible establishment of a self-perpetuating spiral of events that maintains or prolongs the pro-catabolic state. Chondrocytes or cartilage can also be activated by treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as IL-1β, TNFα, LPS, fibronectin fragments, and hyaluronan oligosaccharides. To determine the mechanism of chondrocyte activation due to hyaluronan loss, a depletion method was required that did not include degrading the hyaluronan. In recent years, several laboratories have used the coumarin derivative, 4-methylumbelliferone, as a potent inhibitor of hyaluronan biosynthesis, due in part to its ability to sequester intracellular UDP-glucuronic acid and inhibition of hyaluronan synthase transcription. However, contrary to our expectation, although 4-methylumbelliferone was indeed an inhibitor of hyaluronan biosynthesis, this depletion did not give rise to an activation of chondrocytes or cartilage. Rather, 4-methylumbelliferone directly and selectively blocked gene products associated with the pro-catabolic metabolic state of chondrocytes and did so through a mechanism preceding and independent of hyaluronan inhibition. These data suggest that 4-methylumbelliferone has additional useful applications to block pro-inflammatory cell activation events but complicates how it is used for defining functions related to hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ishizuka
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Emily B Askew
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Naoko Ishizuka
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Warren Knudson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
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Huang Y, Askew EB, Knudson CB, Knudson W. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of HAS2 in rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes demonstrates the requirement of hyaluronan for aggrecan retention. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:74-94. [PMID: 27094859 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) plays an essential role in cartilage where it functions to retain aggrecan. Previous studies have suggested that aggrecan is anchored indirectly to the plasma membrane of chondrocytes via its binding to cell-associated HA. However, reagents used to test these observations such as hyaluronidase and HA oligosaccharides are short term and may have side activities that complicate interpretation. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach, a model system was developed by generating HA-deficient chondrocyte cell lines. HA synthase-2 (Has2)-specific single guide RNA was introduced into two different variant lines of rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes; knockout clones were isolated and characterized. Two other members of the HA synthase gene family were expressed at very low relative copy number but showed no compensatory response in the Has2 knockouts. Wild type chondrocytes of both variants exhibited large pericellular matrices or coats extending from the plasma membrane. Addition of purified aggrecan monomer expanded the size of these coats as the proteoglycan became retained within the pericellular matrix. Has2 knockout chondrocytes lost all capacity to assemble a particle-excluding pericellular matrix and more importantly, no matrices formed around the knockout cells following the addition of purified aggrecan. When grown as pellet cultures so as to generate a bioengineered neocartilage tissue, the Has2 knockout chondrocytes assumed a tightly-compacted morphology as compared to the wild type cells. When knockout chondrocytes were transduced with Adeno-ZsGreen1-mycHas2, the cell-associated pericellular matrices were restored including the capacity to bind and incorporate additional exogenous aggrecan into the matrix. These results suggest that HA is essential for aggrecan retention and maintaining cell separation during tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Emily B Askew
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Li N, Song J, Wang L, Shi X. Small molecules and their controlled release that induce the osteogenic/chondrogenic commitment of stem cells. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1626-40. [PMID: 26341834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based tissue engineering plays a significant role in skeletal system repair and regenerative therapies. However, stem cells must be differentiated into specific mature cells prior to implantation (direct implantation may lead to tumour formation). Natural or chemically synthesised small molecules provide an efficient, accurate, reversible, and cost-effective way to differentiate stem cells compared with bioactive growth factors and gene-related methods. Thus, investigating the influences of small molecules on the differentiation of stem cells is of great significance. Here, we review a series of small molecules that can induce or/and promote the osteogenic/chondrogenic commitment of stem cells. The controlled release of these small molecules from various vehicles for stem cell-based therapies and tissue engineering applications is also discussed. The extensive studies in this field represent significant contributions to stem cell-based tissue engineering research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guanglin Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Nanying Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Juqing Song
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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