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Fischer P, Jakobsen KV. Witnessed inclusion improves identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 40:254-270. [PMID: 35048401 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion threatens a person's need to belong and prompts them to behave in ways that often facilitate reaffiliation. For adults, direct exclusion increases attention to social information and facial cues, including an enhanced identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, inclusion can buffer or mitigate the effects of exclusion. This study investigated children's (N = 44) and adults' (N = 52) sensitivity to perceptual changes in smiles following witnessed inclusion and exclusion and inclusion's mitigating and buffering effects on perceptual abilities. Contrary to our predictions, participants in our study demonstrated improved accuracy after witnessing inclusion, rather than exclusion, and showed no buffering or mitigating effects of inclusion. This contradiction with previous findings points to a further need to explore the effects of witnessed versus direct inclusion and exclusion, especially if witnessed inclusion and exclusion have the ability to impact perception and shape our behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fischer
- James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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2
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Massaccesi C, Chiappini E, Paracampo R, Korb S. Large Gatherings? No, Thank You. Devaluation of Crowded Social Scenes During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:689162. [PMID: 34135838 PMCID: PMC8201791 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most European countries, the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (spring 2020) led to the imposition of physical distancing rules, resulting in a drastic and sudden reduction of real-life social interactions. Even people not directly affected by the virus itself were impacted in their physical and/or mental health, as well as in their financial security, by governmental lockdown measures. We investigated whether the combination of these events had changed people's appraisal of social scenes by testing 241 participants recruited mainly in Italy, Austria, and Germany in an online, preregistered study conducted about 50 days after the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Europe. Images depicting individuals alone, in small groups (up to four people), and in large groups (more than seven people) were rated in terms of valence, arousal, and perceived physical distance. Pre-pandemic normative ratings were obtained from a validated database (OASIS). Several self-report measures were also taken, and condensed into four factors through factor analysis. All images were rated as more arousing compared to the pre-pandemic period, and the greater the decrease in real-life physical interactions reported by participants, the higher the ratings of arousal. As expected, only images depicting large gatherings of people were rated less positively during, compared to before, the pandemic. These ratings of valence were, however, moderated by a factor that included participants' number of days in isolation, relationship closeness, and perceived COVID-19 threat. Higher scores on this factor were associated with more positive ratings of images of individuals alone and in small groups, suggesting an increased appreciation of safer social situations, such as intimate and small-group contacts. The same factor was inversely related to the perceived physical distance between individuals in images of small and large groups, suggesting an impact of lockdown measures and contagion-related worries on the representation of interpersonal space. These findings point to rapid and compelling psychological and social consequences of the lockdown measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic on the perception of social groups. Further studies should assess the long-term impact of such events as typical everyday life is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Massaccesi
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio Chiappini
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Riccardo Paracampo
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Korb
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Li X, Sung Y. Anthropomorphism brings us closer: The mediating role of psychological distance in User–AI assistant interactions. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Gao C, Wang D, Miao X, Wang Z, Qin Chan K. Close‐knit ties through thick and thin: Sharing social exclusion and acceptance enhances social bond. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Gao
- Department of Psychology Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Deming Wang
- Department of Psychology James Cook University Singapore
| | - Xiao‐Yan Miao
- Department of Psychology Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Zuo‐Jun Wang
- Department of Psychology Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Kai Qin Chan
- Department of Psychology James Cook University Singapore
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5
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Balcetis E, Cole S. Clarifying Conundrums: How Goal Hierarchies Resolve Seeming Contradictions in Motivated Responding. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1646047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Balcetis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Shana Cole
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Pfundmair M, Danböck SK, Agthe M. Out of the dark, into the light: The impact of social exclusion on judgments of darkness and brightness. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 199:102901. [PMID: 31398623 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on theories of grounded cognition, we assumed that the experience of social exclusion is grounded in a concept of darkness. Specifically, we hypothesized that social exclusion causes perceptual judgments of darkness and a preference for brightness as a compensatory response. To investigate these hypotheses, we conducted four studies using different manipulations and measurements. In Studies 1a and 1b, excluded participants judged a picturized room as darker and drew more attention to its brightest part than included participants. In Study 2, excluded participants judged a surface as darker and decided for brighter clothing than included participants. In Study 3, excluded participants judged their lab room as darker and expressed a higher preference for brightness than included participants. Providing consistent support for our hypotheses, these findings confirm the idea that the experience of social exclusion is grounded in multiple ways that share a common representational system.
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Motivated gratitude and the need to belong: Social exclusion increases gratitude for people low in trait entitlement. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-09749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Slepian ML, Halevy N, Galinsky AD. The Solitude of Secrecy: Thinking About Secrets Evokes Goal Conflict and Feelings of Fatigue. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:1129-1151. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218810770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Syrjämäki AH, Hietanen JK. The effects of social exclusion on processing of social information - A cognitive psychology perspective. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 58:730-748. [PMID: 30480823 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the research investigating the effects of social exclusion on processing of social information. We look into this topic from the point of view of cognitive psychology aiming to provide a systematic description of the effects of exclusion on workings of different cognitive mechanisms involved in social information processing. We focus on four lines of inquiry. First, we present the research on the effects of exclusion on memory for social information. Second, we review studies, which have investigated how exclusion changes the way people view and evaluate their social environment. Third, we look into the research which has investigated whether exclusion modulates early social information processing at the perceptual level. Finally, we discuss the research on the effects of exclusion on attentional processes. Importantly, we also present gaps in our understanding on these issues and provide suggestions as to how future research could provide a more detailed view on how exclusion modulates social information processing.
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Shin JE, Suh EM, Li NP, Eo K, Chong SC, Tsai MH. Darling, Get Closer to Me: Spatial Proximity Amplifies Interpersonal Liking. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:300-309. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218784903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Does close distance increase liking for a social object? In a preliminary sociogram task, an association between proximity and intimacy was found in drawings of self and others. In three experimental studies, male participants consistently preferred female targets who were (actually or appeared to be) close than far from them. Distance was manipulated through various means—sitting distance (Study 2), presenting two facial images separately to each eye by a stereoscopic device (Study 3), or a video clip (Study 4). This effect was stronger among those with deprived social needs and occurred in part because close (vs. far) targets seemed psychologically more accessible to the perceiver. Our findings offer rare experimental evidence for the empirically challenged propinquity effect and provide new insights on how distance shapes inner experience.
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Won AS, Shriram K, Tamir DI. Social Distance Increases Perceived Physical Distance. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617707017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proximity, or spatial closeness, can generate social closeness—the closer people are together, the more they interact, affiliate, and befriend one another. Mediated communication allows people to bridge spatial distance and can increase social closeness between conversational partners, even when they are separated by distance. However, mediated communication may not always make people feel closer together. Here, we test a hypothesis derived from construal theory, about one way in which mediated communication might increase spatial distance, by imposing social distance between two texting partners. In three studies, the social distance generated by a text conversation correlated with estimates of spatial distance. Conversations designed to generate social distance increased estimates of spatial distance. We discuss this relationship in light of the rise in computer-mediated communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketaki Shriram
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Diana I. Tamir
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Gorman JL, Harber KD, Shiffrar M, Quigley KS. Ostracism, resources, and the perception of human motion. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karen S. Quigley
- Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts USA
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial VA Hospital; Bedford Massachusetts USA
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Kathryn B. Bates, Zehra F. Peynircioğlu. Proximity to Task: A Prerequisite for Two Cognitive Biases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.4.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Seeking the safety of sociofugal space: Environmental design preferences following social ostracism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Deska JC, Lloyd EP, Hugenberg K. Advancing Our Understanding of the Interface Between Perception and Intergroup Relations. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2016.1215208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Balcetis E, Stern C, Cole S. Perceiving Systematically, Not Just Differently: Calling for Perceptual Models With Explanatory Power. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2016.1215215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Balcetis E, Cole S. Motivating the action-in-perception hypothesis: Approach and avoidance motives as a process-model for action's effects on perception. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractWhat determines what we see? In contrast to the traditional “modular” understanding of perception, according to which visual processing is encapsulated from higher-level cognition, a tidal wave of recent research alleges that states such as beliefs, desires, emotions, motivations, intentions, and linguistic representations exert direct, top-down influences on what we see. There is a growing consensus that such effects are ubiquitous, and that the distinction between perception and cognition may itself be unsustainable. We argue otherwise: None of these hundreds of studies – either individually or collectively – provides compelling evidence for true top-down effects on perception, or “cognitive penetrability.” In particular, and despite their variety, we suggest that these studies all fall prey to only a handful of pitfalls. And whereas abstract theoretical challenges have failed to resolve this debate in the past, our presentation of these pitfalls is empirically anchored: In each case, we show not only how certain studies could be susceptible to the pitfall (in principle), but also how several alleged top-down effects actually are explained by the pitfall (in practice). Moreover, these pitfalls are perfectly general, with each applying to dozens of other top-down effects. We conclude by extracting the lessons provided by these pitfalls into a checklist that future work could use to convincingly demonstrate top-down effects on visual perception. The discovery of substantive top-down effects of cognition on perception would revolutionize our understanding of how the mind is organized; but without addressing these pitfalls, no such empirical report will license such exciting conclusions.
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Stel M, van Koningsbruggen GM. I need you closer to me: Effects of affiliation goals on perceptions of interpersonal distance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Stel
- Social Psychology; Tilburg University; Tilburg The Netherlands
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20
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Balcetis E. Approach and Avoidance as Organizing Structures for Motivated Distance Perception. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915586225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging demonstrations of the malleability of distance perception in affective situations require an organizing structure. These effects can be predicted by approach and avoidance orientation. Approach reduces perceptions of distance; avoidance exaggerates perceptions of distance. Moreover, hedonic valence, motivational intensity, and perceiver arousal cannot alone serve as organizing principles. Organizing the literature based on approach and avoidance can reconcile seeming inconsistent effects in the literature, and offers these motives as psychological mechanisms by which affective situations predict perceptions of distance. Moreover, this perspective complements functional models of perception claiming perceptions of distance serve adaptive responding, and in so doing suggests why perceptions of distance respond to affective situations. This review contributes to the building of a broader theory of motivated distance perception.
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Lakoff G. Mapping the brain's metaphor circuitry: metaphorical thought in everyday reason. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:958. [PMID: 25566012 PMCID: PMC4267278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the basics of metaphorical thought and language from the perspective of Neurocognition, the integrated interdisciplinary study of how conceptual thought and language work in the brain. The paper outlines a theory of metaphor circuitry and discusses how everyday reason makes use of embodied metaphor circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lakoff
- Department of Linguistics, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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