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Bonente D, Barone V, Muzii VF, Ottolenghi S, Durante M, Bracco S, Nicoletti C, Bertelli E. Clinical anatomy of the spina musculi recti lateralis: A frequently overlooked variation of the greater wing of the sphenoid. Ann Anat 2024; 251:152168. [PMID: 37839616 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spina musculi recti lateralis (SMRL) is often visible along the lateral rim of the superior orbital fissure (SOF). Aim of this study is to characterize SMRL morphology and topography relative to known bony landmarks. METHODS Orbits from 291 adult dry skulls and from 60 CT scans were analyzed to measure the distance between the SMRL and the SOF or the inferior orbital fissures (IOF) as well as its height, width and orientation. Processes other than SMRLs were also recorded. Fetal skulls were observed for comparison with adult samples. RESULTS Forty-one per cent of orbits on dry skulls and 43.3% by CT showed an SMRL. Additional 32.9% of orbits on dry skulls had processes with a different shape. On average, SMRL were orientated almost along the transverse plane and showed implant bases as wide as 141.9° or as narrow as 36.8°. SMRLs were close to the infero-posterior angle of the orbital plate of the sphenoid, 1.21 ± 0.84 mm in front of the SOF, 5.8 ± 1.9 mm above the IOF and 12 ± 2.3 mm from the anterior end of the SOF. They were 1.58 ± 0.64 mm high and did not show any age or sex-related prevalence. By CT, the SMRL appeared as the insertion site for the lateral rectus, tendinous ring and, sometimes, inferior rectus. CONCLUSIONS The SMRL is a process of the sphenoidal orbital plate rather than of the SOF. It is also a reliable landmark for the insertion of the tendinous ring and lateral rectus. Orbital surgeons should be aware of this common variant of the orbital apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bonente
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Dept of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Barone
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Sara Ottolenghi
- Radiology Department, Santa Corona Hospital, Pietra Ligure, Italy
| | - Miriam Durante
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Bracco
- Neuroradiologia Interventistica, Ospedale S. Maria delle Scotte-University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bertelli
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Benites G, Urbančič J, Bardales C, Vozel D. Sinonasal Orbital Apex Syndrome, Horner Syndrome and Pterygopalatine Fossa Infection: A Case Report and Mini-Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1658. [PMID: 37629515 PMCID: PMC10455385 DOI: 10.3390/life13081658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a literature review and a case of an 83-year-old otherwise healthy female patient with a history of recent syncope, a sudden-onset right-sided temporal headache, diplopia, and vision loss. An exam revealed right-sided upper eyelid ptosis, myosis, vision loss, ophthalmoplegia, and a positive relative afferent pupillary defect on the right eye. CT showed sphenoid sinus opacification, eroded lateral sinus wall, Vidian canal, disease extension to the posterior ethmoid air cells, orbital apex, medial orbital wall, and pterygopalatine fossa. An orbital apex syndrome (Jacod's syndrome), Horner syndrome, and pterygopalatine fossa infection were diagnosed due to the acute invasive fungal sinusitis developed from a sphenoid sinus fungal ball. The patient was treated with antimicrobial therapy and transnasal endoscopic surgery twice to decompress the orbital apex, drain the abscess and obtain specimens for analysis. The right-sided ptosis, visual loss, ophthalmoplegia, and headache resolved entirely. No immune or comorbid diseases were identified, microbiological and histopathological analyses were negative, and MRI could not be performed on the presented patient. For that reason, the diagnostic procedure was non-standard. Nevertheless, the treatment outcome of this vision and life-threatening disease was satisfactory. Treating the fungal ball in an older or immunocompromised patient is essential to prevent invasive fungal rhinosinusitis and fatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Benites
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Roma Avenue 338, Trujillo 13001, Peru (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Urbančič
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carolina Bardales
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Roma Avenue 338, Trujillo 13001, Peru (C.B.)
- Departamento de Cirugía, Especialidad de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Belen de Trujillo, Bolivar Street 350, Trujillo 13001, Peru
| | - Domen Vozel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Xiang W, Wei H, Xu L, Liang Z. Orbital apex syndrome secondary to apical periodontitis of a tooth: a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:354. [PMID: 36123630 PMCID: PMC9484228 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) is a rare disease with a noticeable mortality rate. Although its etiology has been repeatedly assessed, few reports have concentrated on odontogenic infection. We presented a rare case of OAS secondary to apical periodontitis. CASE PRESENTATION A 61-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for a 3-day history of left orbital and head pain, along with diplopia for 1-day. He also had toothache symptoms before his admission. Due to the atypical early symptoms of orbital apex and cranial nerve injury, no timely and effective diagnosis and treatment were initially provided. However, as the disease progressed and complications occurred, we timely adjusted the diagnosis and successfully controlled the infection. During the one-year follow-up, no recurrence of inflammation was observed; nevertheless, the ptosis and ophthalmoplegia persisted. CONCLUSIONS OAS is a rare, while severe complication of odontogenic infection. This case had various symptoms and nerve injury in the orbital apical area. When disease is atypical in its early stages, treatment is easily overlooked. Early detection and suspicion of orbital apex-related complications should be heightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongchun Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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Bridging the Gap between Ophthalmology and Emergency Medicine in Community-Based Emergency Departments (EDs): A Neuro-Ophthalmology Guide for ED Practitioners. Clin Pract 2021; 11:919-932. [PMID: 34940005 PMCID: PMC8700032 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of care for patients with neuro-ophthalmic disorders can be very challenging in the community emergency department (ED) setting. Unlike university- or tertiary hospital-based EDs, the general ophthalmologist is often not as familiar with neuro-ophthalmology and the examination of neuro-ophthalmology patients in the acute ED setting. Embracing image capturing of the fundus, using a non-mydriatic camera, may be a game-changer for communication between ED physicians, ophthalmologists, and tele-neurologists. Patient care decisions can now be made with photographic documentation that is then conveyed through HIPAA-compliant messaging with accurate and useful information with both ease and convenience. Likewise, external photos of the anterior segment and motility are also helpful. Finally, establishing clinical and imaging guidelines for common neuro-ophthalmic disorders can help facilitate complete and appropriate evaluation and treatment.
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5
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Zarei S, Vo P, Sam C, Crow RW, Stout C, Al-Khoury L. Acute Bilateral Blindness in the Setting of Sudden Onset of Bilateral Proptosis and Ophthalmoplegia: A Case Report With Literature Review. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e706-e713. [PMID: 34840887 PMCID: PMC8610505 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute bilateral blindness has an extensive differential diagnosis that requires a careful history and physical examination to narrow down. In this article, we discuss the pathophysiology and radiographic findings of each possible diagnosis for acute bilateral blindness. RECENT FINDINGS Visual pathology with respect to bilateral blindness can be broadly broken down into 3 anatomic categories: media (i.e., the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye), retina, and neural visual pathway. Possible causes of rapid onset bilateral blindness include bilateral occipital infarcts, endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis, orbital cellulitis, orbital compartment syndrome, cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis, thyroid disease, and bilateral nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. SUMMARY In this case, we present a patient with acute onset of bilateral blindness, in addition to bilateral ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, and orbital chemosis. We believe that this rare case of acute bilateral blindness is thought provoking and aids in the understanding of the differential diagnosis and underlying pathophysiology of visual loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zarei
- Department of Neurology (SZ, LAK), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN; Riverside Community Hospital (SZ, CS), CA; School of Medicine (PV, CS), UCR, Riverside, CA; Department of Ophthalmology (RWC), UCI, Irvine, CA; and Department of Interventional Neurology (CS), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN
| | - Phuong Vo
- Department of Neurology (SZ, LAK), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN; Riverside Community Hospital (SZ, CS), CA; School of Medicine (PV, CS), UCR, Riverside, CA; Department of Ophthalmology (RWC), UCI, Irvine, CA; and Department of Interventional Neurology (CS), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN
| | - Christian Sam
- Department of Neurology (SZ, LAK), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN; Riverside Community Hospital (SZ, CS), CA; School of Medicine (PV, CS), UCR, Riverside, CA; Department of Ophthalmology (RWC), UCI, Irvine, CA; and Department of Interventional Neurology (CS), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert W Crow
- Department of Neurology (SZ, LAK), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN; Riverside Community Hospital (SZ, CS), CA; School of Medicine (PV, CS), UCR, Riverside, CA; Department of Ophthalmology (RWC), UCI, Irvine, CA; and Department of Interventional Neurology (CS), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN
| | - Charles Stout
- Department of Neurology (SZ, LAK), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN; Riverside Community Hospital (SZ, CS), CA; School of Medicine (PV, CS), UCR, Riverside, CA; Department of Ophthalmology (RWC), UCI, Irvine, CA; and Department of Interventional Neurology (CS), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN
| | - Lama Al-Khoury
- Department of Neurology (SZ, LAK), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN; Riverside Community Hospital (SZ, CS), CA; School of Medicine (PV, CS), UCR, Riverside, CA; Department of Ophthalmology (RWC), UCI, Irvine, CA; and Department of Interventional Neurology (CS), HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN
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6
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Nagesh CP, Rao R, Hiremath SB, Honavar SG. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit, Part 2: Characterization of orbital pathologies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:2585-2616. [PMID: 34571598 PMCID: PMC8597442 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_904_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we focus on a systematic approach to assess common orbital lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The identification of the probable compartment or structure of origin helps narrow the differential diagnosis of a lesion. Analyzing the morphology, appearance, and signal intensity on various sequences, the pattern, and degree of contrast enhancement are key to characterize lesions on MRI. Imaging features suggesting cellularity and vascularity can also be determined to help plan for biopsy or surgery of these lesions. MRI can also distinguish active from chronic disease in certain pathologies and aids in selecting appropriate medical management. MRI may thus serve as a diagnostic tool and help in guiding therapeutic strategies and posttreatment follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay P Nagesh
- Neurovascular and Interventional Radiology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raksha Rao
- Orbit & Oculoplasty, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaprakash B Hiremath
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital - Civic Campus, Ottawa, Canada
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7
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Cullen GD, Davidson TM, Yetmar ZA, Pritt BS, DeSimone DC. Orbital apex syndrome due to invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient. IDCases 2021; 25:e01232. [PMID: 34377667 PMCID: PMC8329517 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is a rare cause of orbital apex syndrome (OAS) and most commonly occurs in immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of OAS in an elderly immunocompetent female due to invasive aspergillosis and Staphylococcus aureus co-infection. The patient required both surgical debridement and prolonged courses of antibiotic and antifungal therapy. Invasive fungal disease must be considered in cases of OAS, even in patients without classic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace D. Cullen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Tara M. Davidson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Zachary A. Yetmar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bobbi S. Pritt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel C. DeSimone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Corresponding author at: 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Orbital inflammatory disease encompasses a spectrum of disorders. Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) is often a diagnosis of exclusion, which needs to be differentiated from infections, systemic inflammatory disease, and neoplasms. IOI includes anterior inflammation with dacryoadenitis, myositis, perineuritis of the optic nerve, periscleritis, diffuse sclerosing inflammation, and orbital apex inflammation. OBJECTIVE A differential diagnostic overview of IOI is presented, including its subcategories, diagnosis, and treatment. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of IOI is often made by exclusion with typical clinical findings, CT and MRI scans, and pathology. Treatment includes corticosteroids, immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang E Lieb
- ViDia Christliche Kliniken Karlsruhe, St. Vincentius-Kliniken, Steinhäuserstr. 18, 76135, Karlsruhe, Deutschland.
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Bui M, Ryan KM, Oke I, Peeler CE, Jacquet GA. A Posttraumatic Dilated, Proptotic Eye Does Not Always Need a Lateral Canthotomy! A Review of Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome for Emergency Physicians. J Emerg Med 2021; 60:520-523. [PMID: 33478843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is a rare constellation of findings consisting of ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, a fixed dilated pupil, forehead anesthesia, and loss of the corneal reflex. This syndrome, though rare, is most often encountered in trauma with individuals sustaining a facial fracture. CASE REPORT We present a case of a young woman who was diagnosed with SOFS after a fall in her house, hitting her face on a nightstand. Treatment consisted of high-dose i.v. steroids followed by a taper with close follow-up in the Ophthalmology clinic. We provide a brief review of SOFS, including treatment considerations and follow-up. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: SOFS can be easily overlooked in an individual presenting to the emergency department after facial trauma with proptosis. However, a thorough examination of the eye, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure will focus the physician on SOFS rather than the need for immediate decompression via lateral canthotomy. This report describes a traumatic cause of SOFS, the pathophysiology and treatment, and summarizes existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bui
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isdin Oke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Crandall E Peeler
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabrielle A Jacquet
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Condos A, Sullivan MA, Hawley D, Cho A, Cathey M. Not Just Down and Out: Oculomotor Nerve Pathologic Spectrum. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2021; 51:217-224. [PMID: 33495031 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to understand the complex pathologic spectrum of oculomotor nerve palsy. We review the detailed anatomy and function of the oculomotor nerve and demonstrate how the location of a lesion can drive the differential diagnosis. Lastly, we review atypical presentations of oculomotor nerve palsy to include oculomotor synkinesis and oculomotor nerve hyperactivity. Radiologists must be aware of the typical and atypical presentations of CN III palsy to accurately localize lesions as well as avoid premature exclusion of CN III pathology.
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11
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Leferman CE, Ciubotaru AD, Ghiciuc CM, Stoica BA, Gradinaru I. A systematic review of orbital apex syndrome of odontogenic origin: Proposed algorithm for treatment. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31:34-41. [PMID: 32927961 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120954042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) can be a rare, but severe complication of an odontogenic infection and has high morbidity and mortality. Antibacterial drugs are typically an appropriate treatment choice, but the most severe cases are fungal in nature and pose a tough challenge to the clinician. The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing factors, specific aspects in its management and the appropriate treatment strategy in order to improve patient outcome. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 2020, based on the associations between dental extraction or infections and OAS. Of 721 papers found, 18 articles were considered eligible and presented in total 21 cases (13 fungal and eight bacterial infections). The information was organized into a diagnostic and treatment algorithm which included data extracted both from the included cases and updated literature of treatment efficacy studies. Immunosuppression (uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and chemotherapy) was found as an important predisposing factor particularly for fungal infections. In these cases, we suggest that early simultaneous approaches, including aggressive surgical procedures and systemic administration of amphotericin B, result in a better outcome. In conclusion, medical intervention success depends on aggressive treatment and multidisciplinary teamwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ecaterina Leferman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Spiridon Emergency County Hospital, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Specialties II, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Dumitru Ciubotaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Specialties II, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Specialties II, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Alexandru Stoica
- Department of Biochemistry, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Gradinaru
- Department of Implantology, Removable Dentures, Technology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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12
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Robert J, Gomes FE, Porter I, Sumner JP. Orbital apex syndrome secondary to an orbital sarcoma in a dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2021; 62:27-31. [PMID: 33390595 PMCID: PMC7739388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A 12-year-old castrated male cocker spaniel dog was presented with a 4-week history of left episcleral injection and pawing at the face. Clinical examination findings included left internal and external ophthalmoplegia, left dorsal strabismus, pain opening the mouth, and intermittent amaurosis. Imaging studies revealed a left orbital apex mass with adjacent sphenoid bone lysis and extension into the cranial cavity. A left exenteration was performed and histopathology confirmed an orbital soft tissue sarcoma. Key clinical message: This report describes an orbital tumor causing orbital apex syndrome. This condition should be differentiated from cavernous sinus syndrome as the latter does not course with optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Robert
- Cornell University - College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Ian Porter
- Cornell University - College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Julia P Sumner
- Cornell University - College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
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13
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Wu Y, Chen T, Yuan M, Mzimbiri JM, Liu Z, Chen Y, Luo X, Chen F, Liu J. Orbitocranial Penetrating Injury With Multiple Vessel Invasion in an Infant: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591431. [PMID: 33281731 PMCID: PMC7689382 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Orbitocranial penetrating injury (OPI) with multiple vascular invasions is a rare occurrence. To our knowledge, experience with its clinical treatment is rather limited, especially for infants. This case report describes an infant who fell from a 0.5 m high bed and landed on a toy with a keen-edged plastic rod. The fractured end of the rod was noted at the medial aspect of the left eyelid, and she was experiencing impaired consciousness. Computed tomography showed that the foreign body penetrated the cavernous sinus with internal carotid artery involvement, and compressed the transverse sinus through the cerebellum. Emergency surgery was performed with temporal occlusion of the left common carotid artery. The rod was removed from the orbital side, and bleeding from cavernous sinus region was effectively controlled under direct inspection via a sub-temporal approach. The patient was successfully treated and recovered consciousness after 17 days. This is the first report of successful management of OPI combined with multiple vascular injury in an infant. Herein, we highlight the anatomical imaging features of the injuries and also the individualized strategy concerning vascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiange Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yilei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangying Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinfang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Madhavan AA, DeLone DR, Verdoorn JT. Bilateral facial nerve involvement in a patient with Tolosa–Hunt syndrome. Neuroradiol J 2020; 33:424-427. [DOI: 10.1177/1971400920939293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome is characterized by unilateral retro-orbital headaches and cranial nerve palsies, usually involving cranial nerves III–VI. It is rare for other cranial nerves to be involved, although this has previously been reported. We report a 19-year-old woman presenting with typical features of Tolosa–Hunt syndrome but ultimately developing bilateral facial nerve palsies and enhancement of both facial nerves on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient presented with unilateral retro-orbital headaches and palsies of cranial nerves III–VI. She was diagnosed with Tolosa–Hunt syndrome but was non-compliant with her corticosteroid treatment due to side effects. She returned with progressive left followed by right facial nerve palsy. Her corresponding follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans showed sequential enhancement of the left and right facial nerves. She ultimately had clinical improvement with IV methylprednisolone. To our knowledge, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome associated with bilateral facial nerve palsy and corroborative facial nerve enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging has not previously been described. Moreover, our patient’s clinical course is instructive, as it demonstrates that this atypical presentation of Tolosa–Hunt syndrome can indeed respond to corticosteroid treatment and should not be mistaken for other entities such as Bell’s palsy.
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15
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Li L, London NR, Chen X, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL. Expanded exposure and detailed anatomic analysis of the superior orbital fissure: Implications for endonasal and transorbital approaches. Head Neck 2020; 42:3089-3097. [PMID: 32737950 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to ascertain the maximal exposure of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) afforded by combining endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches. Six cadaveric specimens (12 sides) were dissected using endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches to access the SOF. The order of the approaches was alternated in each specimen (eg, starting with an endonasal approach in one side followed by a transorbital exposure and reversing the order on the contralateral side). Maximal exposure of the SOF and its contents for individual and combined approaches were explored. The endonasal corridor provided adequate access to the inferomedial 1/3 of the SOF and including the proximal segments of cranial nerves (CN) III, V1 and VI. A transorbital approach was superior accessing the superolateral 2/3's of the SOF, including the superior ophthalmic vein, lacrimal nerve, and distal segment of the CN VI at the lateral aspect; the nasociliary nerve and divisions of CN III centrally; and the frontal nerve and CN IV at the dorsal aspect of levator palpebrae superioris. This study suggests that a combined endonasal and transorbital exposure of the SOF may be advantageous to address lesions in this challenging region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nyall R London
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sinonasal and Skull Base Tumor Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel M Prevedello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ricardo L Carrau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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16
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Ronen JA, Malik FA, Wiechmann C, Kolli S, Nwojo R. More than Meets the Eye: Aspergillus-Related Orbital Apex Syndrome. Cureus 2020; 12:e9352. [PMID: 32850224 PMCID: PMC7445422 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The patient is a 67-year-old Caucasian male with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus type 2, coronary artery disease (CAD) status post stent placement, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) status post left nephrectomy and bilateral adrenalectomy secondary to metastatic disease, and aspergillus pneumonia who was transferred from an outside hospital for evaluation of progressively worsening pulsating right temple and retrobulbar headache. Initial studies ruled out glaucoma, giant cell arteritis, and stroke, or aneurysmal pathology. The only positive finding was right sphenoid sinus disease on imaging that had caused bony destruction and infiltration of the right orbital apex. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were started for bacterial versus fungal sinusitis and the patient was admitted to the medical floor with consultations to Neurology, Otolaryngology (ENT), and Ophthalmology. ENT took the patient emergently to the OR. The final diagnosis was chronic aspergillus sinusitis and right-sided orbital apex syndrome (OAS). Antibiotics and antifungals were optimized by the infectious disease team. ENT also ordered steroid washouts post-operatively with budesonide and saline as well as sinus debridements every couple of weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Ronen
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Permian Basin, Odessa, USA
| | - Faizan A Malik
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Permian Basin, Odessa, USA
| | - Catherine Wiechmann
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Swapna Kolli
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Permian Basin, Odessa, USA
| | - Raphael Nwojo
- Otolaryngology, Medical Center Health System, Odessa, USA
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17
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Saini L, Chakrabarty B, Kumar A, Gulati S. Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Clinico-anatomical Diagnosis. J Pediatr Neurosci 2020; 15:336-337. [PMID: 33531965 PMCID: PMC7847102 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_114_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old girl presented with fever, restricted left eye movements and increasing proptosis for 8 days. On examination she had left orbital cellulitis, relative afferent pupillary defect and ophthalmoplegia. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain with orbits revealed orbital apex syndrome (OAS) with cavernous sinus thrombosis. Orbital apex is located posteriorly in the orbit and characterised by involvement of cranial nerves II, III, IV, VI and ophthalmic division of Vth nerve. The close clinico-anatomical differentials of OAS are cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure syndrome. The current case was treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Saini
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswaroop Chakrabarty
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atin Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Lim
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-C Liao
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - W-J A Lee
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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19
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Msigwa SS, Li Y, Cheng X. Tolosa Hunt Syndrome: Current Diagnostic Challenges and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ym.2020.42014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Badakere A, Patil-Chhablani P. Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Review. Eye Brain 2019; 11:63-72. [PMID: 31849556 PMCID: PMC6913296 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s180190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital apex syndrome is characterized by vision loss from optic neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia due to the involvement of ocular motor nerves in the anatomical region of the orbital apex. Patients could present with signs and symptoms deriving from the involvement of structures within the orbital apex, the superior orbital fissure or the cavernous sinus. The primary focus of the ophthalmologist should be to locate the lesion and then identify its etiology. Clinical evaluation holds key to diagnosis which is aided then by certain serological and lab investigations and neuro-imaging modalities including brain and orbital MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) with contrast, CT (Computed Tomography) scans. In rare instances, a biopsy may be needed to aid in diagnosis. Treatment depends on what the nature of the lesion is with inflammatory conditions usually responding to steroids and infections to anti-microbial agents. Through this review, the authors attempt to decode the approach to localizing the lesion, the etiopathology and the management of cases of orbital apex syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Badakere
- Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Centre, Pediatric Ophthalmology And Neuro-ophthalmology Services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Preeti Patil-Chhablani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Eye Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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21
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Pasquini L, Tortora D, Manunza F, Rossi Espagnet MC, Figà-Talamanca L, Morana G, Occella C, Rossi A, Severino M. Asymmetric cavernous sinus enlargement: a novel finding in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:595-602. [PMID: 30747269 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enlargement of deep cerebral veins and choroid plexus engorgement are frequently reported in Sturge-Weber syndrome. We aim to describe cavernous sinus involvement in patients with this syndrome and to identify possible clinical-neuroimaging correlations. METHODS Sixty patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (31 females, mean age 4.5 years) and 120 age/sex-matched controls were included in this retrospective study. We performed a visual analysis to identify patients with asymmetric cavernous sinus enlargement. Then, we measured on axial T2WI the left (A), right (B), and bilateral (LL) transverse diameters of the cavernous sinus. We calculated the module of the difference |A-B| and the cavernous sinus asymmetry index as the ratio |A-B|/LL. Differences among groups were assessed by Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Clinicoradiological associations were evaluated by Fisher exact test. RESULTS We found seven subjects (11.6%) with asymmetric CS enlargement. The |A-B| and cavernous sinus asymmetry index were higher in patients with asymmetric CS enlargement compared with controls and patients without visible CS abnormalities (pB < 0.05). Asymmetric CS enlargement was always ipsilateral to facial port-wine stains (7/7), and, when present, to leptomeningeal vascular malformations (4/7). It was significantly associated with ipsilateral bone marrow changes (p = 0.013) and dilated veins (p = 0.002). Together with brain atrophy and deep venous dilatation, this sign was associated with neurological deficits (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We expanded the spectrum of venous abnormalities in SWS, showing the presence of asymmetric cavernous sinus enlargement in more than one tenth of patients, likely related to increased venous drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pasquini
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Morana
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Corrado Occella
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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