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Phull AR, Arain SQ, Majid A, Fatima H, Ahmed M, Kim SJ. Oxidative stress-mediated epigenetic remodeling, metastatic progression and cell signaling in cancer. ONCOLOGIE 2024; 26:493-507. [DOI: 10.1515/oncologie-2024-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer is a serious public health issue and cases are rising at a high rate around the world. Altered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative stress (OS) which plays a vital role in cancer development by disrupting signaling pathways and genomic integrity in the cellular microenvironment. In this study, we reviewed the regulation of noncoding RNAs, histone modifications, and DNA methylation which OS is involved in. These mechanisms promote cancer growth, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. There is significant potential to improve patient outcomes through the development of customized medications and interventions that precisely address the role of OS in the onset and progression of cancer. Redox-modulating drugs, antioxidant-based therapies, and measures to restore regular cellular activity and OS-modulated signaling pathways are some examples of these strategies. One other hypothesis rationalizes the cancer-suppressing effect of OS, which acts as a two-edged condition that warns against the use of antioxidants for cancer treatment and management. The present study was executed to review the impact of OS on epigenetic machinery, the evolution of metastatic cancer, and how OS mediates cellular signaling. Along with, insights into the potential of targeting OS-mediated mechanisms for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Biochemistry , 66858 Shah Abdul Latif University , Khairpur , Sindh , Pakistan
| | - Sadia Qamar Arain
- Department of Biochemistry , 66858 Shah Abdul Latif University , Khairpur , Sindh , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Biochemistry , 66858 Shah Abdul Latif University , Khairpur , Sindh , Pakistan
| | - Humaira Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Song-Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences , Kongju National University , Gongju , South Korea
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Lui JC. Growth disorders caused by variants in epigenetic regulators: progress and prospects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1327378. [PMID: 38370361 PMCID: PMC10870149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1327378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play an important role in regulation of transcription and gene expression. The molecular machinery governing epigenetic modifications, also known as epigenetic regulators, include non-coding RNA, chromatin remodelers, and enzymes or proteins responsible for binding, reading, writing and erasing DNA and histone modifications. Recent advancement in human genetics and high throughput sequencing technology have allowed the identification of causative variants, many of which are epigenetic regulators, for a wide variety of childhood growth disorders that include skeletal dysplasias, idiopathic short stature, and generalized overgrowth syndromes. In this review, we highlight the connection between epigenetic modifications, genetic variants in epigenetic regulators and childhood growth disorders being established over the past decade, discuss their insights into skeletal biology, and the potential of epidrugs as a new type of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Kato H, Hayami S, Ueno M, Suzaki N, Nakamura M, Yoshimura T, Miyamoto A, Shigekawa Y, Okada K, Miyazawa M, Kitahata Y, Ehata S, Hamamoto R, Yamaue H, Kawai M. Histone methyltransferase SUV420H1/KMT5B contributes to poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:385-400. [PMID: 38082550 PMCID: PMC10859612 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high rate of recurrence and poor prognosis, even after curative surgery. Multikinase inhibitors have been applied for HCC patients, but their effect has been restricted. This study aims to clarify the clinical impact of SUV420H1/KMT5B, one of the methyltransferases for histone H4 at lysine 20, and elucidate the novel mechanisms of HCC progression. We retrospectively investigated SUV420H1 expression using HCC clinical tissue samples employing immunohistochemical analysis (n = 350). We then performed loss-of-function analysis of SUV420H1 with cell cycle analysis, migration assay, invasion assay and RNA sequence for Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analysis in vitro, and animal experiments with xenograft mice in vivo. The SUV420H1-high-score group (n = 154) had significantly poorer prognosis for both 5-year overall and 2-year/5-year disease-free survival than the SUV420H1-low-score group (n = 196) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The SUV420H1-high-score group had pathologically larger tumor size, more tumors, poorer differentiation, and more positive vascular invasion than the SUV420H1-low-score group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that SUV420H1 high score was the poorest independent factor for overall survival. SUV420H1 knockdown could suppress cell cycle from G1 to S phase and cell invasion. GO pathway analysis showed that SUV420H1 contributed to cell proliferation, cell invasion, and/or metastasis. Overexpression of SUV420H1 clinically contributed to poor prognosis in HCC, and the inhibition of SUV420H1 could repress tumor progression and invasion both in vitro and in vivo; thus, further analyses of SUV420H1 are necessary for the discovery of future molecularly targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kato
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Norihiko Suzaki
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshimura
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Atsushi Miyamoto
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Yoshinobu Shigekawa
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Ken‐Ichi Okada
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Motoki Miyazawa
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Yuji Kitahata
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Shogo Ehata
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Medical AI Research and DevelopmentNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Manabu Kawai
- Second Department of Surgery, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
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Amir A, Amir B, Sheikh S. A case of primary conjunctival follicular lymphoma presenting as nasolacrimal obstruction. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad616. [PMID: 37965536 PMCID: PMC10642448 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report a 76-year-old male who presented to the ophthalmology clinic after complaining from excessive lacrimation for ~6 months prior to presentation. He reports previously undergoing a nasolacrimal recanalization procedure in attempts to resolve his symptoms, but reported no improvement. On examination, a mass on the nasal conjunctiva around the medial canthus of the right eye was noted and subsequently excised. The findings support the diagnosis of low-grade follicular lymphoma. The patient was referred to radiation oncology for radiation therapy and received a total dose of 2400 cGy. Most ocular adnexal lymphomas are B-cell in origin, with follicular lymphomas being one of the rarest forms of such lymphomas. The most common translocation reported in over 85% of follicular lymphomas of the ocular adnexa is t(14; 18) (q32; q21). Traditional treatment options typically include a mix of chemical, surgical, and radio-oncological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaar Amir
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baraa Amir
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Sheikh
- Pathology Services, John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 34455, Saudi Arabia
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Nagy Á, Bátai B, Kiss L, Gróf S, Király PA, Jóna Á, Demeter J, Sánta H, Bátai Á, Pettendi P, Szendrei T, Plander M, Körösmezey G, Alizadeh H, Kajtár B, Méhes G, Krenács L, Timár B, Csomor J, Tóth E, Schneider T, Mikala G, Matolcsy A, Alpár D, Masszi A, Bödör C. Parallel testing of liquid biopsy (ctDNA) and tissue biopsy samples reveals a higher frequency of EZH2 mutations in follicular lymphoma. J Intern Med 2023; 294:295-313. [PMID: 37259686 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genomic studies revealed enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gain-of-function mutations, representing novel therapeutic targets in follicular lymphoma (FL) in around one quarter of patients. However, these analyses relied on single-site tissue biopsies and did not investigate the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of these alterations. OBJECTIVES We aimed to perform a systematic analysis of EZH2 mutations using paired tissue (tumor biopsies [TB]) and liquid biopsies (LB) collected prior to treatment within the framework of a nationwide multicentric study. METHODS Pretreatment LB and TB samples were collected from 123 patients. Among these, 114 had paired TB and LB, with 39 patients characterized with paired diagnostic and relapse samples available. The EZH2 mutation status and allele burden were assessed using an in-house-designed, highly sensitive multiplex droplet digital PCR assay. RESULTS EZH2 mutation frequency was found to be 41.5% in the entire cohort. In patients with paired TB and LB samples, EZH2 mutations were identified in 37.8% of the patients with mutations exclusively found in 5.3% and 7.9% of TB and LB samples, respectively. EZH2 mutation status switch was documented in 35.9% of the patients with paired diagnostic and relapse samples. We also found that EZH2 wild-type clones may infiltrate the bone marrow more frequently compared to the EZH2 mutant ones. CONCLUSION The in-depth spatio-temporal analysis identified EZH2 mutations in a considerably higher proportion of patients than previously reported. This expands the subset of FL patients who most likely would benefit from EZH2 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Nagy
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Bátai
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Kiss
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefánia Gróf
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Attila Király
- Hematology and Lymphoma Unit, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Jóna
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Demeter
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hermina Sánta
- Szent György Hospital of County Fejér, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Árpád Bátai
- Szent György Hospital of County Fejér, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Piroska Pettendi
- Hetényi Géza Hospital, Clinic of County Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Szolnok, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szendrei
- Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Márk Plander
- Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Gábor Körösmezey
- Department of Medicine, Military Hospital - Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hussain Alizadeh
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kajtár
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Krenács
- Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Botond Timár
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Csomor
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Schneider
- Hematology and Lymphoma Unit, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mikala
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, National Institute for Hematology and Infectious Diseases, South Pest Central Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Matolcsy
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Donát Alpár
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Masszi
- Hematology and Lymphoma Unit, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Dong G, Deng Y, Yasgar A, Yadav R, Talley D, Zakharov AV, Jain S, Rai G, Noinaj N, Simeonov A, Huang R. Venglustat Inhibits Protein N-Terminal Methyltransferase 1 in a Substrate-Competitive Manner. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12334-12345. [PMID: 36074125 PMCID: PMC9813856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Venglustat is a known allosteric inhibitor for ceramide glycosyltransferase, investigated in diseases caused by lysosomal dysfunction. Here, we identified venglustat as a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.42 μM) of protein N-terminal methyltransferase 1 (NTMT1) by screening 58,130 compounds. Furthermore, venglustat exhibited selectivity for NTMT1 over 36 other methyltransferases. The crystal structure of NTMT1-venglustat and inhibition mechanism revealed that venglustat competitively binds at the peptide substrate site. Meanwhile, venglustat potently inhibited protein N-terminal methylation levels in cells (IC50 = 0.5 μM). Preliminary structure-activity relationships indicated that the quinuclidine and fluorophenyl parts of venglustat are important for NTMT1 inhibition. In summary, we confirmed that venglustat is a bona fide NTMT1 inhibitor, which would advance the study on the biological roles of NTMT1. Additionally, this is the first disclosure of NTMT1 as a new molecular target of venglustat, which would cast light on its mechanism of action to guide the clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Youchao Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel Talley
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alexey V. Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sankalp Jain
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Li H, Wang YJ, Geng XN, Kang YR, Wang YL, Qiu XJ. Pharmacokinetics of Herb-Drug Interactions of Plumbagin and Tazemetostat in Rats by UPLC-MS/MS. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3385-3394. [PMID: 36199632 PMCID: PMC9529013 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s384156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of tazemetostat in rat plasma was developed, and the pharmacokinetics of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) of plumbagin (PLB) and tazemetostat was investigated. Methods After the rat plasma samples were precipitated by acetonitrile, tazemetostat and verubecestat (ISTD) were detected. Gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The multi-reaction monitoring was used with ESI+ source, and the ion pairs for tazemetostat and ISTD were m/z 573.12→135.99 and m/z 410.10→124.00, respectively. 12 SD rats were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, 6 rats in each group. The rats in the experimental group were given PLB 100 mg/kg by gavage once a day for 7 consecutive days. The rats in the control group were given the same amount of 0.1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution by gavage once a day for 7 consecutive days. At the seventh day, tazemetostat (80 mg/kg) was given and the blood was collected at different time points. The main parameters of pharmacokinetics were calculated and the herb-drug interactions (HDIs) were evaluated. Results In the calibrated range of 1–1000 ng/mL, tazemetostat had a good linearity. The extraction recovery was more than 84%, and the RSD of intra-batch and inter-batch precision were both less than 15%. The Cmax of tazemetostat in the experimental group was 32.48% higher than that in the control group, and the AUC(0-t) and AUC(0−∞) of tazemetostat in the experimental group were 46.24% and 46.67% higher than that in the control group, respectively, and the t1/2 was prolonged from 10.56 h to 11.73 h. Conclusion A simple, rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of tazemetostat in rat plasma was established. PLB can inhibit the metabolism of tazemetostat and increase the plasma exposure of tazemetostat in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nan Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Ren Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Jun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
- Functional Experiment Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiang-Jun Qiu, Functional Experiment Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Shin DS, Park K, Garon E, Dubinett S. Targeting EZH2 to overcome the resistance to immunotherapy in lung cancer. Semin Oncol 2022; 49:S0093-7754(22)00045-8. [PMID: 35851153 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unleashing the immune system to fight cancer has been a major breakthrough in cancer therapeutics since 2014 when anti-PD-1 antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) were approved for patients with metastatic melanoma. Therapeutic indications have rapidly expanded for many types of advanced cancer, including lung cancer. A variety of antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint are contributing to this paradigm shift. The field now confronts two salient challenges: first, to improve the therapeutic outcome given the low response rate across the histologies; second, to identify biomarkers for improved patient selection. Pre-clinical and clinical studies are underway to evaluate combinatorial treatments to improve the therapeutic outcome paired with correlative studies to identify the factors associated with response and resistance. One of the emerging strategies is to combine epigenetic modifiers with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) based on the evidence that targeting epigenetic elements can enhance anti-tumor immunity by reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will briefly review pleotropic biological functions of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the enzymatic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), clinical developments of oral EZH2 inhibitors, and potentially promising approaches to combine EZH2 inhibitors and PD-1 blockade for patients with advanced solid tumors, focusing on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Division of Hematology/Oncology, CA, USA; Member of Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA, USA; Member of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward Garon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Member of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA, USA
| | - Steven Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Division of Hematology/Oncology, CA, USA; Member of Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA, USA; Member of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA, USA
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9
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Huang J, Fang J, Chen Q, Chen J, Shen J. Epigenetic silencing of E-cadherin gene induced by lncRNA MALAT-1 in acute myeloid leukaemia. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24556. [PMID: 35747989 PMCID: PMC9396179 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukaemia provide us with a target for novel therapeutic strategies. The aim of the study was to verify the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of E‐cadherin gene silencing induced by long non‐coding RNA MALAT‐1 in AML. Methods Expression of MALAT‐1, E‐cadherin, EZH2, SUZ12 and EED genes in AML patients was detected by RT‐qPCR. After MALAT‐1 silencing in AML cell lines, levels of the E‐cadherin, EZH2, SUZ12, EED, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B genes and encoded proteins were detected by RT‐qPCR and Western blotting. The level of CpG island methylation and trimethylation modification of histone H3K27 in the promoter region of E‐cadherin was detected by pyrosequencing and ChIP‐qPCR. RIP‐qPCR was used to detect the interaction between MALAT‐1 and proteins. Results MALAT‐1, EZH2 and EED gene expression was markedly increased in AML patients with E‐cadherin down‐regulation. A positive correlation between EZH2 or SUZ12 and MALAT‐1 expression was observed. After MALAT‐1 silencing, the expression of E‐cadherin was up‐regulated, whereas the expression of EZH2, SUZ12, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B was down‐regulated. Results of Western blotting were consistent with those of RT‐qPCR. Methylation levels of E‐cadherin in AML patients were higher than that in normal controls, which appeared to increase with age. Methylation of the CpG island and H3K27 trimethylation of E‐cadherin were decreased after MALAT‐1 silencing. RIP‐qPCR suggested that MALAT‐1 might be enriched by EZH2 and SUZ12. Conclusion Our findings verified that MALAT‐1 might lead to the transcriptional silencing of E‐cadherin gene through the trimethylation of H3K27 mediated by recruiting EZH2 and SUZ12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Huang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingping Fang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinchang Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- The Central Laboratory, Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, First Affiliated Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianzhen Shen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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10
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Galimberti S, Balducci S, Guerrini F, Del Re M, Cacciola R. Digital Droplet PCR in Hematologic Malignancies: A New Useful Molecular Tool. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1305. [PMID: 35741115 PMCID: PMC9221914 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) is a recent version of quantitative PCR (QT-PCR), useful for measuring gene expression, doing clonality assays and detecting hot spot mutations. In respect of QT-PCR, ddPCR is more sensitive, does not need any reference curve and can quantify one quarter of samples already defined as "positive but not quantifiable". In the IgH and TCR clonality assessment, ddPCR recapitulates the allele-specific oligonucleotide PCR (ASO-PCR), being not adapt for detecting clonal evolution, that, on the contrary, does not represent a pitfall for the next generation sequencing (NGS) technique. Differently from NGS, ddPCR is not able to sequence the whole gene, but it is useful, cheaper, and less time-consuming when hot spot mutations are the targets, such as occurs with IDH1, IDH2, NPM1 in acute leukemias or T315I mutation in Philadelphia-positive leukemias or JAK2 in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Further versions of ddPCR, that combine different primers/probes fluorescences and concentrations, allow measuring up to four targets in the same PCR reaction, sparing material, time, and money. ddPCR is also useful for quantitating BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, WT1 expression, donor chimerism, and minimal residual disease, so helping physicians to realize that "patient-tailored therapy" that is the aim of the modern hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (S.B.); (F.G.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Serena Balducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (S.B.); (F.G.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Francesca Guerrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (S.B.); (F.G.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (S.B.); (F.G.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Rossella Cacciola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hemostasis, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Adhikari S, Bhattacharya A, Adhikary S, Singh V, Gadad S, Roy S, Das C. The paradigm of drug resistance in cancer: an epigenetic perspective. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20211812. [PMID: 35438143 PMCID: PMC9069444 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and acquired resistance towards the conventional therapeutic regimen imposes a significant challenge for the successful management of cancer for decades. In patients with advanced carcinomas, acquisition of drug resistance often leads to tumor recurrence and poor prognosis after the first therapeutic cycle. In this context, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered as the prime drivers of therapy resistance in cancer due to their 'non-targetable' nature. Drug resistance in cancer is immensely influenced by different properties of CSCs such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a profound expression of drug efflux pump genes, detoxification genes, quiescence, and evasion of apoptosis, has been highlighted in this review article. The crucial epigenetic alterations that are intricately associated with regulating different mechanisms of drug resistance, have been discussed thoroughly. Additionally, special attention is drawn towards the epigenetic mechanisms behind the interaction between the cancer cells and their microenvironment which assists in tumor progression and therapy resistance. Finally, we have provided a cumulative overview of the alternative treatment strategies and epigenome-modifying therapies that show the potential of sensitizing the resistant cells towards the conventional treatment strategies. Thus, this review summarizes the epigenetic and molecular background behind therapy resistance, the prime hindrance of present day anti-cancer therapies, and provides an account of the novel complementary epi-drug-based therapeutic strategies to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Adhikari
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Apoorva Bhattacharya
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Santanu Adhikary
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Vipin Singh
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Shrikanth S. Gadad
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
- Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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