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Zhao J, Lu F, Dong Z. Strategies for Constructing Tissue-Engineered Fat for Soft Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:395-408. [PMID: 38032533 PMCID: PMC10987464 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repairing soft tissue defects caused by inflammation, tumors, and trauma remains a major challenge for surgeons. Adipose tissue engineering (ATE) provides a promising way to solve this problem. METHODS This review summarizes the current ATE strategies for soft tissue reconstruction, and introduces potential construction methods for ATE. RESULTS Scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies are the two main approaches in ATE. Although several of these methods have been effective clinically, both scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies have limitations. The third strategy is a synergistic tissue engineering strategy and combines the advantages of scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies. CONCLUSION Personalized construction, stable survival of reconstructed tissues and functional recovery of organs are future goals of building tissue-engineered fat for ATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Plastic Surgery Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Jordao A, Cléret D, Dhayer M, Le Rest M, Cao S, Rech A, Azaroual N, Drucbert AS, Maboudou P, Dekiouk S, Germain N, Payen J, Guerreschi P, Marchetti P. Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3337. [PMID: 38137558 PMCID: PMC10741522 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous fat grafting is the gold standard for treatment in patients with soft-tissue defects. However, the technique has a major limitation of unpredictable fat resorption due to insufficient blood supply in the initial phase after transplantation. To overcome this problem, we investigated the capability of a medical-grade poly L-lactide-co-poly ε-caprolactone (PLCL) scaffold to support adipose tissue and vascular regeneration. Deploying FDM 3D-printing, we produced a bioresorbable porous scaffold with interconnected pore networks to facilitate nutrient and oxygen diffusion. The compressive modulus of printed scaffold mimicked the mechanical properties of native adipose tissue. In vitro assays demonstrated that PLCL scaffolds or their degradation products supported differentiation of preadipocytes into viable mature adipocytes under appropriate induction. Interestingly, the chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed vascular invasion inside the porous scaffold, which represented a guiding structure for ingrowing blood vessels. Then, lipoaspirate-seeded scaffolds were transplanted subcutaneously into the dorsal region of immunocompetent rats (n = 16) for 1 or 2 months. The volume of adipose tissue was maintained inside the scaffold over time. Histomorphometric evaluation discovered small- and normal-sized perilipin+ adipocytes (no hypertrophy) classically organized into lobular structures inside the scaffold. Adipose tissue was surrounded by discrete layers of fibrous connective tissue associated with CD68+ macrophage patches around the scaffold filaments. Adipocyte viability, assessed via TUNEL staining, was sustained by the presence of a high number of CD31-positive vessels inside the scaffold, confirming the CAM results. Overall, our study provides proof that 3D-printed PLCL scaffolds can be used to improve fat graft volume preservation and vascularization, paving the way for new therapeutic options for soft-tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Jordao
- UMR9020–UMR-S 1277–Canther–Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Oncolille, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.); (N.G.)
- Lattice Medical, 80 rue du Docteur Yersin, F-59120 Loos, France
| | - Damien Cléret
- Lattice Medical, 80 rue du Docteur Yersin, F-59120 Loos, France
| | - Mélanie Dhayer
- UMR9020–UMR-S 1277–Canther–Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Oncolille, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.); (N.G.)
| | - Mégann Le Rest
- Lattice Medical, 80 rue du Docteur Yersin, F-59120 Loos, France
| | - Shengheng Cao
- Lattice Medical, 80 rue du Docteur Yersin, F-59120 Loos, France
| | - Alexandre Rech
- University of Lille, Faculté de Pharmacie, Plateau RMN, UFR3S, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Azaroual
- University of Lille, ULR 7365–GRITA–Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Formes Injectables Et Les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Drucbert
- U 1008 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Salim Dekiouk
- UMR9020–UMR-S 1277–Canther–Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Oncolille, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.); (N.G.)
- Centre de Bio-Pathologie, Banque de Tissus, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Germain
- UMR9020–UMR-S 1277–Canther–Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Oncolille, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.); (N.G.)
- Centre de Bio-Pathologie, Banque de Tissus, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Payen
- Lattice Medical, 80 rue du Docteur Yersin, F-59120 Loos, France
| | - Pierre Guerreschi
- U 1008 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, F-59000 Lille, France
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Marchetti
- UMR9020–UMR-S 1277–Canther–Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Oncolille, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.); (N.G.)
- Centre de Bio-Pathologie, Banque de Tissus, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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3
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Teixeira AM, Martins P. A review of bioengineering techniques applied to breast tissue: Mechanical properties, tissue engineering and finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1161815. [PMID: 37077233 PMCID: PMC10106631 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1161815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Female breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the Global Cancer Observatory. As a prophylactic measure or as a treatment, mastectomy and lumpectomy are often performed at women. Following these surgeries, women normally do a breast reconstruction to minimize the impact on their physical appearance and, hence, on their mental health, associated with self-image issues. Nowadays, breast reconstruction is based on autologous tissues or implants, which both have disadvantages, such as volume loss over time or capsular contracture, respectively. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine can bring better solutions and overcome these current limitations. Even though more knowledge needs to be acquired, the combination of biomaterial scaffolds and autologous cells appears to be a promising approach for breast reconstruction. With the growth and improvement of additive manufacturing, three dimensional (3D) printing has been demonstrating a lot of potential to produce complex scaffolds with high resolution. Natural and synthetic materials have been studied in this context and seeded mainly with adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) since they have a high capability of differentiation. The scaffold must mimic the environment of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the native tissue, being a structural support for cells to adhere, proliferate and migrate. Hydrogels (e.g., gelatin, alginate, collagen, and fibrin) have been a biomaterial widely studied for this purpose since their matrix resembles the natural ECM of the native tissues. A powerful tool that can be used in parallel with experimental techniques is finite element (FE) modeling, which can aid the measurement of mechanical properties of either breast tissues or scaffolds. FE models may help in the simulation of the whole breast or scaffold under different conditions, predicting what might happen in real life. Therefore, this review gives an overall summary concerning the human breast, specifically its mechanical properties using experimental and FE analysis, and the tissue engineering approaches to regenerate this particular tissue, along with FE models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Martins
- UBS, INEGI, LAETA, Porto, Portugal
- I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pedro Martins,
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4
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Contact osteogenesis by biodegradable 3D-printed poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate). Biomater Res 2022; 26:55. [PMID: 36217173 PMCID: PMC9552430 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To support bone regeneration, 3D-printed templates function as temporary guides. The preferred materials are synthetic polymers, due to their ease of processing and biological inertness. Poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PLATMC) has good biological compatibility and currently used in soft tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteoconductivity of 3D-printed PLATMC templates for bone tissue engineering, in comparison with the widely used 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) templates. Methods The printability and physical properties of 3D-printed templates were assessed, including wettability, tensile properties and the degradation profile. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were used to evaluate osteoconductivity and extracellular matrix secretion in vitro. In addition, 3D-printed templates were implanted in subcutaneous and calvarial bone defect models in rabbits. Results Compared to PCL, PLATMC exhibited greater wettability, strength, degradation, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, with superior osteoconductivity. However, the higher ALP activity disclosed by PCL group at 7 and 21 days did not dictate better osteoconductivity. This was confirmed in vivo in the calvarial defect model, where PCL disclosed distant osteogenesis, while PLATMC disclosed greater areas of new bone and obvious contact osteogenesis on surface. Conclusions This study shows for the first time the contact osteogenesis formed on a degradable synthetic co-polymer. 3D-printed PLATMC templates disclosed unique contact osteogenesis and significant higher amount of new bone regeneration, thus could be used to advantage in bone tissue engineering. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00299-x.
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Zhou J, Wu X, Zhao C. Optimization of decellularized liver matrix-modified chitosan fibrous scaffold for C3A hepatocyte culture. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:903-917. [PMID: 35834434 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221115367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte scaffold is an essential part in bioartificial liver device. We have designed a novel hepatocyte scaffold based on porcine liver extracellular matrix (ECM) and chitosan (CTS) fabrics. This CTS-ECM scaffold can improve cell adhesion and proliferation. In the present study, an orthogonal test was designed to optimize the CTS/ECM composite scaffold, in which ECM concentration, EDC concentration and EDC to NHS ratio were taken as factors, proportion of nitrogen element and hydroxyproline content as indicators. The cytocompatibility of the novel scaffold for C3A hepatocytes was analyzed in vitro. The orthogonal test demonstrated that the optimal scaffold should be based on ECM concentration of 5 mg/mL, EDC concentration of 5 mg/mL, and EDC to NHS ratio 1:1. C3A hepatocytes cultured on the optimized CTS-ECM scaffolds showed stronger proliferation and functionality than those on Cytodex3 microcarriers (p < 0.05). The CTS/ECM composite scaffold may be widely used as a promising hepatocyte culture carrier, especially in bioartificial liver support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 199193Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinglian Wu
- Department of pharmacy, 117969The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaochen Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 117969The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Natural Hydrogel-Based Bio-Inks for 3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering: A Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030179. [PMID: 35323292 PMCID: PMC8948717 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is well acknowledged to constitute an important technology in tissue engineering, largely due to the increasing global demand for organ replacement and tissue regeneration. In 3D bioprinting, which is a step ahead of 3D biomaterial printing, the ink employed is impregnated with cells, without compromising ink printability. This allows for immediate scaffold cellularization and generation of complex structures. The use of cell-laden inks or bio-inks provides the opportunity for enhanced cell differentiation for organ fabrication and regeneration. Recognizing the importance of such bio-inks, the current study comprehensively explores the state of the art of the utilization of bio-inks based on natural polymers (biopolymers), such as cellulose, agarose, alginate, decellularized matrix, in 3D bioprinting. Discussions regarding progress in bioprinting, techniques and approaches employed in the bioprinting of natural polymers, and limitations and prospects concerning future trends in human-scale tissue and organ fabrication are also presented.
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Stocco E, Porzionato A, De Rose E, Barbon S, Caro RD, Macchi V. Meniscus regeneration by 3D printing technologies: Current advances and future perspectives. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314211065860. [PMID: 35096363 PMCID: PMC8793124 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211065860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Meniscal tears are a frequent orthopedic injury commonly managed by conservative
strategies to avoid osteoarthritis development descending from altered
biomechanics. Among cutting-edge approaches in tissue engineering, 3D printing
technologies are extremely promising guaranteeing for complex biomimetic
architectures mimicking native tissues. Considering the anisotropic
characteristics of the menisci, and the ability of printing over structural
control, it descends the intriguing potential of such vanguard techniques to
meet individual joints’ requirements within personalized medicine. This
literature review provides a state-of-the-art on 3D printing for meniscus
reconstruction. Experiences in printing materials/technologies, scaffold types,
augmentation strategies, cellular conditioning have been compared/discussed;
outcomes of pre-clinical studies allowed for further considerations. To date,
translation to clinic of 3D printed meniscal devices is still a challenge:
meniscus reconstruction is once again clear expression of how the integration of
different expertise (e.g., anatomy, engineering, biomaterials science, cell
biology, and medicine) is required to successfully address native tissues
complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico De Rose
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
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Shanbhag S, Kampleitner C, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Yassin MA, Dongre H, Costea DE, Tangl S, Hassan MN, Stavropoulos A, Bolstad AI, Suliman S, Mustafa K. Ectopic Bone Tissue Engineering in Mice Using Human Gingiva or Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal/Progenitor Cells in Scaffold-Hydrogel Constructs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:783468. [PMID: 34917602 PMCID: PMC8670384 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.783468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture can promote the osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration capacity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). Gingiva-derived progenitor cells (GPC) represent a less invasive alternative to bone marrow MSC (BMSC) for clinical applications. The aim of this study was to test the in vivo bone forming potential of human GPC and BMSC cultured as 3D spheroids or dissociated cells (2D). 2D and 3D cells encapsulated in constructs of human platelet lysate hydrogels (HPLG) and 3D-printed poly (L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) scaffolds (HPLG-PLATMC) were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice; cell-free HPLG-PLATMC constructs served as a control. Mineralization was assessed using micro-computed tomography (µCT), histology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ hybridization (ISH). After 4–8 weeks, µCT revealed greater mineralization in 3D-BMSC vs. 2D-BMSC and 3D-GPC (p < 0.05), and a similar trend in 2D-GPC vs. 2D-BMSC (p > 0.05). After 8 weeks, greater mineralization was observed in cell-free constructs vs. all 2D- and 3D-cell groups (p < 0.05). Histology and SEM revealed an irregular but similar mineralization pattern in all groups. ISH revealed similar numbers of 2D and 3D BMSC/GPC within and/or surrounding the mineralized areas. In summary, spheroid culture promoted ectopic mineralization in constructs of BMSC, while constructs of dissociated GPC and BMSC performed similarly. The combination of HPLG and PLATMC represents a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Siddharth Shanbhag, ; Kamal Mustafa,
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation With AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mohammed Ahmad Yassin
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harsh Dongre
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamad Nageeb Hassan
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Isine Bolstad
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Siddharth Shanbhag, ; Kamal Mustafa,
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Shanbhag S, Suliman S, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Kampleitner C, Hassan MN, Heimel P, Dobsak T, Tangl S, Bolstad AI, Mustafa K. Bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects using dissociated or spheroid mesenchymal stromal cells in scaffold-hydrogel constructs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:575. [PMID: 34776000 PMCID: PMC8591809 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture can promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). 3D printing offers the possibility to produce customized scaffolds for complex bone defects. The aim of this study was to compare the potential of human BMSC cultured as 2D monolayers or 3D spheroids encapsulated in constructs of 3D-printed poly-L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate scaffolds and modified human platelet lysate hydrogels (PLATMC-HPLG) for bone regeneration. Methods PLATMC-HPLG constructs with 2D or 3D BMSC were assessed for osteogenic differentiation based on gene expression and in vitro mineralization. Subsequently, PLATMC-HPLG constructs with 2D or 3D BMSC were implanted in rat calvarial defects for 12 weeks; cell-free constructs served as controls. Bone regeneration was assessed via in vivo computed tomography (CT), ex vivo micro-CT and histology. Results Osteogenic gene expression was significantly enhanced in 3D versus 2D BMSC prior to, but not after, encapsulation in PLATMC-HPLG constructs. A trend for greater in vitro mineralization was observed in constructs with 3D versus 2D BMSC (p > 0.05). In vivo CT revealed comparable bone formation after 4, 8 and 12 weeks in all groups. After 12 weeks, micro-CT revealed substantial regeneration in 2D BMSC (62.47 ± 19.46%), 3D BMSC (51.01 ± 24.43%) and cell-free PLATMC-HPLG constructs (43.20 ± 30.09%) (p > 0.05). A similar trend was observed in the histological analysis. Conclusion Despite a trend for superior in vitro mineralization, constructs with 3D and 2D BMSC performed similarly in vivo. Regardless of monolayer or spheroid cell culture, PLATMC-HPLG constructs represent promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02642-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The research center in cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Nageeb Hassan
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The research center in cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toni Dobsak
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Isine Bolstad
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Brézulier D, Chaigneau L, Jeanne S, Lebullenger R. The Challenge of 3D Bioprinting of Composite Natural Polymers PLA/Bioglass: Trends and Benefits in Cleft Palate Surgery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1553. [PMID: 34829782 PMCID: PMC8615666 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is the fourth most common congenital malformation. Its prevalence is about 1 in 750 to 1 in 2000 live births. The consequences of this malformation are major: maxillary growth deficit, unaesthetic appearance, phonation disorders, difficulty in eating, and psycho-social disorders. Cleft palate repair establishes the division between the oral and nasal cavities. The alveolar bone graft is a key step. Different sites of autogenous bone harvesting are used, the most common being the iliac crest. Nevertheless, the large number of complications associated with harvesting has led to the use of substitute biomaterials. Bioactive glasses, discovered in 1969, are a group of synthetic silica-based materials with bone-bonding properties. Although 45S5 granular composition is commonly used in bone surgery to repair critical defects, it is only rarely used in the repair of cleft palates because this galenic form is only moderately adapted. However, advances in bone tissue engineering allow the shaping of three-dimensional scaffolds, which support colonization by host cells. Recent advances in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have even led to the 3D printing of scaffolds combining 45S5 bioglass with a natural and biocompatible poly-lactic acid matrix. The shape of the parts is customized and adapted to the particular shape of the critical bone defects. The objective of this literature review is to highlight the particularities of alveolar defects subsequent to facial clefts, then to detail the characteristics of the materials and technologies used to elaborate 3D matrices by bioprinting. Finally, we will explore research directions regarding their use in reconstructive surgery of cleft palates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brézulier
- CNRS, University of Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (S.J.); (R.L.)
- Pôle Odontologie, CHU Rennes, University of Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Louis Chaigneau
- CNRS, University of Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (S.J.); (R.L.)
| | - Sylvie Jeanne
- CNRS, University of Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (S.J.); (R.L.)
- Pôle Odontologie, CHU Rennes, University of Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Lebullenger
- CNRS, University of Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (S.J.); (R.L.)
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11
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Yang X, Gao L, Wei Y, Tan B, Wu Y, Yi C, Liao J. Photothermal hydrogel platform for prevention of post-surgical tumor recurrence and improving breast reconstruction. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:307. [PMID: 34620160 PMCID: PMC8499550 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the leading threats for health among women worldwide, breast cancer has high morbidity and mortality. Surgical resection is the major clinical intervention for primary breast tumor, nevertheless high local recurrence risk and breast tissue defect remain two main clinical dilemmas, seriously affecting survival and quality of life of patients. Experimental We developed a thermoresponsive and injectable hybrid hydrogel platform (IR820/Mgel) by integration of co-loaded porous microspheres (MPs) and IR820 for preventing postoperative recurrence of breast cancer via photothermal therapy and promoting subsequent breast reconstruction. Results Our results suggested that IR820/Mgel could quickly heated to more than 50.0 ℃ under NIR irradiation, enabling killing effect on 4T1 cells in vitro and prevention effect on post-surgical tumor recurrence in vivo. In addition, the hydrogel platform was promising for its minimal invasion and capability of filling irregularly shaped defects after surgery, and the encapsulated MPs could help to increase the strength of gel to realize a long-term in situ function in vivo, and promoted the attachment and anchorage property of normal breast cells and adipose stem cells. Conclusions This photothermal hydrogel platform provides a practice paradigm for preventing locally recurrence of breast cancer and a potential option for reconstruction of breast defects. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01041-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Health Ward, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bowen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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12
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Liu H, Jain S, Ahlinder A, Fuoco T, Gasser TC, Finne-Wistrand A. Pliable, Scalable, and Degradable Scaffolds with Varying Spatial Stiffness and Tunable Compressive Modulus Produced by Adopting a Modular Design Strategy at the Macrolevel. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:107-122. [PMID: 36855428 PMCID: PMC9954393 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical results obtained when degradable polymer-based medical devices are used in breast reconstruction following mastectomy are promising. However, it remains challenging to develop a large scaffold structure capable of providing both sufficient external mechanical support and an internal cell-like environment to support breast tissue regeneration. We propose an internal-bra-like prototype to solve both challenges. The design combines a 3D-printed scaffold with knitted meshes and electrospun nanofibers and has properties suitable for both breast tissue regeneration and support of a silicone implant. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to predict the macroscopic and microscopic stiffnesses of the proposed structure. The simulations show that introduction of the mesh leads to a macroscopic scaffold stiffness similar to the stiffness of breast tissue, and mechanical testing confirms that the introduction of more layers of mesh in the modular design results in a lower elastic modulus. The compressive modulus of the scaffold can be tailored within a range from hundreds of kPa to tens of kPa. Biaxial tensile testing reveals stiffening with increasing strain and indicates that rapid strain-induced softening occurs only within the first loading cycle. In addition, the microscopic local stiffness obtained from FEA simulations indicates that cells experience significant heterogeneous mechanical stimuli at different places in the scaffold and that the local mechanical stimulus generated by the strand surface is controlled by the elastic modulus of the polymer, rather than by the scaffold architecture. From in vitro experiments, it was observed that the addition of knitted mesh and an electrospun nanofiber layer to the scaffold significantly increased cell seeding efficiency, cell attachment, and proliferation compared to the 3D-printed scaffold alone. In summary, our results suggest that the proposed design strategy is promising for soft tissue engineering of scaffolds to assist breast reconstruction and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Liu
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden,Department
of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shubham Jain
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Ahlinder
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiziana Fuoco
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Christian Gasser
- Solid
Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden,Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Southern
Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark,
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden,
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13
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Kumar Gupta D, Ali MH, Ali A, Jain P, Anwer MK, Iqbal Z, Mirza MA. 3D printing technology in healthcare: applications, regulatory understanding, IP repository and clinical trial status. J Drug Target 2021; 30:131-150. [PMID: 34047223 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1935973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass consumerization of three-dimensional (3D) printing innovation has revolutionised admittance of 3D-printing in an expansive scope of ventures. When utilised predominantly for industrial manufacturing, 3D-printing strategies have rapidly attained acquaintance in different parts of health care industry. 3D-printing is a moderately new technology that has discovered promising applications in the medication conveyance and clinical areas. This review intends to explore different parts of 3D- printing innovation concerning pharmaceutical and clinical applications. Review on pharmaceutical products like tablets, caplets, films, polypills, microdots, biodegradable patches, medical devices (uterine and subcutaneous), patient specific implants, cardiovascular stents, etc. and prosthetics/anatomical structures, surgical models, organs and tissues created utilising 3D-printing is being presented. In addition, the regulatory understanding and current IP and clinical trial status pertaining to 3D fabricated products/medical applications have also been funnelled, garnering information from different web portals of regulatory agencies and databases. It is additionally certain that for such new innovations, there would be difficulties and questions before these are acknowledged as protected and viable. The circumstance demands purposeful and wary endeavours to acquire regulations which would at last prompt the accomplishment of this progressive innovation, thus various regulatory challenges faced have been conscientiously discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Humair Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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14
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Sawadkar P, Mandakhbayar N, Patel KD, Buitrago JO, Kim TH, Rajasekar P, Lali F, Kyriakidis C, Rahmani B, Mohanakrishnan J, Dua R, Greco K, Lee JH, Kim HW, Knowles J, García-Gareta E. Three dimensional porous scaffolds derived from collagen, elastin and fibrin proteins orchestrate adipose tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211019238. [PMID: 34104389 PMCID: PMC8165536 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211019238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current gold standard to treat soft tissue injuries caused by trauma and pathological condition are autografts and off the shelf fillers, but they have inherent weaknesses like donor site morbidity, immuno-compatibility and graft failure. To overcome these limitations, tissue-engineered polymers are seeded with stem cells to improve the potential to restore tissue function. However, their interaction with native tissue is poorly understood so far. To study these interactions and improve outcomes, we have fabricated scaffolds from natural polymers (collagen, fibrin and elastin) by custom-designed processes and their material properties such as surface morphology, swelling, wettability and chemical cross-linking ability were characterised. By using 3D scaffolds, we comprehensive assessed survival, proliferation and phenotype of adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. In vivo, scaffolds were seeded with adipose-derived stem cells and implanted in a rodent model, with X-ray microtomography, histology and immunohistochemistry as read-outs. Collagen-based materials showed higher cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro as well as higher adipogenic properties in vivo. In contrast, fibrin demonstrated poor cellular and adipogenesis properties but higher angiogenesis. Elastin formed the most porous scaffold, with cells displaying a non-aggregated morphology in vitro while in vivo elastin was the most degraded scaffold. These findings of how polymers present in the natural polymers mimicking ECM and seeded with stem cells affect adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo can open avenues to design 3D grafts for soft tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Sawadkar
- Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute and The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & Saint Mark's Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nandin Mandakhbayar
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kapil D Patel
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Olmas Buitrago
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,R&D Center, TE Bios Co, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Poojitha Rajasekar
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ferdinand Lali
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park and St Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christos Kyriakidis
- Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute and The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & Saint Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Benyamin Rahmani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeviya Mohanakrishnan
- Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute and The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & Saint Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rishbha Dua
- Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute and The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & Saint Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karin Greco
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park and St Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Knowles
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elena García-Gareta
- Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute and The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & Saint Mark's Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Overcoming functional challenges in autologous and engineered fat grafting trends. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:77-92. [PMID: 34016480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autologous fat grafting offers significant promise for the repair of soft tissue deformities; however, high resorption rates indicate that engineered solutions are required to improve adipose tissue (AT) survival. Advances in material development and biofabrication have laid the foundation for the generation of functional AT constructs; however, a balance needs to be struck between clinically feasible delivery and improved structural integrity of the grafts. A new approach combining the objectives from both the clinical and research communities will assist in developing morphologically and genetically mature AT constructs, with controlled spatial arrangement and increased potential for neovascularization. In a rapidly progressing field, this review addresses research in both the preclinical and bioengineering domains and assesses their ability to resolve functional challenges.
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16
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Understanding of how the properties of medical grade lactide based copolymer scaffolds influence adipose tissue regeneration: Sterilization and a systematic in vitro assessment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112020. [PMID: 33947531 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters are the synthetic polymers most commonly used in the development of resorbable medical implants/devices. Various three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds have been fabricated from these polymers and used in adipose tissue engineering. However, their systematic evaluation altogether lacks, which makes it difficult to select a suitable degradable polymer to design 3D resorbable implants and/or devices able to effectively mimic the properties of adipose tissue. Additionally, the impact of sterilization methods on the medical devices, if any, must be taken into account. We evaluate and compare five different medical-grade resorbable polyesters with l-lactide content ranging from 50 to 100 mol% and exhibiting different physiochemical properties depending on the comonomer (d-lactide, ε-caprolactone, glycolide, and trimethylene carbonate). The salt-leaching technique was used to prepare 3D microporous scaffolds. A comprehensive assessment of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds was carried out in PBS at 37 °C. The cell-material interactions and the ability of the scaffolds to promote adipogenesis of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells were assessed in vitro. The diverse physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds, due to the different composition of the copolymers, influenced human adipose tissue-derived stem cells proliferation and differentiation. Scaffolds made from polymers which were above their glass transition temperature and with low degree of crystallinity showed better proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of stem cells. The effect of sterilization techniques (electron beam and ethylene oxide) on the polymer properties was also evaluated. Results showed that scaffolds sterilized with the ethylene oxide method better retained their physical and chemical properties. Overall, the presented research provides (i) a detailed understanding to select a degradable polymer that has relevant properties to augment adipose tissue regeneration and can be further used to fabricate medical devices/implants; (ii) directions to prefer a sterilization method that does not change polymer properties.
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
In the 21st century, additive manufacturing technologies have gained in popularity mainly due to benefits such as rapid prototyping, faster small production runs, flexibility and space for innovations, non-complexity of the process and broad affordability. In order to meet diverse requirements that 3D models have to meet, it is necessary to develop new 3D printing technologies as well as processed materials. This review is focused on 3D printing technologies applicable for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PHAs are thermoplastics regarded as a green alternative to petrochemical polymers. The 3D printing technologies presented as available for PHAs are selective laser sintering and fused deposition modeling. Stereolithography can also be applied provided that the molecular weight and functional end groups of the PHA are adjusted for photopolymerization. The chemical and physical properties primarily influence the processing of PHAs by 3D printing technologies. The intensive research for the fabrication of 3D objects based on PHA has been applied to fulfil criteria of rapid and customized prototyping mainly in the medical area.
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18
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Lee H, Jang TS, Han G, Kim HW, Jung HD. Freeform 3D printing of vascularized tissues: Challenges and strategies. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211057236. [PMID: 34868539 PMCID: PMC8638074 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211057236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, freeform three-dimensional (3D) printing has led to significant advances in the fabrication of artificial tissues with vascularized structures. This technique utilizes a supporting matrix that holds the extruded printing ink and ensures shape maintenance of the printed 3D constructs within the prescribed spatial precision. Since the printing nozzle can be translated omnidirectionally within the supporting matrix, freeform 3D printing is potentially applicable for the fabrication of complex 3D objects, incorporating curved, and irregular shaped vascular networks. To optimize freeform 3D printing quality and performance, the rheological properties of the printing ink and supporting matrix, and the material matching between them are of paramount importance. In this review, we shall compare conventional 3D printing and freeform 3D printing technologies for the fabrication of vascular constructs, and critically discuss their working principles and their advantages and disadvantages. We also provide the detailed material information of emerging printing inks and supporting matrices in recent freeform 3D printing studies. The accompanying challenges are further discussed, aiming to guide freeform 3D printing by the effective design and selection of the most appropriate materials/processes for the development of full-scale functional vascularized artificial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical
Engineering (BMCE), The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The
Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Jang
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginam Han
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical
Engineering (BMCE), The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The
Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science,
College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science
& BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook
University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook
University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental
Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do,
Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Do Jung
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical
Engineering (BMCE), The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The
Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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