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Penagos-Corzo JC, Ortiz-Barrero MJ, Hernández-Ramírez R, Ochoa-Ramírez Y, González Ehlinger R, Pérez-Acosta AM. Development and psychometric properties of a self-medication behavior inventory. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1366284. [PMID: 38770255 PMCID: PMC11103005 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1366284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication is a prevalent behavior with significant health implications. Understanding its psychosocial determinants can inform preventative strategies and interventions. Methods We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Self-Medication Behavior Inventory (SMBI-9) in a binational study with 779 Colombian and Mexican participants. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations with related inventories, and confirmatory factor analysis tested the proposed four-factor model. Results The SMBI-9 demonstrated high model fit (CFI = 0.995, TLI = 0.991) and invariance across countries. The factors-Social Influence, Attitude toward Medicine, Avoidance, and Prevention-varied significantly with knowledge of medicine, schooling, health insurance status and gender, underscoring the role of social and personal beliefs in self-medication practices. Discussion SMBI-9 emerged as a reliable tool for capturing the multifaceted nature of self-medication behaviors. Findings highlight the influence of social norms and personal attitudes, suggesting targeted approaches for behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Penagos-Corzo
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula, Mexico
| | | | | | - Yavne Ochoa-Ramírez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula, Mexico
| | | | - Andrés M. Pérez-Acosta
- Observatory of Self-medication Behavior, Psychology Programme, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Elhaddadi H, Hamami A, Sara A, Elouali A, Babakhouya A, Rkain M. Prevalence and Determinants of the Use of Antibiotics by Self-Medication in the Pediatric Population in Oujda, Morocco. Cureus 2024; 16:e60126. [PMID: 38864035 PMCID: PMC11165378 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibiotic resistance driven by antibiotic self-medication and inappropriate use of antibiotics is a growing global health threat. Our study aimed to describe parents' self-medication practices with antibiotics, determine the factors favoring their use in the pediatric population, and assess parents' knowledge of the role of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study over two months (September and October 2023). Data collection was performed using a questionnaire-guided interview. We included 460 parents of children consulting or hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of the University Hospital Mohammed VI in Oujda, Morocco. RESULTS A total of 62% of parents questioned were mothers. Self-medication with antibiotics was noted in 313 families (68%). Parents used antibiotics mainly to treat cough (43%) and fever (24%). Betalactams were the antibiotic class most used by parents (72%). Information on dosage and methods of antibiotic administration was provided by pharmacy staff but was not respected by most parents (78%). Efficacy of treatment (58%), saving consultation costs and time (47%), and the ease of obtaining treatment without a prescription (42%) were reported in the majority of cases as reasons for using antibiotics by self-medication. In our context, the probability of self-medicating with antibiotics in the pediatric population is increased by female gender (OR=1.04), low level of education (OR=1.02), low socio-economic status (OR=1.09), and buying antibiotics without a prescription (OR=1.22). CONCLUSION Although antibiotic self-medication in children is a worldwide phenomenon, influenced by several geographical, cultural, and economic factors, there is an urgent need to promote a global health strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnae Elhaddadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, MAR
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed 1st University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Amal Hamami
- Department of Pediatrics, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, MAR
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed 1st University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Anane Sara
- Department of Pediatrics, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, MAR
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed 1st University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Aziza Elouali
- Department of Pediatrics, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, MAR
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed 1st University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Abdeladim Babakhouya
- Department of Pediatrics, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, MAR
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed 1st University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Maria Rkain
- Department of Pediatrics, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, MAR
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed 1st University, Oujda, MAR
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Campos DES, Muniz IDAF, Brandão HN, Shinkai RSA, Trindade TGD, Cosme-Trindade DC. Adverse Effects of Natural Products in the Oral Mucosa and Face: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2024. [PMID: 38442321 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the adverse reactions in the oral mucosa and face caused by the use of natural products. Methodology: This review was performed according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, with a protocol registered in the Open Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/R57D8). The search was carried out systematically using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, and LIVIVO databases, as well as gray literature through Google Scholar and OpenGrey. Reports of clinical cases on the adverse effects of natural products on the oral mucosa or perioral region of the face resulted from inappropriate use or self-medication were included. Data from the included studies were described in a narrative form. Results: Seven hundred and six studies were identified, and after removing duplicates and applying the eligibility criteria, 28 studies were included. The year of publication ranged from 1976 to 2022. The studies were conducted in 19 countries. Fifty patients were mentioned in the included studies and 34 were female (68%). The natural products most related to adverse reactions were propolis (n = 17), with manifestations such as perioral eczema, edema, erosions, erythema, allergic contact dermatitis, and garlic (n = 9), with manifestations such as chemical burn, burning sensation, vesicles and blisters, crusts, and ulcerations. Conclusion: Propolis and garlic were the natural products with the most reported adverse effects on the oral mucosa and perioral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora E Silva Campos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Heloísa Nunes Brandão
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Gomes da Trindade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Hafez SH, Alwesabi SAM, Sagiron EI, Alwadei HSA, Abdalla AMO, ِAbdulrahman EEH, Elfaki NK, Mohamed NA, Alshahrani MA, Alshehri AA, Alzahrani MJ, Idris AM, Elsehrawey MG, El-Nablaway M, Ibrahim AM. Consumption of aphrodisiac drugs without prescription among men in Saudi Arabia: cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101955. [PMID: 38292406 PMCID: PMC10825545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence and patterns of aphrodisiac drug consumption without prescription among men in Saudi Arabia remain underexplored, with limited empirical evidence available. Given the potential health implications and societal considerations, a comprehensive investigation is warranted. Aim: Assess the Prevalence, pattern of use and the associated factors of Aphrodisiac drugs consumption without prescription among men at Najran City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional descriptive study, 500 participants were included through convenience sampling. The utilized questionnaires covered a range of data, including socio-demographic information, patterns of aphrodisiac use, knowledge about aphrodisiacs, lifestyle details, a sexual health inventory for men, and a perceived stress level scale. Results: The study reveals a significant prevalence of unsanctioned aphrodisiac drug use (31%) among men in Najran City, Saudi Arabia, with a majority (79.3%) consuming these substances four times monthly. Associated disparities in knowledge, lifestyle, stress, and sexual function underscore the urgent need for policy interventions and tailored health education initiatives for this demographic. Conclusion: Approximately one-third of the sampled population engaged in the unsanctioned use of aphrodisiac drugs, with the majority utilizing them four times monthly. Tablets emerged as the most prevalent form of consumption. Commonly cited motives and justifications included peer influence and the perceived safety of aphrodisiacs. Influential factors encompassed levels of knowledge, lifestyle, stress levels, erectile function, age, education, and the number of wives. Recommendations: Urgent policy interventions are warranted to regulate the acquisition and distribution of aphrodisiacs. Tailored health education initiatives should be implemented for married and prospective married men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Hamdy Hafez
- Community Health Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Nursing, Egypt
- Community and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Elwaleed Idris Sagiron
- Community and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Nahid Khalil Elfaki
- Community and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Ahmed Mohamed
- Community Health Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Nursing, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abdulrahman Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A. Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Jamaan Alzahrani
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna Mohammed Idris
- Critical Care Nursing, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Gamal Elsehrawey
- College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ateya Megahed Ibrahim
- College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Family and Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Malli IA, Hubayni RA, Marie AM, Alzahrani DY, Khshwry EI, Aldahhas RA, Khan RF, Zaidi SF. The prevalence of self-medication and its associated factors among college students: Cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102457. [PMID: 37869536 PMCID: PMC10589874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication with OTC or prescription drugs is widespread, may impair health, and leads to microbial resistance. Self-medication treats symptoms without a prescription. Self-medication is common among students across disciplines. Thus, this study evaluates medical and non-medical students' self-medication prevalence, knowledge, and variables. Methods 352 people completed a verified 25-item online questionnaire from September 5 to November 17, 2021. Self-medication and demographic characteristics such as gender, professional college, and family income were examined using a chi-square test of independence. Results 210 (59.6 %) participants were from the College of Medicine, and 142 (40.34 %) were from other professional health colleges. Health professional students self-medicated 55.9 %. This research found substantial connections between self-medication knowledge, gender, and family income. With a p-value of 0.0001, 32 % of women agreed that self-medication is safe, compared to 15.8 % of men. Female students were more likely than boys (61.9 % vs 38.1 %, p-value = 0.0291) to self-medicate as their initial therapy. Family income was also related to self-medication; 69.6 % of low-income pupils self-medicated to reduce doctor visits, p-value = 0.0477. Conclusion Students of all majors self-medicate. Medical students were more informed about generic drug safety and administration. There were substantial unfavorable sentiments regarding self-medication, highlighting the need for educational health activities to raise student understanding of its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Abdullah Malli
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Ahmed Hubayni
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirah Mohammed Marie
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhaii Yahya Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaf Ismeal Khshwry
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Abdulmohsen Aldahhas
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Fayez Khan
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Faisal Zaidi
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan
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Arboleda Forero V, Cruzate Hernández JP, Yepes Restrepo M, Higuita-Gutiérrez LF. Antibiotic Self-Medication Patterns and Associated Factors in the Context of COVID-19, Medellín, Colombia: A Survey Based Cross Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:3057-3066. [PMID: 38027083 PMCID: PMC10680488 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s434030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the frequency of self-medication with antibiotics and its associated factors in Medellín, Colombia. Methods A descriptive study was conducted on 778 individuals surveyed regarding sociodemographic characteristics, self-medication with antibiotics, reasons for using these drugs, and types of antibiotics used. The analysis was performed in SPSS using absolute and relative frequencies with their corresponding confidence intervals, chi-square test, and logistic regression. Results The frequency of self-medication with antibiotics was 46% (95% CI 42.5-49.5), with 47.4% (95% CI 42.2-52.5) of the population using antibiotics without medical prescription for flu-like symptoms related to COVID-19. Amoxicillin (33.7%), azithromycin (10.9%), and cephalexin (4.7%) were the most used antibiotics. The main factors associated with self-medication were age group, zone of residence, and lack of information on the appropriate use of these medications. Conclusion The city exhibits a high frequency of self-medication with antibiotics, predominantly in conditions where they are ineffective, such as flu-like symptoms related to COVID-19. These findings highlight the contribution of the COVID-19 pandemic to bacterial resistance through self-medication and underscore the need to implement targeted actions to control the use of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez
- School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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Bedhomme S, Vaillant-Roussel H, Vorilhon P, Lafarge E, Pereton B, Prunet-Spano C, Pereira B, Vennat B, Savanovitch C. Pediatric pharmaceutical interventions in self-medication: a descriptive study in community pharmacies. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2023; 24:232. [PMID: 37932731 PMCID: PMC10626637 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of self-medication is common but not without risk, especially for vulnerable populations such as the pediatric population. Community pharmacists have an important role of vigilance in dispensing drugs available without a medical prescription, with the possibility of carrying out a Pharmaceutical Intervention (PI) if necessary. The aim of our study was to characterize the Pediatric Pharmaceutical Interventions (PPIs) in self-medication carried out during a spontaneous request for a drug at the community pharmacy. METHODS We conducted a descriptive study in 139 pharmacies in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (France). Data were collected from students under the supervision of internship masters in the pharmacy, using the validated GIPAMED (GrId for PhArmaceutical Self-MEDication interventions) notification grid, the first week of each month, from February to May for five years (2017 to 2021). Collected data were entered on a secure university platform. RESULTS Of the 3,552 PIs collected, 8,3% (n = 286) were PPIs. Of these PPIs, 35% (n = 100) was generated by requests for optional prescription drugs contraindicated by the pathophysiological condition, 28.3% for drugs requiring a prescription and 20.6% for over the counter drugs not indicated by the symptomatology. Finally, 10% of requests required a referral for a medical consultation. Four Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classes accounted for more than 90% of the requests: respiratory system (39.5%), alimentary tract and metabolism (19.2%), nervous system (11.5%), and musculoskeletal system (10.8%). The most common drugs generating PPIs were: ibuprofen, oxomemazine and combination camphor/essential oils, mainly due to age-related or weight-related contraindication. Paracetamol also generated PPIs frequently, mainly due to problems with drug compliance and more precise infra-therapeutic doses. When these PPIs were dispensed, the pharmacist's proposed solutions were accepted in 94.8% (n = 271) of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The community pharmacist has an important role in providing information about medicines and their correct use to patients. Our research shows that this attention benefits vulnerable populations, such as children, even for drugs that are widely used (e.g. paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or active substances for which there are age-related or weight-related contraindications (e.g. antitussives, camphor combinations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bedhomme
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Hélène Vaillant-Roussel
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of General Practice, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- DRCI, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Vorilhon
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of General Practice, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elodie Lafarge
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bénédicte Pereton
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Prunet-Spano
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- ISPB (Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- DRCI, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brigitte Vennat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Chantal Savanovitch
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Research Unit ACCePPT, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Calderon-Ospina CA. Enhancing self-medication practices in the era of infodemic: the role of pharmacovigilance. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2023; 14:20420986231194754. [PMID: 37636838 PMCID: PMC10457137 DOI: 10.1177/20420986231194754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Calderon-Ospina
- Research Group in Applied Biomedical Sciences (UR Biomed), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
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Thekkiniyakath Ali AS, A Alsheraihi AA, Ibrahim Alghamdi SS, Sulaiman Alsuwaylihi R, Sulaiman Alenazi S, Saad Bin Hussain L. A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Medication Prevalence and Usage Patterns: An Alarming Concept Among the Saudi Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e40436. [PMID: 37456396 PMCID: PMC10349170 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication (SM) has many potential drawbacks, including toxicity, drug resistance, severe adverse effects, drug interactions, drug abuse, and drug dependence, but it is still widely used for a variety of reasons, including time and money savings, symptom prevention or treatment of minor illnesses, a lack of access to doctors, etc. This study aimed to describe and analyse the usage of antibiotics without a prescription, self-medication practises, and patterns of using them among Saudis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia, a community-based cross-sectional study was done. After gaining consent, data were gathered from 420 adults during face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. SPSS was used to analyse the data once it had been entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA). RESULTS Regarding self-medication, among 208 participants, there was a male predominance and among upper lower class with respect to socioeconomic status. The self-medication rate was found to be higher among graduates and professionals with respect to education and occupation. Self-medication was discovered to be more prevalent among metropolitan residents. The majority of those who started using self-medication got their knowledge from various advertisements. The most frequent symptom of self-medication was fever, followed by a common cold. The most commonly used medication was paracetamol, followed by cough syrups. Weight loss advertisements influence participants the most for self-medication, followed by hair loss and diabetes. TV advertisements have the highest influence on people practising self-medication. CONCLUSION The study calls for greater knowledge of the impacts of antibiotic self-medication, which can be accomplished through efficient measures including behaviour change communication and encouraging more research into its causes and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Salam Thekkiniyakath Ali
- Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Suha Sulaiman Alenazi
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Lamia Saad Bin Hussain
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
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Nakakande J, Taremwa IM, Nanyingi M, Mugambe S. The Utility of Internet-Enabled Antibiotic Self-Medication and Its Associated Factors Among Patients Attending Private Clinics in Kawempe Division in Kampala Capital City, Uganda: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2023; 15:85-91. [PMID: 37035632 PMCID: PMC10081524 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s405072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The expanding practice of internet-based antibiotic self-medication raises public health concerns as it increases antibiotic resistance and introduces avoidable risks. This study aims to examine the utility of internet-enabled antibiotic self-medication and its associated factors among patients attending private clinics in Kawempe division in Kampala Capital City, Uganda. Methods This was an analytical cross-sectional study that enrolled participants attending private clinics in Kawempe Division's randomly selected zones. These were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using STATA version 12 software. Logistic regression analysis was used, and variables with p ≤ 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with internet-enabled antibiotic self-medication. Results Out of the 313 respondents, 246 (79%) reportedly had ever used internet sources to self-medicate with antibiotics. Factors such as being male; single; had knowledge of antibiotics; believed that Internet should be used for antibiotic self-medication; Distance to the nearest medical center/hospital from your residence/workplace of about 5 km and residing near a drug shop/pharmacy that gives antibiotics without a prescription increased internet-enabled antibiotic self-medication. Furthermore, the variables of more than three household members; common practice of antibiotic self-medication in a household; did not agree that one can recover from the illness without a doctor's prescription and medical workers who did not explain adequately the antibiotics medication given for the illness decreased internet-enabled antibiotic self-medication. Conclusion This study found that internet-enabled antibiotic self-medication practice is highly utilized and is associated with a variety of individual, household, and healthcare system factors. This necessitates strict adherence to national drug policy regulations governing antibiotic use. Furthermore, community health education is critical in combating such medication practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Nakakande
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Kampala, Uganda
- Correspondence: Joan Nakakande; Ivan Mugisha Taremwa, Email ;
| | - Ivan Mugisha Taremwa
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Miisa Nanyingi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Mugambe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Kampala, Uganda
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda
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