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Pan Y, Luo Y, Hong J, He H, Dai L, Zhu H, Wu J. Advances for the treatment of lower extremity arterial disease associated with diabetes mellitus. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:929718. [PMID: 36060247 PMCID: PMC9429832 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.929718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) is a major vascular complication of diabetes. Vascular endothelial cells dysfunction can exacerbate local ischemia, leading to a significant increase in amputation, disability, and even mortality in patients with diabetes combined with LEAD. Therefore, it is of great clinical importance to explore proper and effective treatments. Conventional treatments of diabetic LEAD include lifestyle management, medication, open surgery, endovascular treatment, and amputation. As interdisciplinary research emerges, regenerative medicine strategies have provided new insights to treat chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI). Therapeutic angiogenesis strategies, such as delivering growth factors, stem cells, drugs to ischemic tissues, have also been proposed to treat LEAD by fundamentally stimulating multidimensional vascular regeneration. Recent years have seen the rapid growth of tissue engineering technology; tissue-engineered biomaterials have been used to study the treatment of LEAD, such as encapsulation of growth factors and drugs in hydrogel to facilitate the restoration of blood perfusion in ischemic tissues of animals. The primary purpose of this review is to introduce treatments and novel biomaterials development in LEAD. Firstly, the pathogenesis of LEAD is briefly described. Secondly, conventional therapies and therapeutic angiogenesis strategies of LEAD are discussed. Finally, recent research advances and future perspectives on biomaterials in LEAD are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huacheng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huacheng He, ; Hong Zhu,
| | - Lu Dai
- The Fourth Outpatient Department, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huacheng He, ; Hong Zhu,
| | - Jiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Silva LRB, Gentil P, Seguro CS, de Oliveira JCM, Silva MS, Marques VA, Beltrame T, Rebelo ACS. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cardiac Autonomic Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010066. [PMID: 35053064 PMCID: PMC8773290 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different exercise models have been used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), like moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT); however, their effects on autonomic modulation are unknown. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise modes on autonomic modulation in patients with T2D. In total, 44 adults with >5 years of T2D diagnosis were recruited and stratified into three groups: HIIT-30:30 (n = 15, age 59.13 ± 5.57 years) that performed 20 repetitions of 30 s at 100% of VO2peak with passive recovery, HIIT-2:2 (n = 14, age 61.20 ± 2.88) that performed 5 repetitions of 2 min at 100% of VO2peak with passive recovery, and MICT (n = 15, age 58.50 ± 5.26) that performed 14 min of continuous exercise at 70% of VO2peak. All participants underwent anamnesis and evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiac autonomic modulation. All protocols were equated by total distance and were performed two times per week for 8 weeks. Group × time interactions were observed for resting heart rate (HRrest) [F(2.82) = 3.641; p = 0.031] and SDNN [F(2.82) = 3.462; p = 0.036]. Only the HIIT-30:30 group significantly reduced SDNN (p = 0.002 and 0.025, respectively). HRrest reduced more in the HIIT-30:30 group compared with the MICT group (p = 0.038). Group × time interactions were also observed for offTAU [F(2.82) = 3.146; p = 0.048] and offTMR [F(2.82) = 4.424; p = 0.015]. The MICT group presented increased values of offTAU compared with the HIIT-30:30 and HIIT-2:2 groups (p = 0.001 and 0.013, respectively), representing a slower HR response after eight weeks of intervention. HIIT, specially HIIT-30:30, represents a promising measure for improving autonomic modulation in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Raphael Bento Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Araguaia University Center, Goiania 74223-060, Brazil;
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil;
- Hypertension League, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-020, Brazil
| | - Camila Simões Seguro
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-080, Brazil;
| | - Jordana Campos Martins de Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Araguaia University Center, Goiania 74223-060, Brazil;
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
| | - Maria Sebastiana Silva
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil;
| | - Vitor Alves Marques
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
| | - Thomas Beltrame
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil;
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
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Abstract
Among all peripheral arterial diseases, lower extremity arterial disease is a serious condition in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, associated with important disability, cardiovascular risk, and socio-economic burden. Patients with both conditions generally display poorer prognosis of affected limbs compared with non-diabetic subjects, leading to increased rates of adverse limb events including amputations. Nonetheless, awareness on lower extremity arterial disease remains somehow suboptimal in the diabetic population, partly related to an atypical clinical presentation in several cases. A regular and appropriate screening for lower extremity arterial disease in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus is therefore recommended. Affected subjects should receive optimal medical treatment including careful management of the different cardiovascular risk factors through a healthy lifestyle, a regular and structured physical activity, the administration of lipid-lowering, antidiabetic drugs, and (when indicated) antihypertensive and antithrombotic drugs. This review aims to outline current evidence about lower extremity arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in order to elucidate its epidemiology, pathophysiology, screening and diagnosis, and management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Buso
- Department of Angiology, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, Switzerland
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, France.,Inserm 1098, School of Medicine, France
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Department of Angiology, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, Switzerland
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Abstract
A cluster of metabolic factors have been merged into an entity named the metabolic syndrome. Although the characteristics of this syndrome have varied over time the presently used definition was established in 2009. The presence of three abnormal findings out of five components qualifies a person for the metabolic syndrome: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose. Cut points have been defined for all components apart from waist circumference, for which national or regional values are used. The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This associated risk does not exceed its components whereof elevated blood pressure is the most frequent. A successful management should, however, address all factors involved. The management is always based on healthy lifestyle choices but has not infrequently to be supported by pharmacological treatment, especially blood pressure lowering drugs. The metabolic syndrome is a useful example of the importance of multiple targets for preventive interventions. To be successful management has to be individualized not the least when it comes to pharmacological therapy. Frail elderly people should not be over-treated. Knowledge transfer of how risk factors act should be accompanied by continuous trust building and motivation. In complex situations with a mix of biological risk factors, adverse social conditions and unhealthy lifestyle, everything cannot be changed at once. It is better to aim for small steps that are lasting than large, unsustainable steps with relapses to unhealthy behaviours. A person with the metabolic syndrome will always be afflicted by its components, which is the reason that management has to be sustained over a very long time. This review summarizes the knowledge on the metabolic syndrome and its management according to present state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lars Rydén
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Reich B, Schönfelder M, Lampl K, Mueller EE, Egger A, Niebauer J. Comparable anti-glycaemic effects of hypertrophy versus endurance resistance training in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:1564-1565. [PMID: 31219701 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319859971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Reich
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Kathrin Lampl
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Edith E Mueller
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Egger
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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