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Serina PT, Bounds M, Dandapani H, Carnes TC, Linnebur SA, Picazo JG, Keene SE, Goldberg EM. Could digital pills improve medication adherence in persons living with dementia? A qualitative study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2024; 72:2581-2584. [PMID: 38651668 PMCID: PMC11323149 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Serina
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown University, Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan Bounds
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hari Dandapani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Sunny A Linnebur
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Gomez Picazo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah E Keene
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Goldberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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2
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Tsai TY, Liu YC, Huang HK. Inconclusive Findings in Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Study-In Reply. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:584-585. [PMID: 38466304 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tou-Yuan Tsai
- Emergency Department, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Kai Huang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine and Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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Goodman GR, Carnes TC, Albrechta H, Alpert P, Hokayem J, Goldfine C, Lee JS, Boyer EW, Rosen R, Mayer KH, O'Cleirigh C, Chai PR. Real-World Implementation Challenges Associated with a Digital Pill System to Measure Adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis from Two Studies of Men Who Have Sex With Men. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... ANNUAL HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES. ANNUAL HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES 2024; 57:3211-3221. [PMID: 38213843 PMCID: PMC10783042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Once-daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective for HIV prevention, but its efficacy is dependent on adherence, which can be challenging for men who have sex with men (MSM) with substance use. Digital pill systems (DPS) represent a novel tool for directly measuring adherence through ingestible radiofrequency sensors that confirm ingestions in real-time. We examined operational challenges across two studies involving DPS to measure PrEP adherence. While most participants successfully operated the system, a number of technological and sociobehavioral challenges requiring intervention were identified across both studies. Technological issues were both system- and participant-related, and were primarily addressed with technical updates and participant re-education, while sociobehavioral issues, including health and housing changes and issues with technology access, warranted innovative solutions. Future research leveraging DPS technology should develop robust supportive infrastructure and mitigation procedures to promptly identify and resolve operational issues to optimize the potential benefits of DPS use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jasper S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Edward W Boyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Peter R Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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Kolben Y, Azmanov H, Gelman R, Dror D, Ilan Y. Using chronobiology-based second-generation artificial intelligence digital system for overcoming antimicrobial drug resistance in chronic infections. Ann Med 2023; 55:311-318. [PMID: 36594558 PMCID: PMC9815249 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2163053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance results from the widespread use of antimicrobial agents and is a significant obstacle to the effectiveness of these agents. Numerous methods are used to overcome this problem with moderate success. Besides efforts of antimicrobial stewards, several artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies are being explored for preventing resistance development. These first-generation systems mainly focus on improving patients' adherence. Chronobiology is inherent in all biological systems. Host response to infections and pathogens activity are assumed to be affected by the circadian clock. This paper describes the problem of antimicrobial resistance and reviews some of the current AI technologies. We present the establishment of a second-generation AI chronobiology-based approach to help in preventing further resistance and possibly overcome existing resistance. An algorithm-controlled regimen that improves the long-term effectiveness of antimicrobial agents is being developed based on the implementation of variability in dosing and drug administration times. The method provides a means for ensuring a sustainable response and improved outcomes. Ongoing clinical trials determine the effectiveness of this second-generation system in chronic infections. Data from these studies are expected to shed light on a new aspect of resistance mechanisms and suggest methods for overcoming them.IMPORTANCE SECTIONThe paper presents the establishment of a second-generation AI chronobiology-based approach to help in preventing further resistance and possibly overcome existing resistance.Key messagesAntimicrobial resistance results from the widespread use of antimicrobial agents and is a significant obstacle to the effectiveness of these agents.We present the establishment of a second-generation AI chronobiology-based approach to help in preventing further resistance and possibly overcome existing resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Kolben
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Henny Azmanov
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ram Gelman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danna Dror
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Litvinova O, Klager E, Yeung AWK, Tzvetkov NT, Kimberger O, Kletecka-Pulker M, Willschke H, Atanasov AG. Bibliometric analysis and evidence of clinical efficacy and safety of digital pills. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1023250. [PMID: 36755951 PMCID: PMC9899979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1023250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Digital pills are new technologies that aim to improve healthcare by increasing medication adherence. The aim of the work was a bibliometric analysis of clinical studies of digital pills and an assessment of the level of evidence of their effectiveness, safety, and prospects for the future. Materials and Methods: The studies were conducted using online databases such as ClinicalTrials.gov, Dimensions, and Web of Science for the period January 2012 to July 2022. The VOSviewer tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks was used. Results: Bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature revealed that over the past 10 years, the number of publications about digital pills has noticeably increased, which indicates the increasing importance of this field of knowledge. The leading positions in this area are occupied by scientists from the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. Sources of financial support for authors of publications in the field of digital pills are funds from leading developer companies, budget allocations, and funds from non-commercial organizations. Public-private partnerships are an important path to develop and implement digital pills. The four main clusters of digital pill studies were highlighted and visualized: efficacy and safety analysis for serious mental disorders; treatment and costs of tuberculosis therapy; features of the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and AIDS; and usage monitoring. Available publications demonstrate the efficacy potential and safety of digital pills. Nevertheless, the effects of digital pills have not yet been fully studied. Conclusion: Priority areas for future research are further randomized controlled clinical trials and meta-analyses, which are necessary for a high level (I level) of evidence for therapeutic applications of digital pills, as well as pharmacoeconomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Litvinova
- National University of Pharmacy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine,*Correspondence: Olena Litvinova, ; Atanas G. Atanasov,
| | - Elisabeth Klager
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oliver Kimberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Kletecka-Pulker
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Institute for Ethics and Law in Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Willschke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland,*Correspondence: Olena Litvinova, ; Atanas G. Atanasov,
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Lee JS, Albrechta H, Goodman GR, De D, Takabatake K, O'Cleirigh C, Mayer KH, Fisher C, Carnes CT, Chai PR. Diversity in Digital Pill Systems: Differences in Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Use of a Digital Pill System for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men with Diverse Racial and Ethnic Identities. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... ANNUAL HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES. ANNUAL HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES 2023; 2023:2933-2942. [PMID: 36654663 PMCID: PMC9843706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonadherence, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM) with substance use disorders, increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Measuring adherence to HIV pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP), and responding to suboptimal adherence or changes in adherence behavior remains a challenging public health problem. Despite the importance of accurate adherence measurement, there is no gold standard for detecting medication ingestion events in HIV research. Current adherence measures indirectly infer ingestion events or measure medication concentrations over time, yet such approaches fail to provide direct confirmation of ingestions and contextual information surrounding adherence and nonadherence. A digital pill system (DPS) - a novel tool that leverages ingestible radiofrequency sensors to measure actual ingestion events - may advance adherence measurement in HIV research. We examined and compared the willingness of MSM across racial and ethnic identities to operate a DPS in the context of PrEP adherence measurement and suggest potential future applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
| | | | - Georgia R Goodman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
| | - Dikha De
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
- Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Koki Takabatake
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
- Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | | | | | - Peter R Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
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Busnatu ȘS, Niculescu AG, Bolocan A, Andronic O, Pantea Stoian AM, Scafa-Udriște A, Stănescu AMA, Păduraru DN, Nicolescu MI, Grumezescu AM, Jinga V. A Review of Digital Health and Biotelemetry: Modern Approaches towards Personalized Medicine and Remote Health Assessment. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101656. [PMID: 36294795 PMCID: PMC9604784 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With the prevalence of digitalization in all aspects of modern society, health assessment is becoming digital too. Taking advantage of the most recent technological advances and approaching medicine from an interdisciplinary perspective has allowed for important progress in healthcare services. Digital health technologies and biotelemetry devices have been more extensively employed for preventing, detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting the evolution of various diseases, without requiring wires, invasive procedures, or face-to-face interaction with medical personnel. This paper aims to review the concepts correlated to digital health, classify and describe biotelemetry devices, and present the potential of digitalization for remote health assessment, the transition to personalized medicine, and the streamlining of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ștefan Sebastian Busnatu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Andronic
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Alexandru Scafa-Udriște
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Dan Nicolae Păduraru
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Vaz C, Jose NK, Tom JJ, Goodman GR, Lee JS, Padappayil RP, Madathil M, O'Cleirigh C, Rodrigues R, Chai PR. Formative acceptance of ingestible biosensors to measure adherence to TB medications. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:754. [PMID: 36171553 PMCID: PMC9517983 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant public health threat in India. Adherence to antitubercular therapy (ATT) is the key to reducing the burden of this infectious disease. Suboptimal adherence to ATT and lack of demonstrated feasibility of current strategies for monitoring ATT adherence highlights the need for alternative adherence monitoring systems.
Methods A quantitative survey was conducted to assess the acceptance of and willingness to use a digital pill system (DPS) as a tool for monitoring ATT adherence among stakeholders directly involved in the management of patients with TB in India. Participants reviewed a video explaining the DPS and completed a survey, which covered sociodemographics, degree of involvement with TB patients, initial impressions of the DPS, and perceived challenges for deploying the technology in India. Participants were also asked to interpret mock DPS adherence data. Results The mean age was 34.3 (SD = 7.3), and participants (N = 50) were predominantly male (70%). The sample comprised internists (52%) and pulmonologists (30%), with a median of 4 years’ experience (IQR 3, 6) in the management of TB patients. No participants had previously used a DPS, but some reported prior awareness of the technology (22%). Most reported that they would recommend use of a DPS to patients on ATT (76%), and that they would use a DPS in both the intensive and continuation phases of TB management (64%). The majority viewed the DPS (82%) as a useful alternative to directly observed therapy-short course (DOTS), particularly given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Participants reported that a DPS would be most effective in patients at risk of nonadherence (64%), as well as those with past nonadherence (64%). Perceived barriers to DPS implementation included lack of patient willingness (92%), cost (86%), and infrastructure constraints (66%). The majority of participants were able to accurately interpret patterns of adherence (80%), suboptimal adherence (90%), and frank nonadherence (82%) when provided with mock DPS data. Conclusions DPS are viewed as an acceptable, feasible, and useful technology for monitoring ATT adherence by stakeholders directly involved in TB management. Future investigations should explore patient acceptance of DPS and pilot demonstration of the system in the TB context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07756-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Vaz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nisha K Jose
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, HQs, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeremiah Jacob Tom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Georgia R Goodman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasper S Lee
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Manjunath Madathil
- Department of Dermatology, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India.,Department of Dermatology, Imbichibava Memorial Co-Operative Hospital and Research Center, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rashmi Rodrigues
- Department of Community Health, St. John's Medical College, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Peter R Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Litvinova O, Klager E, Tzvetkov NT, Kimberger O, Kletecka-Pulker M, Willschke H, Atanasov AG. Digital Pills with Ingestible Sensors: Patent Landscape Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081025. [PMID: 36015173 PMCID: PMC9415622 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern healthcare system is directly related to the development of digital health tools and solutions. Pills with digital sensors represent a highly innovative class of new pharmaceuticals. The aim of this work was to analyze the patent landscape and to systematize the main trends in patent protection of digital pills with ingestible sensors worldwide; accordingly, to identify the patenting leaders as well as the main prevailing areas of therapy for patent protection, and the future perspectives in the field. In July 2022, a search was conducted using Internet databases, such as the EPO, USPTO, FDA and the Lens database. The patent landscape analysis shows an increase in the number of patents related to digital pills with ingestible sensors for mobile clinical monitoring, smart drug delivery, and endoscopy diagnostics. The leaders in the number of patents issued are the United States, the European Patent Office, Canada, Australia, and China. The following main areas of patenting digital pills with ingestible sensors were identified: treatment in the field of mental health; HIV/AIDS; pain control; cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; gastroenterology (including hepatitis C); oncology; tuberculosis; and transplantology. The development of scientific and practical approaches towards the implementation of effective and safe digital pills will improve treatment outcomes, increase compliance, reduce hospital stays, provide mobile clinical monitoring, have a positive impact on treatment costs and will contribute to increased patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Litvinova
- Department of Management, Economy and Quality Assurance in Pharmacy, National University of Pharmacy, The Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (O.L.); (A.G.A.); Tel.: +380-67-300-78-49 (O.L.); +43-1401-6036-250 (A.G.A.)
| | - Elisabeth Klager
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oliver Kimberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Kletecka-Pulker
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Ethics and Law in Medicine, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Willschke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Correspondence: (O.L.); (A.G.A.); Tel.: +380-67-300-78-49 (O.L.); +43-1401-6036-250 (A.G.A.)
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