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Early PL, Kilcawley NA, McArdle NA, Renou M, Kearney SM, Mishra R, Dimov N, Glynn MT, Ducrée J, Kinahan DJ. Digital process control of multi-step assays on centrifugal platforms using high-low-high rotational-pulse triggered valving. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291165. [PMID: 37682949 PMCID: PMC10490917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their capability for comprehensive sample-to-answer automation, the interest in centrifugal microfluidic systems has greatly increased in industry and academia over the last quarter century. The main applications of these "Lab-on-a-Disc" (LoaD) platforms are in decentralised bioanalytical point-of-use / point-of-care testing. Due to the unidirectional and omnipresent nature of the centrifugal force, advanced flow control is key to coordinate multi-step / multi-reagent assay formats on the LoaD. Formerly, flow control was often achieved by capillary burst valves which require gradual increments of the spin speed of the system-innate spindle motor. Recent advanced introduced a flow control scheme called 'rotational pulse actuated valves'. In these valves the sequence of valve actuation is determined by the architecture of the disc while actuation is triggered by freely programmable upward spike (i.e. Low-High-Low (LHL)) in the rotational frequency. This paradigm shift from conventional 'analogue' burst valves to 'digital' pulsing significantly increases the number of sequential while also improving the overall robustness of flow control. In this work, we expand on these LHL valves by introducing High-Low-High (HLH) pulse-actuated (PA) valving which are actuated by 'downward' spike in the disc spin-rate. These HLH valves are particularly useful for high spin-rate operations such as centrifugation of blood. We introduce two different HLH architectures and then combine the most promising with LHL valves to implement the time-dependent liquid handling protocol underlying a common liver function test panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Early
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A. Kilcawley
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A. McArdle
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marine Renou
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- Telecom Physique Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sinéad M. Kearney
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rohit Mishra
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikolay Dimov
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Macdara T. Glynn
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J. Kinahan
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Regan B, Kinahan D, Daly P, O'Kennedy R, Collins D. Design and fabrication of a low-cost wireless camera imaging system for centrifugal microfluidics. HARDWAREX 2022; 11:e00259. [PMID: 35509901 PMCID: PMC9058586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugal microfluidic devices offer a robust method for low-volume fluid handling by combining low-cost instrumentation with highly integrated automation. Crucial to the efficacy of Lab-on-a-Disc (LoaD) device operation is the selection of robust valving technology, the design of on-disc fluidic structures, and accurate control of disc spin-speeds (centrifugal force) during operation. The design and refinement of fluidic and valving structures is often guided by inspecting disc operation using high-speed camera systems. This approach involves synchronising image acquisition with disc rotation to visualise liquid flow through a series of images often presented in a video format. Depending on the decisions taken, such systems can cost from €4,000 upwards. This paper outlines the development of a low-cost centrifugal test-stand with an integrated imaging system using a generic wireless camera to record videos directly to a smartphone device. This imaging system can be fabricated using only 3D printers and a low-cost CNC milling machine from widely available materials for approximately €350. High-fidelity imaging of the entire disc for flow visualisation and the recording of real-time colour intensity measurements are facilitated by this standalone device. A vibration analysis study has been performed to determine the rotational velocity range at which the system can be safely operated. Furthermore, the efficacy of the imaging system has been demonstrated by performing real-time colour intensity measurements of dyed water dilutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Regan
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David Kinahan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Philip Daly
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - David Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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3
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Li X, Yang Y, Villareal SC, Griffin K, Pappas D. High-recovery sorting of cancer cells from whole blood via periodic-focusing inertial microchip. Analyst 2022; 147:4536-4546. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01310j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidic devices continue to show promise for label-free separation of cells from liquid biopsies and other biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yijia Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Sarah C. Villareal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Kitiara Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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4
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Cancer cell enrichment on a centrifugal microfluidic platform using hydrodynamic and magnetophoretic techniques. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1939. [PMID: 33479404 PMCID: PMC7820336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of rare cancer cells is one of the important and valuable stages of cancer research. Regarding the rarity of cancer cells in blood samples, it is important to invent an efficient separation device for cell enrichment. In this study, two centrifugal microfluidic devices were designed and fabricated for the isolation of rare cancer cells. The first design (passive plan) employs a contraction–expansion array (CEA) microchannel which is connected to a bifurcation region. This device is able to isolate the target cells through inertial effects and bifurcation law. The second design (hybrid plan) also utilizes a CEA microchannel, but instead of using the bifurcation region, it is reinforced by a stack of two permanent magnets to capture the magnetically labeled target cells at the end of the microchannel. These designs were optimized by numerical simulations and tested experimentally for isolation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells from the population of mouse fibroblast L929 cells. In order to use the hybrid design, magnetite nanoparticles were attached to the MCF-7 cells through specific Ep-CAM antibodies, and two permanent magnets of 0.34 T were utilized at the downstream of the CEA microchannel. These devices were tested at different disk rotational speeds and it was found that the passive design can isolate MCF-7 cells with a recovery rate of 76% for the rotational speed of 2100 rpm while its hybrid counterpart is able to separate the target cells with a recovery rate of 85% for the rotational speed of 1200 rpm. Although the hybrid design of separator has a better separation efficiency and higher purity, the passive one has no need for a time-consuming process of cell labeling, occupies less space on the disk, and does not impose additional costs and complexity.
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5
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Abstract
Lab-on-a-Disc (LoaD) biosensors are increasingly a promising solution for many biosensing applications. In the search for a perfect match between point-of-care (PoC) microfluidic devices and biosensors, the LoaD platform has the potential to be reliable, sensitive, low-cost, and easy-to-use. The present global pandemic draws attention to the importance of rapid sample-to-answer PoC devices for minimising manual intervention and sample manipulation, thus increasing the safety of the health professional while minimising the chances of sample contamination. A biosensor is defined by its ability to measure an analyte by converting a biological binding event to tangible analytical data. With evolving manufacturing processes for both LoaDs and biosensors, it is becoming more feasible to embed biosensors within the platform and/or to pair the microfluidic cartridges with low-cost detection systems. This review considers the basics of the centrifugal microfluidics and describes recent developments in common biosensing methods and novel technologies for fluidic control and automation. Finally, an overview of current devices on the market is provided. This review will guide scientists who want to initiate research in LoaD PoC devices as well as providing valuable reference material to researchers active in the field.
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6
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Advances in Continuous Microfluidics-Based Technologies for the Study of HIV Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090982. [PMID: 32899657 PMCID: PMC7552050 DOI: 10.3390/v12090982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It affects millions of people worldwide and the pandemic persists despite the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A wide spectrum of techniques has been implemented in order to diagnose and monitor AIDS progression over the years. Besides the conventional approaches, microfluidics has provided useful methods for monitoring HIV-1 infection. In this review, we introduce continuous microfluidics as well as the fabrication and handling of microfluidic chips. We provide a review of the different applications of continuous microfluidics in AIDS diagnosis and progression and in the basic study of the HIV-1 life cycle.
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7
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Abstract
We present a powerful and compact batch-mode mixing and dilution technique for centrifugal microfluidic platforms. Siphon structures are designed to discretize continuous flows into a sequence of droplets of volumes as low as 100 nL. Using a passive, self-regulating 4-step mechanism, discrete volumes of two fluids are alternatingly issued into a common intermediate chamber. At its base, a capillary valve acts as a fluidic shift register; a single droplet is held in place while two or more droplets merge and pass through the capillary stop. These merged droplets are advectively mixed as they pass through the capillary valve and into the receiving chamber. Mixing is demonstrated for various combinations of liquids such as aqueous solutions as well as saline solutions and human plasma. The mixing quality is assessed on a quantitative scale by using a colorimetric method based on the mixing of potassium thiocyanate and iron(III) chloride, and in the case of human plasma using a spectroscopic method. For instance, volumes of 5 µL have been mixed in less than 20 s. Single-step dilutions up to 1:5 of plasma in a standard phosphate buffer solution are also demonstrated. This work describes the preliminary development of the mixing method which has since been integrated into a commercially available microfluidic cartridge.
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8
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Torres Delgado SM, Kinahan DJ, Nirupa Julius LA, Mallette A, Ardila DS, Mishra R, Miyazaki CM, Korvink JG, Ducrée J, Mager D. Wirelessly powered and remotely controlled valve-array for highly multiplexed analytical assay automation on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 109:214-223. [PMID: 29567566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a wirelessly powered array of 128 centrifugo-pneumatic valves that can be thermally actuated on demand during spinning. The valves can either be triggered by a predefined protocol, wireless signal transmission via Bluetooth, or in response to a sensor monitoring a parameter like the temperature, or homogeneity of the dispersion. Upon activation of a resistive heater, a low-melting membrane (Parafilm™) is removed to vent an entrapped gas pocket, thus letting the incoming liquid wet an intermediate dissolvable film and thereby open the valve. The proposed system allows up to 12 heaters to be activated in parallel, with a response time below 3 s, potentially resulting in 128 actuated valves in under 30 s. We demonstrate, with three examples of common and standard procedures, how the proposed technology could become a powerful tool for implementing diagnostic assays on Lab-on-a-Disc. First, we implement wireless actuation of 64 valves during rotation in a freely programmable sequence, or upon user input in real time. Then, we show a closed-loop centrifugal flow control sequence for which the state of mixing of reagents, evaluated from stroboscopically recorded images, triggers the opening of the valves. In our last experiment, valving and closed-loop control are used to facilitate centrifugal processing of whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraí M Torres Delgado
- Laboratory for Simulation, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau 79110, Germany; Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - David J Kinahan
- FPC@DCU - Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems at Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Lourdes Albina Nirupa Julius
- FPC@DCU - Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems at Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Adam Mallette
- FPC@DCU - Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems at Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David Sáenz Ardila
- Laboratory for Simulation, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau 79110, Germany
| | - Rohit Mishra
- FPC@DCU - Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems at Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Celina M Miyazaki
- FPC@DCU - Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems at Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Science and Technology Centre for Sustainability, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jens Ducrée
- FPC@DCU - Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems at Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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9
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Cardoso VF, Francesko A, Ribeiro C, Bañobre-López M, Martins P, Lanceros-Mendez S. Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29280314 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as an important class of biomedical functional nanomaterials in areas such as hyperthermia, drug release, tissue engineering, theranostic, and lab-on-a-chip, due to their exclusive chemical and physical properties. Although some works can be found reviewing the main application of magnetic NPs in the area of biomedical engineering, recent and intense progress on magnetic nanoparticle research, from synthesis to surface functionalization strategies, demands for a work that includes, summarizes, and debates current directions and ongoing advancements in this research field. Thus, the present work addresses the structure, synthesis, properties, and the incorporation of magnetic NPs in nanocomposites, highlighting the most relevant effects of the synthesis on the magnetic and structural properties of the magnetic NPs and how these effects limit their utilization in the biomedical area. Furthermore, this review next focuses on the application of magnetic NPs on the biomedical field. Finally, a discussion of the main challenges and an outlook of the future developments in the use of magnetic NPs for advanced biomedical applications are critically provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fernandes Cardoso
- Centro de Física; Universidade do Minho; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- MEMS-Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit; Universidade do Minho; 4800-058 Guimarães Portugal
| | | | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Centro de Física; Universidade do Minho; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Martins
- Centro de Física; Universidade do Minho; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- BCMaterials; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia; 48160 Derio Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; 48013 Bilbao Spain
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10
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A portable optical reader and wall projector towards enumeration of bio-conjugated beads or cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189923. [PMID: 29267367 PMCID: PMC5739450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the height of a packed column of cells or beads, which can be direclty related to the number of cells or beads present in a chamber, is an important step in a number of diagnostic assays. For example, haematocrit measurements may rapidly identify anemia or polycthemia. Recently, user-friendly and cost-efficient Lab-on-a-Chip devices have been developed towards isolating and counting cell sub-populations for diagnostic purposes. In this work, we present a low-cost optical module for estimating the filling level of packed magnetic beads within a Lab-on-a-Chip device. The module is compatible with a previously introduced, disposable microfluidic chip for rapid determination of CD4+ cell counts. The device is a simple optical microscope module is manufactured by 3D printing. An objective lens directly interrogates the height of packed beads which are efficiently isolated on the finger-actuated chip. Optionally, an inexpensive, battery-powered Light Emitting Diode may project a shadow of the microfluidic chip at approximately 50-fold magnification onto a nearby surface. The reader is calibrated with the filling levels of known concentrations of paramagnetic beads within the finger actuated chip. Results in direct and projector mode are compared to measurements from a conventional, inverted white-light microscope. All three read-out methods indicate a maximum variation of 6.5% between methods.
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11
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Zhang Y, Lyons V, Pappas D. Fundamentals of affinity cell separations. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:732-741. [PMID: 28960354 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell separations using affinity methods continue to be an enabling science for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the fundamental aspects of affinity separation, including the competing forces for cell capture and elution, cell-surface interactions, and models for cell adhesion. Factors affecting separation performance such as bond affinity, contact area, and temperature are presented. We also discuss and demonstrate the effects of nonspecific binding on separation performance. Metrics for evaluating cell separations are presented, along with methods of comparing separation techniques for cell isolation using affinity capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Veronica Lyons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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12
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Balter ML, Chen AI, Colinco CA, Gorshkov A, Bixon B, Martin V, Fromholtz A, Maguire TJ, Yarmush ML. Differential Leukocyte Counting via Fluorescent Detection and Image Processing on a Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:8272-8279. [PMID: 28446924 PMCID: PMC5403153 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay02614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugal microfluidics has received much attention in the last decade for the automation of blood testing at the point-of-care, specifically for the detection of chemistries, proteins, and nucleic acids. However, the detection of common blood cells on-disc, particularly leukocytes, remains a challenge. In this paper, we present two analytical methods for enumerating leukocytes on a centrifugal platform using a custom-built fluorescent microscope, acridine orange nuclear staining, and image processing techniques. In the first method, cell analysis is performed in glass capillary tubes; in the second, acrylic chips are used. A bulk-cell analysis approach is implemented in both cases where the pixel areas of fractionated lymphocyte/monocyte and granulocyte layers are correlated with cell counts. Generating standard curves using porcine blood sample controls, we observed strong linear fits to measured cell counts using both methods. Analyzing the pixel intensities of the fluorescing white cell region, we are able to differentiate lymphocytes from monocytes via pixel clustering, demonstrating the capacity to perform a 3-part differential. Finally, a discussion of pros and cons of the bulk-cell analysis approach concludes the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L. Balter
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Alvin I. Chen
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - C. Amara Colinco
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Alexander Gorshkov
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brian Bixon
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Vincent Martin
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Alexander Fromholtz
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | | | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
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13
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Kinahan DJ, Mangwanya F, Garvey R, Chung DWY, Lipinski A, Julius LAN, King D, Mohammadi M, Mishra R, Al-Ofi M, Miyazaki C, Ducrée J. Automation of Silica Bead-based Nucleic Acid Extraction on a Centrifugal Lab-on-a-Disc Platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/757/1/012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Density-Gradient Mediated Band Extraction of Leukocytes from Whole Blood Using Centrifugo-Pneumatic Siphon Valving on Centrifugal Microfluidic Discs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155545. [PMID: 27167376 PMCID: PMC4864222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present retrieval of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by density-gradient medium based centrifugation for subsequent analysis of the leukocytes on an integrated microfluidic “Lab-on-a-Disc” cartridge. Isolation of white blood cells constitutes a critical sample preparation step for many bioassays. Centrifugo-pneumatic siphon valves are particularly suited for blood processing as they function without need of surface treatment and are ‘low-pass’, i.e., holding at high centrifugation speeds and opening upon reduction of the spin rate. Both ‘hydrostatically’ and ‘hydrodynamically’ triggered centrifugo-pneumatic siphon valving schemes are presented. Firstly, the geometry of the pneumatic chamber of hydrostatically primed centrifugo-pneumatic siphon valves is optimised to enable smooth and uniform layering of blood on top of the density-gradient medium; this feature proves to be key for efficient Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell extraction. A theoretical analysis of hydrostatically primed valves is also presented which determines the optimum priming pressure for the individual valves. Next, ‘dual siphon’ configurations for both hydrostatically and hydrodynamically primed centrifugo-pneumatic siphon valves are introduced; here plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells are extracted through a distinct siphon valve. This work represents a first step towards enabling on disc multi-parameter analysis. Finally, the efficiency of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells extraction in these structures is characterised using a simplified design. A microfluidic mechanism, which we termed phase switching, is identified which affects the efficiency of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell extraction.
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15
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Zhang W, Radadia AD. Toward a Boron-Doped Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Electrode-Based Dielectrophoretic Preconcentrator. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2605-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Center
for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Adarsh D. Radadia
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Center
for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
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16
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Tang M, Wang G, Kong SK, Ho HP. A Review of Biomedical Centrifugal Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E26. [PMID: 30407398 PMCID: PMC6190084 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Centrifugal microfluidic or lab-on-a-disc platforms have many advantages over other microfluidic systems. These advantages include a minimal amount of instrumentation, the efficient removal of any disturbing bubbles or residual volumes, and inherently available density-based sample transportation and separation. Centrifugal microfluidic devices applied to biomedical analysis and point-of-care diagnostics have been extensively promoted recently. This paper presents an up-to-date overview of these devices. The development of biomedical centrifugal microfluidic platforms essentially covers two categories: (i) unit operations that perform specific functionalities, and (ii) systems that aim to address certain biomedical applications. With the aim to provide a comprehensive representation of current development in this field, this review summarizes progress in both categories. The advanced unit operations implemented for biological processing include mixing, valving, switching, metering and sequential loading. Depending on the type of sample to be used in the system, biomedical applications are classified into four groups: nucleic acid analysis, blood analysis, immunoassays, and other biomedical applications. Our overview of advanced unit operations also includes the basic concepts and mechanisms involved in centrifugal microfluidics, while on the other hand an outline on reported applications clarifies how an assembly of unit operations enables efficient implementation of various types of complex assays. Lastly, challenges and potential for future development of biomedical centrifugal microfluidic devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Tang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Siu-Kai Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Smith S, Mager D, Perebikovsky A, Shamloo E, Kinahan D, Mishra R, Torres Delgado SM, Kido H, Saha S, Ducrée J, Madou M, Land K, Korvink JG. CD-Based Microfluidics for Primary Care in Extreme Point-of-Care Settings. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7020022. [PMID: 30407395 PMCID: PMC6190444 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We review the utility of centrifugal microfluidic technologies applied to point-of-care diagnosis in extremely under-resourced environments. The various challenges faced in these settings are showcased, using areas in India and Africa as examples. Measures for the ability of integrated devices to effectively address point-of-care challenges are highlighted, and centrifugal, often termed CD-based microfluidic technologies, technologies are presented as a promising platform to address these challenges. We describe the advantages of centrifugal liquid handling, as well as the ability of a standard CD player to perform a number of common laboratory tests, fulfilling the role of an integrated lab-on-a-CD. Innovative centrifugal approaches for point-of-care in extremely resource-poor settings are highlighted, including sensing and detection strategies, smart power sources and biomimetic inspiration for environmental control. The evolution of centrifugal microfluidics, along with examples of commercial and advanced prototype centrifugal microfluidic systems, is presented, illustrating the success of deployment at the point-of-care. A close fit of emerging centrifugal systems to address a critical panel of tests for under-resourced clinic settings, formulated by medical experts, is demonstrated. This emphasizes the potential of centrifugal microfluidic technologies to be applied effectively to extremely challenging point-of-care scenarios and in playing a role in improving primary care in resource-limited settings across the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Smith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Perebikovsky
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Ehsan Shamloo
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - David Kinahan
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Rohit Mishra
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Saraí M Torres Delgado
- Simulation Laboratory, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany.
| | - Horacio Kido
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Satadal Saha
- Foundation for Innovations in Health and JSV Innovations Private Limited, 44A S P Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marc Madou
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Kevin Land
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
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Md Ali MA, Ostrikov K(K, Khalid FA, Majlis BY, Kayani AA. Active bioparticle manipulation in microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of bioparticles in a microfluidic environment can be actively controlled using several tuneable mechanisms, including hydrodynamic, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, magnetophoresis, acoustophoresis, thermophoresis and optical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Processes and Devices Laboratory
| | - Fararishah Abdul Khalid
- Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Y. Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin A. Kayani
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology
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19
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Patabadige DEW, Jia S, Sibbitts J, Sadeghi J, Sellens K, Culbertson CT. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Fundamental Advances and Applications. Anal Chem 2015; 88:320-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damith E. W. Patabadige
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Shu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jay Sibbitts
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jalal Sadeghi
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Kathleen Sellens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher T. Culbertson
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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20
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Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Low Resource Settings: Present Status and Future Role of Microfluidics. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:577-601. [PMID: 26287254 PMCID: PMC4600173 DOI: 10.3390/bios5030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inability to diagnose numerous diseases rapidly is a significant cause of the disparity of deaths resulting from both communicable and non-communicable diseases in the developing world in comparison to the developed world. Existing diagnostic instrumentation usually requires sophisticated infrastructure, stable electrical power, expensive reagents, long assay times, and highly trained personnel which is not often available in limited resource settings. This review will critically survey and analyse the current lateral flow-based point-of-care (POC) technologies, which have made a major impact on diagnostic testing in developing countries over the last 50 years. The future of POC technologies including the applications of microfluidics, which allows miniaturisation and integration of complex functions that facilitate their usage in limited resource settings, is discussed The advantages offered by such systems, including low cost, ruggedness and the capacity to generate accurate and reliable results rapidly, are well suited to the clinical and social settings of the developing world.
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Höfflin J, Torres Delgado SM, Suárez Sandoval F, Korvink JG, Mager D. Electrifying the disk: a modular rotating platform for wireless power and data transmission for Lab on a disk application. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2584-2587. [PMID: 25968976 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00138b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a design for wireless power transfer, via inductively coupled coils, to a spinning disk. The rectified and stabilised power feeds an Arduino-compatible microcontroller (μC) on the disc, which in turn drives and monitors various sensors and actuators. The platform, which has been conceived to flexibly prototype such systems, demonstrates the feasibility of a wireless power supply and the use of a μC circuit, for example for Lab-on-a-disk applications, thereby eliminating the need for cumbersome slip rings or batteries, and adding a cogent and new degree of freedom to the setup. The large number of sensors and actuators included demonstrate that a wide range of physical parameters can be easily monitored and altered. All devices are connected to the μC via an I(2)C bus, therefore can be easily exchanged or augmented by other devices in order to perform a specific task on the disk. The wireless power supply takes up little additional physical space and should work in conjunction with most existing Lab-on-a-disk platforms as a straightforward add-on, since it does not require modification of the rotation axis and can be readily adapted to specific geometrical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Höfflin
- Simulation Laboratory, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Strohmeier O, Keller M, Schwemmer F, Zehnle S, Mark D, von Stetten F, Zengerle R, Paust N. Centrifugal microfluidic platforms: advanced unit operations and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6187-229. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Review on miniaturization, integration, and automation of laboratory processes within centrifugal microfluidic platforms. For efficient implementation of applications, building blocks are categorized into unit operations and process chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Strohmeier
- Hahn-Schickard
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
| | - M. Keller
- Hahn-Schickard
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
| | - F. Schwemmer
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
- University of Freiburg
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - D. Mark
- Hahn-Schickard
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
| | - F. von Stetten
- Hahn-Schickard
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
| | - R. Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
| | - N. Paust
- Hahn-Schickard
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering
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23
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Kirby D, Glynn M, Kijanka G, Ducrée J. Rapid and cost-efficient enumeration of rare cancer cells from whole blood by low-loss centrifugo-magnetophoretic purification under stopped-flow conditions. Cytometry A 2014; 87:74-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kirby
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute; National Centre of Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Macdara Glynn
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute; National Centre of Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Gregor Kijanka
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute; National Centre of Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Jens Ducrée
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute; National Centre of Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
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24
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McPartlin DA, O'Kennedy RJ. Point-of-care diagnostics, a major opportunity for change in traditional diagnostic approaches: potential and limitations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:979-98. [PMID: 25300742 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.960516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
'Point-of-care' (POC) diagnostics are a powerful emerging healthcare approach. They can rapidly provide statistically significant results, are simple to use, do not require specialized equipment and are cost-effective. For these reasons, they have the potential to play a major role in revolutionizing the diagnosis, initiation and monitoring of treatment of major global diseases. This review focuses on antibody-based POC devices that target four major global diseases: cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, HIV infection and tuberculosis. The key statistics and pathology of each disease is described in detail, followed by an in-depth discussion on emerging POC devices that target each disease, highlighting their potential and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A McPartlin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Glynn MT, Kinahan DJ, Ducrée J. Rapid, low-cost and instrument-free CD4+ cell counting for HIV diagnostics in resource-poor settings. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2844-51. [PMID: 24911165 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, user-friendly and widely autonomous point-of-care diagnostic to enable HIV monitoring in resource-poor regions where the current pandemic is most prevalent. To specifically isolate magnetically tagged CD4+ cells directly from patient blood, the low-cost and disposable microfluidic chip operates by dual-force CD4+ cell magnetophoresis; whereby the interplay of flow and magnetic fields governs the trajectory of target cells depending on whether the cell binds to a magnetic microbead. Instrument-free pumping is implemented by a finger-actuated elastic membrane; tagged beads are laterally deflected by a small and re-useable permanent magnet. The single-depth and monolithic microfluidic structure can easily be fabricated in a single casting step. After their magnetophoretic isolation from whole blood, estimation of CD4+ cell concentrations is then measured by bright-field inspection of the capture chamber. In addition, an optional fluorescence measurement can be used for confirmation of the bright-field result if required. On-chip CD4+ estimation produces a linear response over the full range of medically relevant CD4+ cell concentrations. Our technology combines high-efficiency capture (93.0 ± 3.3%) and cell enumeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macdara T Glynn
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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