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Farshchi F, Saadati A, Hasanzadeh M, Seidi F. Architecture of a multi-channel and easy-to-make microfluidic paper-based colorimetric device (μPCD) towards selective and sensitive recognition of uric acid by AuNPs: an innovative portable tool for the rapid and low-cost identification of clinically relevant biomolecules. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27298-27308. [PMID: 35480692 PMCID: PMC9037795 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04764g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism. Uric acid is usually excreted in the urine, but its abnormal increase and toxic amount can lead to diseases such as gout, hyperuricemia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, UA reduction can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as sarcoma, glioblastoma, Hodgkin, and etc. Therefore, rapid identification of UA is of great importance. In this work, a simple, portable, inexpensive, and fast microfluidic paper-based colorimetric sensor based on the color change in the presence of UA by using AuNPs was developed. The results can be easily identified with naked eye and further confirmed by UV-vis spectrophotometry. In this method, iron pattern and fiberglass paper were used to construct diagnostic areas and hydrophilic microfluidic channels. We greatly reduced the preparation time of this pattern using a magnet (about three minutes). In this work, four types of nanoparticles with different lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were used. Linear range of 10-6 to 10-3 M and LLOQ of 10-6 M were obtained for the determination of uric acid using AuNPs-CysA as optical probe. Also, by AuNPs as optical probe a linear range of 10-4 to 10-2 M and the obtained LLOQ was 10-4 M. Finally, by AuNFs as optical probe linear range from 10-6 to 10-2 M and 5 × 10-5 to 10-2 M along with LLOQ of 10-6 and 5 × 10-5 M, respectively. The designed system successfully studied in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farshchi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Arezoo Saadati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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McMinn P, Guckenberger DJ, Beebe DJ. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on a Chip: A Self-Contained, Accessible, Pipette-less iPSC Culturing and Differentiation Kit. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:80-91. [PMID: 32552316 PMCID: PMC10843275 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320921173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become a major focus of stem cell and developmental biology research, offering researchers a clinically relevant source of cells that are amenable to genetic engineering approaches. Though stem cells are promising for both research and commercial endeavors, iPSC-based assays require tedious protocols that include complex treatments, expensive reagents, and specialized equipment that limit their integration into academic curricula and cell biology research groups. Expanding on existing Kit-On-A-Lid-Assay (KOALA) technologies, we have developed a self-contained, injection molded, pipette-less iPSC culture and differentiation platform that significantly reduces associated costs and labor of stem cell maintenance and differentiation. The KOALA kit offers users the full range of iPSC culture necessities, including cell cryopreservation, media exchanges, differentiation, endpoint analysis, and a new capability, cell passaging. Using the KOALA kit, we were able to culture ~20,000 iPSCs per microchannel for at least 7 days, while maintaining stable expression of stemness markers (SSEA4 and Oct4) and normal iPSC phenotype. We also adapted protocols for differentiating iPSCs into neuroepithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and definitive endodermal cells, a cell type from each germ layer of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Guckenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Farris TM, Humes JP, Nussbaum MA. Mix-Bricks and Flip-Lids: 3D Printed Devices for Simple, Simultaneous Mixing of Reactant Solutions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3522-3527. [PMID: 32027484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two types of 3D printed devices for simultaneous mixing of small volumes (e.g., 50-500 μL) of reactant solutions are described. One device (a "Flip-Lid") is a specially designed lid for commercially available 96-well plates, with which solutions in adjacent wells can be mixed by inversion. The other type ("Mix-Bricks") consists of two 3D printed parts: an interlocking "brick" that contains a selected number of wells of specified volume and a lid for mixing solutions in adjacent wells by inversion. In both cases, the lids contain transparent windows through which reactions can be visually monitored or recorded. The application of these devices to quantitative measurements was evaluated by use of an iodine clock reaction to quantify ascorbic acid in fruit juices and vitamin C tablets. A smartphone was used to record, via time-lapse video, the times at which color appeared as a function of ascorbic acid concentration, producing a linear calibration curve with time as the dependent variable. Up to 12 reactions, each involving four reactant solutions, were monitored simultaneously in a single device. Replicate measurements within a given device consistently yielded standard deviations of less than 5% RSD. Accuracy was evaluated by comparison of the vitamin C tablet results to those obtained by iodine titration and by HPLC-UV; all three methods were within 1.3% of the overall mean of 543 mg/tablet. These 3D printed devices thus show promise for simultaneous reaction monitoring in a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Farris
- Chemistry Department, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242, United States
| | - Joseph P Humes
- Chemistry Department, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242, United States
| | - Mark A Nussbaum
- Chemistry Department, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242, United States
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Zhou Z, Chen D, Wang X, Jiang J. Milling Positive Master for Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Devices: The Microfabrication and Roughness Issues. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E287. [PMID: 30400477 PMCID: PMC6190291 DOI: 10.3390/mi8100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We provide a facile and low-cost method (F-L) to fabricate a two-dimensional positive master using a milling technique for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchannel molding. This method comprises the following steps: (1) a positive microscale master of the geometry is milled on to an acrylic block; (2) pre-cured PDMS is used to mold the microscale positive master; (3) the PDMS plate is peeled off from the master and punctured with a blunt needle; and (4) the PDMS plate is O₂ plasma bonded to a glass slide. Using this technique, we can fabricate microchannels with very simple protocols quickly and inexpensively. This method also avoids breakage of the end mill (ϕ = 0.4 mm) of the computerized numerical control (CNC) system when fabricating the narrow channels (width < 50 µm). The prominent surface roughness of the milled bottom-layer could be overcomed by pre-cured PDMS with size trade-off in design. Finally, emulsion formation successfully demonstrates the validity of the proposed fabrication protocol. This work represents an important step toward the use of a milling technique for PDMS-based microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jiahuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Meena NP, Kimmel AR. Chemotactic network responses to live bacteria show independence of phagocytosis from chemoreceptor sensing. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28541182 PMCID: PMC5476428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspects of innate immunity derive from characteristics inherent to phagocytes, including chemotaxis toward and engulfment of unicellular organisms or cell debris. Ligand chemotaxis has been biochemically investigated using mammalian and model systems, but precision of chemotaxis towards ligands being actively secreted by live bacteria is not well studied, nor has there been systematic analyses of interrelationships between chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The genetic/molecular model Dictyostelium and mammalian phagocytes share mechanistic pathways for chemotaxis and phagocytosis; Dictyostelium chemotax toward bacteria and phagocytose them as food sources. We quantified Dictyostelium chemotaxis towards live gram positive and gram negative bacteria and demonstrate high sensitivity to multiple bacterially-secreted chemoattractants. Additive/competitive assays indicate that intracellular signaling-networks for multiple ligands utilize independent upstream adaptive mechanisms, but common downstream targets, thus amplifying detection at low signal propagation, but strengthening discrimination of multiple inputs. Finally, analyses of signaling-networks for chemotaxis and phagocytosis indicate that chemoattractant receptor-signaling is not essential for bacterial phagocytosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24627.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Netra Pal Meena
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Liao XH, Kimmel AR. A Unique High-Throughput Assay to Identify Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Chemotaxis and Migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 74:12.11.1-12.11.13. [PMID: 28256720 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis and cell migration play pivotal roles in normal physiological processes such as embryogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing, as well as in pathological processes including chronic inflammatory disease and cancer metastasis. Novel chemotaxis/migration inhibitors are desirable for developing effective therapeutics and probing molecular mechanisms. We describe a fluorescence-based phenotypic assay in a 1536-well plate format for high-throughput screening of novel inhibitors of chemotaxis/migration within complex libraries of thousands of compounds. Although the assay utilizes the unique cellular response properties of Dictyostelium, the compounds identified are able to inhibit chemotaxis of mammalian cells. In addition, a parallel cell cytotoxicity counter-screen with an ATP content assay is described that eliminates cytotoxic compounds from the screen. This novel compound screening approach enables rapid identification of novel lead compounds that inhibit chemotaxis in human and other cells for drug development and research tools. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Liao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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A High-Throughput, Multi-Cell Phenotype Assay for the Identification of Novel Inhibitors of Chemotaxis/Migration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22273. [PMID: 26956526 PMCID: PMC4783656 DOI: 10.1038/srep22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis and cell migration are fundamental, universal eukaryotic processes essential for biological functions such as embryogenesis, immunity, cell renewal, and wound healing, as well as for pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer metastasis and chronic inflammation. To identify novel chemotaxis inhibitors as probes for mechanistic studies and leads for development of new therapeutics, we developed a unique, unbiased phenotypic chemotaxis-dependent Dictyostelium aggregation assay for high-throughput screening using rapid, laser-scanning cytometry. Under defined conditions, individual Dictyostelium secrete chemoattractants, migrate, and aggregate. Chemotaxis is quantified by laser-scanning cytometry with a GFP marker expressed only in cells after chemotaxis/multi-cell aggregation. We applied the assay to screen 1,280 known compounds in a 1536-well plate format and identified two chemotaxis inhibitors. The chemotaxis inhibitory activities of both compounds were confirmed in both Dictyostelium and in human neutrophils in a directed EZ-TAXIscan chemotaxis assay. The compounds were also shown to inhibit migration of two human cancer cell lines in monolayer scratch assays. This test screen demonstrated that the miniaturized assay is extremely suited for high-throughput screening of very large libraries of small molecules to identify novel classes of chemotaxis/migratory inhibitors for drug development and research tools for targeting chemotactic pathways universal to humans and other systems.
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Chow EKH. JALA Special Issue: High-Throughput Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:234-7. [PMID: 26887980 DOI: 10.1177/2211068216629734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Huh DD, Kim DH. JALA special issue: microengineered cell- and tissue-based assays for drug screening and toxicology applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:79-81. [PMID: 25795434 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215574458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Guckenberger DJ, de Groot TE, Wan AMD, Beebe DJ, Young EWK. Micromilling: a method for ultra-rapid prototyping of plastic microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2364-78. [PMID: 25906246 PMCID: PMC4439323 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review offers protocols, tips, insight, and considerations for practitioners interested in using micromilling to create microfluidic devices. The objective is to provide a potential user with information to guide them on whether micromilling would fill a specific need within their overall fabrication strategy. Comparisons are made between micromilling and other common fabrication methods for plastics in terms of technical capabilities and cost. The main discussion focuses on "how-to" aspects of micromilling, to enable a user to select proper equipment and tools, and obtain usable microfluidic parts with minimal start-up time and effort. The supplementary information provides more extensive discussion on CNC mill setup, alignment, and programming. We aim to reach an audience with minimal prior experience in milling, but with strong interests in fabrication of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Guckenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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