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Chuang EY, Lin YC, Huang YM, Chen CH, Yeh YY, Rethi L, Chou YJ, Jheng PR, Lai JM, Chiang CJ, Wong CC. Biofunctionalized hydrogel composed of genipin-crosslinked gelatin/hyaluronic acid incorporated with lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin for segmental bone defect repair. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122174. [PMID: 38823938 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Segmental bone defects can arise from trauma, infection, metabolic bone disorders, or tumor removal. Hydrogels have gained attention in the field of bone regeneration due to their unique hydrophilic properties and the ability to customize their physical and chemical characteristics to serve as scaffolds and carriers for growth factors. However, the limited mechanical strength of hydrogels and the rapid release of active substances have hindered their clinical utility and therapeutic effectiveness. With ongoing advancements in material science, the development of injectable and biofunctionalized hydrogels holds great promise for addressing the challenges associated with segmental bone defects. In this study, we incorporated lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin (LPRF), which contains a multitude of growth factors, into a genipin-crosslinked gelatin/hyaluronic acid (GLT/HA-0.5 % GP) hydrogel to create an injectable and biofunctionalized composite material. Our findings demonstrate that this biofunctionalized hydrogel possesses optimal attributes for bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, results obtained from rabbit model with segmental tibial bone defects, indicate that the treatment with this biofunctionalized hydrogel resulted in increased new bone formation, as confirmed by imaging and histological analysis. From a translational perspective, this biofunctionalized hydrogel provides innovative and bioinspired capabilities that have the potential to enhance bone repair and regeneration in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; Precision Medicine and Translational Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Taipei Medical University Research Center of Biomedical Devices Prototyping Production, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; School of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Yeh
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Lekha Rethi
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Jheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ming Lai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Woodlands Health, 768024, Singapore
| | - Chang-Jung Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Taipei Medical University Research Center of Biomedical Devices Prototyping Production, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chean Wong
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Taipei Medical University Research Center of Biomedical Devices Prototyping Production, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Park JY, Fernandes A, Park SY, Lim H, Sayudo IF, Leibovitch L, Machinski E, Ha J. Comparative effectiveness of peroneus longus tendon (PLT) autografts versus hamstring tendon (HT) autografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comprehensive systematic review and meta analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2024; 34:2691-2699. [PMID: 38755499 PMCID: PMC11291530 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-024-03984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The hamstring tendon (HT) autograft is currently the most widely utilised autograft option for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, recent studies endorse the peroneus longus tendon (PLT) autograft as a viable alternative. To evaluate this, we systematically reviewed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the efficacy of PLT against HT autografts. Our search encompassed Cochrane, Embase, OVID, PubMed, and Scopus databases for RCTs comparing outcomes of PLT and HT autografts in ACL reconstruction. Primary outcomes included Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, while secondary outcomes involved American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, graft diameters and donor-site complications. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration) and heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. 683 patients from 6 RCTs were included, with 338 (49.5%) patients treated with PLT autografts. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 30 months. Despite lower preoperative Lysholm scores in the PLT group, no significant differences were observed at 6 and 12 months. Although preoperative and 6-month IKDC scores were lower in the PLT group, no significant differences were found at 12 and 24 months. AOFAS scores showed no significant preoperative difference, but slightly lower scores were noted in the PLT group at 12 or 24 months. There was no significant difference in graft diameter, while donor-site complications were fewer in the PLT group. In summary, the PLT autograft is a promising and non-inferior alternative to the HT autograft, demonstrating equivalent outcomes in patient-reported knee and ankle metrics, comparable graft diameters and fewer donor-site complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Park
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Ayrton Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 5NH, UK.
| | - André Fernandes
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, York and Scarborough NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Shin Young Park
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Hayeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Ayrton Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 5NH, UK
| | | | | | - Elcio Machinski
- Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Joon Ha
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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3
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Lin YC, Chen YJ, Fan TY, Chou PH, Lu CC. Effect of bone marrow aspiration concentrate and platelet-rich plasma combination in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized, prospective, double-blinded study. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:4. [PMID: 38169406 PMCID: PMC10763110 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combination in enhancing graft maturation and tendon-bone tunnel interfacial healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains unclear. We hypothesised that BMAC and PRP combination could lead to better clinical results and better graft maturation/interface healing than PRP alone or conventional ACL reconstruction without any other biologic augmentation. METHODS In this randomised double-blind prospective study, patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery were randomly assigned into three groups: (1) control group (without any biologic augmentation), (2) PRP treatment group, and (3) combined BMAC and PRP (BMAC + PRP) group. Moreover, they were evaluated using the clinical functional score, laxity examination, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the improvement of functional scores among groups. However, laxity improvement at 24 weeks showed a significant difference with the BMAC + PRP group having the lowest laxity. MRI analysis showed no significant change in whole graft maturation among groups. In particular, the BMAC + PRP group showed delayed signal peak and higher graft signal at 24 weeks compared with the other two groups; however, the difference was not significant. With regard to tendon-bone interfacial healing, the BMAC + PRP group showed significantly wider tendon-bone interface in the femoral bone tunnel at 24 weeks compared with the other two groups. Moreover, the BMAC + PRP group showed significantly higher peri-tunnel edema signal in the femoral bone tunnel at 12 weeks compared with the other two groups. CONCLUSION PRP alone and BMAC and PRP combination showed limited enhancing effect in clinical function, graft maturation and tendon-bone interfacial healing compared with control (no additional treatment). When BMAC is used in ACL reconstruction, the possibility of greater inflammation in the early stage to graft maturation and bone tunnel healing should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Yu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsi Chou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Park J, Soh H, Jo S, Weon S, Lee SH, Park JA, Lee MK, Kim TH, Sung IH, Lee JK. Scaffold-induced compression enhances ligamentization potential of decellularized tendon graft reseeded with ACL-derived cells. iScience 2023; 26:108521. [PMID: 38162024 PMCID: PMC10755058 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is often performed using a tendon graft. However, the predominant synthesis of fibrotic scar tissue (type III collagen) occurs during the healing process of the tendon graft, resulting in a significantly lower mechanical strength than that of normal ACL tissue. In this study, ACL-derived cells were reseeded to the tendon graft, and scaffold-induced compression was applied to test whether the compressive force results in superior cell survival and integration. Given nanofiber polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold-induced compression, ACL-derived cells reseeded to a tendon graft demonstrated superior cell survival and integration and resulted in higher gene expression levels of type I collagen compared to non-compressed cell-allograft composites in vitro. Translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) into the nucleus was correlated with higher expression of type I collagen in the compression group. These data support the hypothesis of a potential role of mechanotransduction in the ligamentization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Park
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Soh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsin Jo
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Weon
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Park
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Kyu Lee
- Department of Research and Development, Korea Public Tissue Bank, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Disease, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hoon Sung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyu Lee
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Malinowski K, Koźlak M, Kennedy NI, Kim DW, Pękala PA, LaPrade RF, Mostowy M. ACL Mucoid Degeneration-Anterior and Posterior Arthroscopic Decompression for Combined Knee Flexion-Extension Deficit. Arthrosc Tech 2023; 12:e1495-e1505. [PMID: 37780665 PMCID: PMC10533682 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoid degeneration of the ACL (MDACL, ACL ganglion cysts) is a disease involving ACL thickening due to accumulation of mucoid substance and fiber degeneration with possible formation of "ganglions". Clinically, it leads to anteroposterior impingement and painful limitation of knee range of motion due to impingement of the anterior portion of the thickened ACL with the intercondylar notch during knee extension and the thickened posterior part of the ligament with posterior structures of the knee in flexion. Different treatment methods have been described, including total or partial resection of the ACL degenerative fibers. However, these techniques do not allow for ACL preservation and are associated with a risk of postoperative instability. Also, most procedures treat anterior impingement only. Therefore, the aim of this technical note is to present an arthroscopic technique allowing for minimally invasive anteroposterior ACL decompression. The technique is focused on evacuation of the interfibrous mucoid substance, ganglions, and bony decompression, as well as maintenance of ligament integrity. Its greatest advantage is that it is safe and ACL-preserving yet allows for comprehensive treatment of all intra- and extra-ligamentous possible reasons of MDACL origin and promoting good healing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Malinowski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Kraków, Poland
- Artromedical Orthopedic Clinic, Belchatow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Koźlak
- Artromedical Orthopedic Clinic, Belchatow, Poland
- Nowa Ortopedia Orthopedic Clinic, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Dong W. Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław A. Pękala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
- Lesser Poland Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Mostowy
- Artromedical Orthopedic Clinic, Belchatow, Poland
- Orthopedic and Trauma Department, Veteran’s Memorial Teaching Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Weng PW, Chen CH, Lin YC, Chen KH, Yeh YY, Lai JM, Chiang CJ, Wong CC. Platelet-Rich Fibrin-Augmented Gap-Bridging Strategy in Rabbit Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:642-655. [PMID: 36752674 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221149993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the efficacy of a novel platelet-rich fibrin (PRF)-augmented repair strategy for promoting biological healing of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) midsubstance tear in a rabbit model. The biological gap-bridging effect of a PRF scaffold alone or in combination with rabbit ligamentocytes on primary ACL healing was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. HYPOTHESIS A PRF matrix can be implanted as a provisional fibrin-platelet bridging scaffold at an ACL defect to facilitate functional healing. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The biological effects of PRF on primary rabbit ligamentocyte proliferation, tenogenic differentiation, migration, and tendon-specific matrix production were investigated for treatment of cells with PRF-conditioned medium (PRFM). Three-dimensional (3D) lyophilized PRF (LPRF)-cell composite was fabricated by culturing ligamentocytes on an LPRF patch for 14 days. Cell-scaffold interactions were investigated under a scanning electron microscope and through histological analysis. An ACL midsubstance tear model was established in 3 rabbit groups: a ruptured ACL was treated with isolated suture repair in group A, whereas the primary repair was augmented with LPRF and LPRF-cell composite to bridge the gap between ruptured ends of ligaments in groups B and C, respectively. Outcomes-gross appearance, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological analysis-were evaluated in postoperative weeks 8 and 12. RESULTS PRFM promoted cultured ligamentocyte proliferation, migration, and expression of tenogenic genes (type I and III collagen and tenascin). PRF was noted to upregulate cell tenogenic differentiation in terms of matrix production. In the 3D culture, viable cells formed layers at high density on the LPRF scaffold surface, with notable cell ingrowth and abundant collagenous matrix depositions. Moreover, ACL repair tissue and less articular cartilage damage were observed in knee joints in groups B and C, implying the existence of a chondroprotective phenomenon associated with PRF-augmented treatment. CONCLUSION Our PRF-augmented strategy can facilitate the formation of stable repair tissue and thus provide gap-bridging in ACL repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE From the translational viewpoint, effective primary repair of the ACL may enable considerable advancement in therapeutic strategy for ACL injuries, particularly allowing for proprioception retention and thus improved physiological joint kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Weng
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Yeh
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ming Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Woodlands Health, Singapore
| | - Chang-Jung Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chean Wong
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Orthobiologic Treatment of Ligament Injuries. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2023; 34:135-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang Y, Jin Z, Luo J, Zhang D, Shen P, Zheng D, Liu D, Bai L. Primary Repair for Treating Acute Proximal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: A Histological Analysis and Prospective Clinical Trial. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:913900. [PMID: 35711630 PMCID: PMC9195517 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.913900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction surgery for acute proximal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears remains controversial. Recently, ACL primary repair has received increasing attention in ACL treatment. This study aimed to explore the histological characteristics of ACL healing in primary repair and compare its therapeutic and prognostic results with the reconstruction of acute proximal ACL tears. Histological experiments using rabbits and a prospective clinical trial were conducted. We established a rabbit model of ACL primary repair, and histological changes were observed using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue staining. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of CD34 and S-100 and measured the expression of collagen I and II using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The prospective clinical trial involved performing ACL primary repair and reconstruction in patients with acute proximal ACL tears to detect proprioception and evaluate the function of joints. We discovered that primary repair promoted cell proliferation in the tendon-bone transition and ligament portions, reduced osteoarthritis-like pathological changes, and maintained blood vessels and proprioceptors within the ACL. In the clinical trial, primary repair achieved similar therapeutic outcomes, including recovery of knee function and proprioception, in the follow-up period as ACL reconstruction. However, the primary repair had a significantly shorter operative time and lower cost than reconstruction. Therefore, doctors should consider the benefit of primary repair in treating acute proximal ACL tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianghua Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Delong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dianbin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Donghao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Baird JPE, Anz A, Andrews J, Plummer HA, McGowan B, Gonzalez M, Jordan S. Cellular Augmentation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery Is Not Currently Evidence Based: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:2047-2061. [PMID: 34921956 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a systematic review of clinical outcome studies exploring cellular augmentation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery, including stem cell techniques. METHODS A systematic search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the Cochrane, PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases from 2000 to 2019. The inclusion criteria were clinical studies that reported on ACL surgery augmented with stem cells or cellular therapy and patient-reported outcome measures or graft healing. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized clinical trials, and nonrandomized trials were assessed using the Methodological Items for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) tool. Methodologic assessment was performed according to the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. RESULTS Four studies were found: 2 randomized clinical trials, 1 cohort study with a matched historical control group, and 1 case series. The mean Modified Coleman Methodology Score in these studies was 59, and there was a low risk of bias in 1 study. One study reported outcomes of augmented ACL repair, and 3 studies reported the results of augmented ACL reconstruction. Cellular therapies varied and included concentrated bone marrow aspirate, collagenase/centrifuge processed adipose, and marrow stimulation combined with platelet-rich plasma, as well as cells cultured from allograft bone marrow aspirate. The concentrated bone marrow aspirate and adipose tissue study results did not support their use. The marrow stimulation technique combined with repair led to promising clinical results. The use of allograft cultured cells improved patient-reported outcomes and postoperative radiographic findings. CONCLUSIONS Augmentation of ACL surgery with cellular therapy is not supported by clinical evidence at this time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne P E Baird
- Bayside Orthopaedics Sports Medicine & Rehab, Fairhope, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Adam Anz
- Andrews Research & Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, U.S.A..
| | - James Andrews
- Andrews Research & Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Hillary A Plummer
- Andrews Research & Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Britt McGowan
- John C. Pace Library, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- John C. Pace Library, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Steve Jordan
- Andrews Research & Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, U.S.A
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Herdea A, Struta A, Derihaci RP, Ulici A, Costache A, Furtunescu F, Toma A, Charkaoui A. Efficiency of platelet-rich plasma therapy for healing sports injuries in young athletes. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:215. [PMID: 35126718 PMCID: PMC8796279 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been a subject of controversy in orthopedics field. Our objective was to assess the efficiency of PRP therapy for patients who have suffered grade 2 meniscal lesions and grade 2 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesions, graded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A retrospective observational study was conducted, which included 72 young recreational athletes who had been diagnosed with grade 2 meniscal injury, graded using MRI, that benefited from PRP therapy as an enhancement of the primary treatment, after cast immobilization. The Lysholm score, the pain intensity and the resuming of the physical activity before the PRP treatment and one month after were analyzed. Our study revealed that patients had an improved subjective perception of pain after PRP therapy and an improvement of the Lysholm score. Concurrently, 83.3% of patients could return to sports and daily physical activity. It can be concluded that PRP therapy is a safe, easy to manage treatment, efficient for pain relief and in resuming of sports activities for young recreational athletes who have sustained partial meniscal or ACL tears. In terms of pain relief, it appears that the PRP therapy could be more efficient for young patients with ACL injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Herdea
- 11th Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Children's Emergency Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Struta
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Children's Emergency Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Răzvan Petru Derihaci
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 'Carl Gustav Carus' University, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandru Ulici
- 11th Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Children's Emergency Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Costache
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Children's Emergency Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Furtunescu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Children's Emergency Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Toma
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunărea de Jos' University, 800008 Galați, Romania
| | - Adham Charkaoui
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunărea de Jos' University, 800008 Galați, Romania
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11
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Zicaro JP, Garcia-Mansilla I, Zuain A, Yacuzzi C, Costa-Paz M. Has platelet-rich plasma any role in partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament? Prospective comparative study. World J Orthop 2021; 12:423-432. [PMID: 34189080 PMCID: PMC8223727 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i6.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are frequent, and there is still considerable controversy surrounding their diagnosis, natural history and treatment.
AIM To examine patient-reported outcomes, physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of partial ACL tears treated with an intraarticular injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) compared to a control group.
METHODS From January 2015 to November 2017, consecutive patients from a single institution with partial ACL tears treated nonoperatively were prospectively evaluated. Partial tears were defined as a positive Lachman test with a clear end-point, a negative pivot-shift and less than 3 mm of side-to-side difference using the KT1000 arthrometer. Patients in group 1 were treated with one intraarticular injection of PRP and specific physical therapy protocol. Control group consisted of patients treated only with physical therapy. Prospective analyzed data included physical examination, Tegner activity level and Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Baseline MRI findings and at 6 mo follow-up were reviewed. Failure was defined as those patients with clinical instability at follow-up that required a subsequent ACL reconstruction.
RESULTS A total of 40 patients where included, 21 treated with PRP injection with a mean follow-up of 25 mo [standard deviation (SD): 3.6] and 19 in the control group with a mean follow-up of 25 mo (SD: 5.68). Overall failure rate was 32.0% (n = 13). No significant differences were observed between groups regarding subjective outcomes, return to sport and failure rate. MRI findings revealed an improvement in the ACL signal in half of the patients of both groups. However, we did not find a significant relationship between MRI findings and clinical outcomes.
CONCLUSION Overall, 95.0% of patients returned to sports at a mean follow-up of 25 mo. Mean time to return to sports was 4 mo. Out of these patients, almost 30.0% in each group had a new episode of instability and required surgery at a median time of 5 mo in group 1 and 8 mo in group 2. The addition of PRP alone was not sufficient to enhance any of the outcome measures evaluated, including MRI images, clinical evaluation and failure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Zicaro
- Knee Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1181, Argentina
| | | | - Andres Zuain
- Knee Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1181, Argentina
| | - Carlos Yacuzzi
- Knee Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1181, Argentina
| | - Matias Costa-Paz
- Knee Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1181, Argentina
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12
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Scull G, Fisher MB, Brown AC. Fibrin-Based Biomaterial Systems to Enhance Anterior Cruciate Ligament Healing. MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS 2021; 4:e10147. [PMID: 34458685 PMCID: PMC8386506 DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are a common and potentially career-ending injury, particularly for athletes and soldiers. Partial and complete ruptures of this ligament cause instability in the knee, and the ACL does not have the capacity for healing due, in part, to its position within the highly thrombolytic synovial fluid environment of the knee joint. Traditional methods of ACL reconstruction, such as graft replacement with attached bone anchors for bone integration, restore stability, but do not prevent the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. To enhance therapeutic treatment options, novel fibrin-based technologies and repair techniques have been recently explored and show promise for improved patient outcomes. Through modification of existing surgical methods, such as the use of fibrin glues incorporating growth factors and cells and the implementation of scaffolds containing platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, and other blood derivatives, surgeons are attempting to overcome the shortcomings of traditional treatments. This mini-review will detail current efforts using fibrin-based treatments and discuss opportunities to further enhance ACL healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Scull
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Matthew B. Fisher
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Ashley C. Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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13
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Daggett MC, Busch K, Ferretti A, Monaco E, Bruni G, Saithna A. Percutaneous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair With Needle Arthroscopy and Biological Augmentation. Arthrosc Tech 2021; 10:e289-e295. [PMID: 33680758 PMCID: PMC7917016 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in orthopaedic devices have instilled a renewed interest in repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. Biological augmentation of the repair has also recently been investigated with the hopes of improving repair outcomes and improving biological healing. The advent of needle arthroscopy allows for potentially decreased recovery times and potentially reduced complication rates compared with traditional arthroscopy. The purpose of this article is to present a percutaneous technique to repair the anterior cruciate ligament with suture tape augmentation while also augmenting with the biological byproducts from the native effusion using needle arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Daggett
- Address correspondence to Matthew C. Daggett, D.O., M.B.A., 2000 SE Blue Pkwy, Ste 230, Lee's Summit, MO 64063, U.S.A.
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14
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Management of Partial Tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Review of the Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2021; 29:60-70. [PMID: 33394613 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears comprise an estimated 10% to 27% of isolated ACL injuries. Partial ACL tears may be challenging to clinically diagnose. We reviewed relevant studies focusing on the anatomy, diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of a partial injury with the goal of providing guidance to clinicians. Although a comprehensive patient history, thorough clinical examination, and imaging studies are helpful in arriving at a diagnosis, the benchmark for diagnosis remains visualization and examination of the ACL at the time of knee arthroscopy. Currently, limited data exist about the long-term outcomes of nonsurgical treatment. Some studies demonstrate that younger, active patients have the risk of progressing to a complete ACL rupture with conservative treatment. The decision to proceed with surgery is based on careful history and physical examination findings that suggest either a "functional" or "nonfunctional" ACL. Surgical treatment consists of augmenting the intact bundle with a selective bundle reconstruction versus a traditional ACL reconstruction. Selective bundle reconstruction has limited data available but is an option. The best evidence supports traditional ACL reconstruction for the surgical management of patients with documented nonfunctional partial tears of the ACL.
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15
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Li Y, Fu SC, Cheuk YC, Ong TY, Feng H, Yung SH. The effect of thermosensitive hydrogel platelet-rich-plasma complex in the treatment of partial tear of anterior cruciate ligament in rat model. J Orthop Translat 2020; 24:183-189. [PMID: 33101969 PMCID: PMC7548349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) partial tear is controversial. The reconstructive surgery is invasive while the prevalence of subsequent insufficiency after conservative treatment has been reported to range from 11% to 62%. Therefore, a new method that promotes tissue regeneration is needed. The aim of this study was to observe the healing of ACL partial tear biomechanically and histologically after the administration of a thermosensitive hydrogel platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) complex. Methods The complex was prepared according to a previously published protocol. One hundred and fifty 12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were included and they were allocated into 4 groups. Lesion control group (Group 1), treatment group (Group 2), gel-only group (Group 3) and intact group (Group 4). Biomechanical testing, histological analysis (H&E and immunohistochemical staining) and scoring was performed. Results On gross observation, the treatment group showed a continuous ACL with slightly thickened synovium or a partially healed ACL at 6-week follow up. In the biomechanical testing at 6 weeks after surgery, the failure load of the treatment group was significantly superior when compared with the lesion control group (52.7±10.8N vs. 41.6±7.8N, p<0.01), but the failure load was not restored to level of the intact group (52.7±10.8N vs. 61.5±9.1N, p=0.037). The maturity index of wound sites showed no significant inter-group differences at any timepoints. However, an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pro-collagen I was detected. Conclusion The thermosensitive hydrogel-PRP was shown to be effective in enhancing the healing of ACL partial tear in the rat model, and potentially this complex can be used as a treatment for patients with ACL partial tear. The translational potential of this article The thermosensitive hydrogel-PRP is potentially translated to clinical use to treat patients with ACL partial tear by injection under arthroscopy or ultrasound guiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Sports Medicine Service, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sai C Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yau C Cheuk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Sports Medicine Service, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Ahn GY, Lee TH, Lee KJ, Woo S. Comparison of clinical outcomes and second-look arthroscopic evaluations between anterior cruciate ligament anteromedial bundle augmentation and single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Relat Res 2020; 32:45. [PMID: 32867827 PMCID: PMC7457806 DOI: 10.1186/s43019-020-00058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subject This study compared clinical outcomes and second-look arthroscopic evaluations between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anteromedial (AM) bundle augmentation and single-bundle ACL reconstruction. Purpose We compared the clinical results and the second-look arthroscopic findings between (1) single-bundle ACL reconstruction in complete rupture and (2) ACL AM bundle augmentation in isolated AM bundle rupture. Materials and methods Two groups of patients underwent ACL surgery from January 2013 to December 2018. Group 1, who had 64 cases of single-bundle ACL reconstruction with second-look arthroscopy, and Group 2, who had 21 cases of AM bundle augmentation of ACL with second-look arthroscopy, were targeted. We evaluated and compared the clinical results (Lysholm score, Tegner activity score, Lachman test, and pivot-shift test) and synovialization at second-look arthroscopy before the operation and in the final follow-up period, between Group 1 and Group 2. Results The Lysholm score (p = 0.96) and Tegner activity score (p = 0.351) at final follow-up (mean 27.1 months) were 78.3 and 7.2 in Group 1 and 89.1 and 8.1 in Group 2, respectively. The Lachman test (p = 0.074) and pivot-shift test (p = 0.031) results at final follow-up were improved; however, there was no statistical significance. Second-look arthroscopy showed that percentages of synovialization area of grafted tendon at mean 15.6 months follow-up were 61.4% and 93.1% in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (p = 0.008). The synovial coverage in Group 2 was higher than in Group 1. Conclusion The AM bundle augmentation for ACL injury in which the posterolateral bundle was preserved showed better clinical scores and synovial coverage than single-bundle ACL reconstruction for complete ACL rupture. Level of evidence The level of evidence is Level III, retrospective with case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Yeong Ahn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pohang St. Mary's Hospital, Daejamdong-gil 17, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyung-Buk, 37661, South Korea
| | - Tae Hun Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pohang St. Mary's Hospital, Daejamdong-gil 17, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyung-Buk, 37661, South Korea.
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pohang St. Mary's Hospital, Daejamdong-gil 17, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyung-Buk, 37661, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Woo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pohang St. Mary's Hospital, Daejamdong-gil 17, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyung-Buk, 37661, South Korea
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17
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Lu CC, Chou SH, Shen PC, Chou PH, Ho ML, Tien YC. Extracorporeal shock wave promotes activation of anterior cruciate ligament remnant cells and their paracrine regulation of bone marrow stromal cells' proliferation, migration, collagen synthesis, and differentiation. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:458-468. [PMID: 32832074 PMCID: PMC7418778 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.98.bjr-2019-0365.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Proliferation, migration, and differentiation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remnant and surrounding cells are fundamental processes for ACL reconstruction; however, the interaction between ACL remnant and surrounding cells is unclear. We hypothesized that ACL remnant cells preserve the capability to regulate the surrounding cells' activity, collagen gene expression, and tenogenic differentiation. Moreover, extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) would not only promote activity of ACL remnant cells, but also enhance their paracrine regulation of surrounding cells. Methods Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and expression levels of Collagen-I (COL-I) A1, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were compared between ACL remnant cells untreated and treated with ESW (0.15 mJ/mm2, 1,000 impulses, 4 Hz). To evaluate the subsequent effects on the surrounding cells, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)' viability, proliferation, migration, and levels of Type I Collagen, Type III Collagen, and tenogenic gene (Scx, TNC) expression were investigated using coculture system. Results ESW-treated ACL remnant cells presented higher cell viability, proliferation, migration, and increased expression of COL-I A1, TGF-β, and VEGF. BMSC proliferation and migration rate significantly increased after coculture with ACL remnant cells with and without ESW stimulation compared to the BMSCs alone group. Furthermore, ESW significantly enhanced ACL remnant cells' capability to upregulate the collagen gene expression and tenogenic differentiation of BMSCs, without affecting cell viability, TGF-β, and VEGF expression. Conclusion ACL remnant cells modulated activity and differentiation of surrounding cells. The results indicated that ESW enhanced ACL remnant cells viability, proliferation, migration, and expression of collagen, TGF-β, VEGF, and paracrine regulation of BMSC proliferation, migration, collagen expression, and tenogenesis.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(8):458-468.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chou
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chih Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsi Chou
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chun Tien
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Nyland J, Huffstutler A, Faridi J, Sachdeva S, Nyland M, Caborn D. Cruciate ligament healing and injury prevention in the age of regenerative medicine and technostress: homeostasis revisited. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:777-789. [PMID: 30888446 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This clinical concepts paper discusses the essential elements of cruciate ligament recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling. METHODS Cruciate ligament mechanobiology and tissue heterogeneity, anatomy and vascularity, and synovial membrane and fluid functions are discussed in relationship to deficiency-induced inflammatory responses, nervous and immune system function, recuperation, repair and remodeling, and modern threats to homeostasis. RESULTS Cruciate ligament surgical procedures do not appreciate the vital linked functions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems and immune system function on knee ligament injury recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling. Enhanced knowledge of these systems could provide innovative ways to decrease primary non-contact knee injury rates and improve outcomes following reconstruction or primary repair. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of knee joint homeostasis is essential to cruciate ligament recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling. The nervous and immune systems are intricately involved in this process. Varying combinations of high-intensity training, under-recovery, technostress, and environmental pollutants (including noise) regularly expose many athletically active individuals to factors that abrogate the environment needed for cruciate ligament recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling. Current sports training practice, lifestyle psychobehaviors, and environmental factors combine to increase both primary non-contact knee injury risk and the nervous and immune system dysregulation that lead to poor sleep, increased anxiety, and poorly regulated hormone and cytokine levels. These factors may create a worst-case scenario leading to poor ligament recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling. Early recognition and modification of these factors may decrease knee ligament injury rates and improve cruciate ligament repair or reconstruction outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., 1st Floor ACB, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Athletic Training Program, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, 901 South 4th Street, Louisville, KY, 40203, USA.
| | - Austin Huffstutler
- Athletic Training Program, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, 901 South 4th Street, Louisville, KY, 40203, USA
| | - Jeeshan Faridi
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., 1st Floor ACB, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Shikha Sachdeva
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., 1st Floor ACB, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Monica Nyland
- Athletic Training Program, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, 901 South 4th Street, Louisville, KY, 40203, USA
| | - David Caborn
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., 1st Floor ACB, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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19
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Perelli S, Ibañez F, Gelber PE, Erquicia JI, Pelfort X, Monllau JC. Selective bundle reconstruction in partial ACL tears leads to excellent long-term functional outcomes and a low percentage of failures. Knee 2019; 26:1262-1270. [PMID: 31628076 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal treatment of partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears continues to be debatable. Short-term results of selective bundle reconstruction have already been widely shown. The purpose of this study was to assess functional outcomes, subjective satisfaction and the failure rate of selective bundle reconstructions for partial ACL tears over a five to nine year follow-up period. METHODS Patients who underwent ACL selective bundle reconstruction between October 2008 and October 2012 were studied. Functional assessment was performed with the objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) ligament evaluation form, the Lysholm knee scale and the Tegner activity level scale. Cumulative failure and level of satisfaction have also been investigated. RESULTS Seventy-six patients were included. The average follow-up period was 85 months (range 65-110). Thirty-four had AMB tear and 42 had PLB tears. An overall statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) was obtained in terms of the subjective IKDC and the Lysholm questionnaire between preoperative and last follow-up. The same or no more than one level lower Tegner score was restored in 97.3% of the cases. Cumulative failure was observed in two patients (2.6%). Dissatisfied patient percentage was 15% (4/76). CONCLUSIONS Selective bundle reconstruction in partial ACL tears leads to excellent long-term functional outcomes, a low percentage of failures and a high degree of subjective satisfaction in patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic case series; level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perelli
- ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sabino Arana 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Federico Ibañez
- ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sabino Arana 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Eduardo Gelber
- ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sabino Arana 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de la Sta Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sant Quintí 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Erquicia
- ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sabino Arana 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Pelfort
- ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sabino Arana 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Monllau
- ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sabino Arana 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Maritim, 25, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Fayard JM, Sonnery-Cottet B, Vrgoc G, O'Loughlin P, de Mont Marin GD, Freychet B, Vieira TD, Thaunat M. Incidence and Risk Factors for a Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Progressing to a Complete Tear After Nonoperative Treatment in Patients Younger Than 30 Years. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119856624. [PMID: 31360732 PMCID: PMC6636223 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119856624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are observed in 10% to 27% of isolated ACL tears. There is currently no consensus on diagnosis and treatment protocols, and the outcomes of nonoperative treatment remain undefined. Purpose: To assess the incidence and risk factors for the progression of partial ACL tears to complete ruptures after nonoperative treatment in active patients younger than 30 years. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 41 patients, all younger than 30 years and active in sports, were diagnosed with a partial ACL tear, with no associated meniscal or chondral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All were assigned to a nonoperative treatment program. The Lachman test, ≤4-mm side-to-side difference in laxity by Rolimeter, and MRI were utilized for the diagnosis. Tegner and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were assessed before and after the first lesion, and the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI) score was assessed at last follow-up. Postinjury Tegner and IKDC scores were assessed before the second injury for patients progressing to a complete ACL tear and at last follow-up for patients without progression. Results: At a mean of 43 months (range, 24-96 months), the partial ACL injury progressed to a complete ACL tear in 16 (39%) patients. In the remaining 25 patients without progression, the mean Tegner and IKDC scores were 7.0 and 96.0 before the injury and 5.9 and 85.7, respectively, at last follow-up. The mean ACL-RSI score was 69.3. The Tegner and IKDC scores were significantly lower at final follow-up (P = .0002 and P < .0001, respectively). Only 18 (44%) patients returned to their preinjury level of sports activities. A significantly increased risk of progression to a complete ACL tear was seen in patients ≤20 years (odds ratio, 5.19; P = .037) or patients practicing pivoting contact sports (odds ratio, 6.29; P = .026). Meniscal lesions were found in 50% of patients with a partial tear that progressed to a complete ACL tear. Conclusion: A partial ACL injury progressed to a complete ACL tear in 39% of young active patients treated conservatively, with half of the complete tears presenting with a concomitant meniscal lesion at the time of reconstruction. Age ≤20 years and participation in pivoting contact sports were identified as significant risk factors for progression to a complete tear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Fayard
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Goran Vrgoc
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital "Sveti Duh," Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Padhraig O'Loughlin
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France.,Mater Private Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Geoffroy Dubois de Mont Marin
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France.,Hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, Chambray-lès-Tours, France
| | - Benjamin Freychet
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Thais D Vieira
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Thaunat
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
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21
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Osteoarthritis following meniscus and ligament injury: insights from translational studies and animal models. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2019; 31:70-79. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Biological-based therapies are rapidly expanding for different musculoskeletal conditions because of their potential benefits including their minimal invasiveness, capacity for unprecedented healing, and potential for rapid recovery. In this regard, although several approaches have been reported in the literature, most of the body of the literature is increasingly based on platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and cell-based therapy studies. Although further basic science and clinical research is needed to elucidate the long-term outcome of these therapies in the treatment of several injuries, there is compelling evidence for their use for certain indications. The purpose of this article was to review the main aspects of bone marrow aspirate concentrate, which is one of the few forms of stem cell delivery approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and, furthermore, to critically assess the current evidence-based recommendations and identify potential avenues for development.
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23
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Allen MJ. What's New in Musculoskeletal Basic Science. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100:2082-2086. [PMID: 30516632 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.18.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Allen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgical Discovery Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Gobbi A, Whyte GP. Long-term Outcomes of Primary Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Combined With Biologic Healing Augmentation to Treat Incomplete Tears. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:3368-3377. [PMID: 30398894 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical treatment to repair partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury without reconstruction has demonstrated inconsistent clinical success. PURPOSE To examine the long-term clinical outcomes of primary ACL repair combined with biologic healing augmentation in patients with symptomatic partial ACL tears. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS 50 patients (mean age, 29.5 years) with a partial ACL tear and symptomatic knee instability were treated with primary ligament repair in conjunction with marrow stimulation and followed prospectively for a mean duration of 10.2 years (range, 5.3-14.3 years). Comparative analysis of preinjury, preoperative, and postoperative scores using patient-reported assessment instruments was performed to examine clinical outcomes. Correlation of final outcome scores with patient age, type of ACL tear, side-to-side difference in ligamentous laxity, and body mass index (BMI) was performed through use of Spearman rank analysis. RESULTS 44 patients were available for assessment at final follow-up. The median Tegner Activity Scale score of 7 at final follow-up was the same as the preinjury median score of 7 ( P = .128). The mean Marx Activity Scale, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective, and Lysholm Knee Questionnaire scores were 10.8, 90.4, and 96.2, respectively, at final follow-up. Mean final Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subset assessments of Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Sports, and Quality of Life were 98.6, 97.5, 99.7, 94.3, and 95.6, respectively. Secondary ACL insufficiency occurred in 27% of patients. Clinical outcome scores were similar for all scoring instruments between patients treated for an associated diagnosis of meniscal or articular cartilage injury. No significant correlations of age, BMI, ACL tear type, or laxity and final IKDC Subjective, Lysholm, or KOOS scores were found. Analysis revealed a negative correlation of patient age and Tegner score at preinjury ( rs = -0.333, P = .022) and at final follow-up ( rs = -0.376, P = .013). The mean side-to-side difference in ligamentous laxity of 3.4 mm at short-term follow-up in those patients who developed secondary ACL insufficiency over the duration of follow-up was significantly greater than the mean of 0.9 mm in those who did not ( P = .010). CONCLUSION Primary ACL repair combined with biologic healing augmentation to treat select cases of knee instability secondary to incomplete ACL rupture demonstrated good to excellent long-term outcomes in this cohort for those patients who did not experience secondary ACL insufficiency, with high rates of restoration of knee stability and return to preinjury athletic activities. The rate of secondary treatment for recurrent ACL insufficiency over the course of long-term follow-up was greater than would be expected for primary ACL reconstruction. Greater side-to-side differences in objective findings of ligamentous laxity were identified at shorter term follow-up in the patients who later went on to experience symptomatic secondary ACL insufficiency, compared with those who maintained stability long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gobbi
- Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (OASI) Bioresearch Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Graeme P Whyte
- Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (OASI) Bioresearch Foundation, Milan, Italy.,Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital/Queens, Queens, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: Advantages by Intraligament Autologous Conditioned Plasma Injection and Healing Response Technique-Midterm Outcome Evaluation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3204869. [PMID: 30148163 PMCID: PMC6083554 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3204869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The historical treatment options for partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures were conservative therapy or ACL reconstruction by injured bundle or entire ACL replacement. In awareness of the regenerative potential of biologic agents such as mesenchymal stem cells or platelet rich plasma (PRP), the healing response technique was developed to preserve the injured ACL with better outcomes than the conservative therapy. Further improvement of this technique seems to be obtained by the additional application of PRP products. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the midterm outcome after intraligament autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) by a clinical, scoring, and functional performance assessment. 42 patients were evaluated in this study. The failure rate was 9.5%. Outcome evaluation showed good to excellent results. The scores were IKDC subjective 83.2 (SD 14.5), Lysholm 85.5 (SD 15.5), Tegner 4.7 (SD 1.7), and Cincinnati 85.4 (SD 15.5) after a mean follow-up of 33 months. Clinical examination showed stable Lachman test, negative pivot shift phenomenon, and a significant reduction in AP-laxity compared to preoperative status (rolimeter preoperative: 1.9 (SD1.4); postoperative 0.6 (SD1.8), p=0.001) in all patients. Functional performance testing showed no significant differences between the injured and healthy side. Return to sport was achieved after a mean of 5.8 months (SD 3.6) in 71.1% of the included patients. In summary, this new treatment option revealed in midterm follow-up promising results to treat partial ACL lesions with a reduced need for conversion to ACL reconstruction and with a high percentage of return to preinjury sport activity.
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Barton KI, Heard BJ, Sevick JL, Martin CR, Shekarforoush SMM, Chung M, Achari Y, Frank CB, Shrive NG, Hart DA. Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis Development and Progression in an Ovine Model of Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Effect of Repeated Intra-articular Methylprednisolone Acetate Injections on Early Disease. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:1596-1605. [PMID: 29668309 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518765098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial anterior cruciate ligament (p-ACL) ruptures are a common injury of athletes. However, few preclinical models have investigated the natural history and treatment of p-ACL injuries. PURPOSE To (1) demonstrate whether a controlled p-ACL injury model (anteromedial band transection) develops progressive gross morphological and histological posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA)-like changes at 20 and 40 weeks after the injury and (2) investigate the efficacy of repeated (0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks) intra-articular injections of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA; 80 mg/mL) in the mitigation of potential PTOA-like changes after p-ACL transection. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twenty-one 3- to 5-year-old female Suffolk-cross sheep were allocated to 4 groups: (1) nonoperative controls (n = 5), (2) 20 weeks after p-ACL transection (n = 5), (3) 40 weeks after p-ACL transection (n = 6), and (4) 20 weeks after p-ACL transection + MPA (n = 5). Gross morphological grading and histological analyses were conducted. mRNA expression levels for inflammatory, degradative, and structural molecules were assessed. RESULTS p-ACL transection led to significantly more combined gross damage ( P = .008) and significant aggregate histological damage ( P = .009) at 40 weeks after p-ACL transection than the nonoperative controls, and damage was progressive over time. Macroscopically, MPA appeared to slightly mitigate gross damage at 20 weeks after p-ACL transection in some animals. However, microscopic analysis revealed that repeated MPA injections after p-ACL transection led to significant loss in proteoglycan content compared with the nonoperative controls and 20 weeks after p-ACL transection ( P = .008 and P = .008, respectively). CONCLUSION p-ACL transection led to significant gross and histological damage by 40 weeks, which was progressive over time. Multiple repeated MPA injections were not appropriate to mitigate injury-related damage in a p-ACL transection ovine model as significant proteoglycan loss was observed in MPA-treated knees. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A p-ACL injury leads to slow and progressive PTOA-like joint damage, and multiple repeated injections of glucocorticoids may be detrimental to the knee joint in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen I Barton
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bryan J Heard
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johnathan L Sevick
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C Ryan Martin
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S M Mehdi Shekarforoush
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Chung
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yamini Achari
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Nigel G Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Mechanism of Activating the Proprioceptive NT-3/TrkC Signalling Pathway by Reverse Intervention for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Hamstring Reflex Arc with Electroacupuncture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6348764. [PMID: 29581981 PMCID: PMC5822800 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6348764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important structure maintaining stability of the knee joints. Deficits in physical stability and the proprioceptive capabilities of the knee joints are observed, when the ACL is damaged. Additionally, a unilateral ACL injury can affect bilateral knee proprioception; therefore, proprioception of the ACL may play a key role in stability. Electroacupuncture therapy has a definite effect nerve regeneration. In this study, cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into 4 groups: the model control group, intervention of the injured knee with electroacupuncture (IIKE) group, intervention of the bilateral knees with electroacupuncture (IBKE) group, and the blank control group. The unilateral ACL injury model was developed in IIKE and IBKE groups; acupuncture points around the knees underwent intervention similarly in the IIKE and IBKE groups. Then, mRNA and protein expressions of NT-3 and TrkC in the dorsal root ganglion and of growth-associated protein-43 in the ACL increased according to reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting results. Decreased incubations and increased amplitudes were found for somatosensory-evoked potentials and motor nerve conduction velocity. The finding indicates that electroacupuncture may play an important role in the recovery of proprioception in the ACL by activating the NT-3/TrkC signalling pathway.
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Noronha JC, Oliveira JP. Inside-out Tibial Tunnel Drilling Technique for All-inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech 2018; 7:e373-e377. [PMID: 29868407 PMCID: PMC5982608 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction passed through a series of modifications over the past 2 decades, maintaining 2 common factors: half tunnels in both the femur and tibia and introduction of the graft into the knee through an arthroscopic portal. One of the disadvantages noted with this technique is the excessive cost of the instrumentation needed to perform it and its economic impact on the health care system. We describe a modification of the original technique, both maintaining the cortical bone in an intact state and avoiding the retrograde drill aiming device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Pedro Oliveira
- Address correspondence to João Pedro Oliveira, M.D., Ph.D., Trindade Hospital, Rua da Trindade 115, 4000-541 Porto, Portugal.
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