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Younus ZM, Ahmed I, Roach P, Forsyth NR. A phosphate glass reinforced composite acrylamide gradient scaffold for osteochondral interface regeneration. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2024; 15:100099. [PMID: 39221155 PMCID: PMC11364006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2024.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The bone-cartilage interface is defined by a unique arrangement of cells and tissue matrix. Injury to the interface can contribute to the development of arthritic joint disease. Attempts to repair osteochondral damage through clinical trials have generated mixed outcomes. Tissue engineering offers the potential of integrated scaffold design with multiregional architecture to assist in tissue regeneration, such as the bone-cartilage interface. Challenges remain in joining distinct materials in a single scaffold mass while maintaining integrity and avoiding delamination. The aim of the current work is to examine the possibility of joining two closely related acrylamide derivatives such as, poly n-isopropyl acrylamide (pNIPAM) and poly n‑tert‑butyl acrylamide (pNTBAM). The target is to produce a single scaffold unit with distinct architectural regions in the favour of regenerating the osteochondral interface. Longitudinal phosphate glass fibres (PGFs) with the formula 50P2O5.30CaO.20Na2O were incorporated to provide additional bioactivity by degradation to release ions such as calcium and phosphate which are considered valuable to assist the mineralization process. Polymers were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and solutions cast to ensure the integration of polymers chains. Scaffold was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) techniques. The PGF mass degradation pattern was inspected using micro computed tomography (µCT). Biological assessment of primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) and primary human chondrocytes (hCHs) upon scaffolds was performed using alizarin red and colorimetric calcium assay for mineralization assessment; alcian blue staining and dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) assay for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs); immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect functional proteins expression by cells such as collagen I, II, and annexin A2. FTIR analysis revealed an intact unit with gradual transformation from pNIPAM to pNTBAM. SEM images showed three distinct architectural regions with mean pore diameter of 54.5 µm (pNIPAM), 16.5 µm (pNTBAM) and 118 µm at the mixed interface. Osteogenic and mineralization potential by cells was observed upon the entire scaffold's regions. Chondrogenic activity was relevant on the pNTBAM side of the scaffold only with minimal evidence in the pNIPAM region. PGFs increased mineralization potential of both hOBs and hCHs, evidenced by elevated collagens I, X, and annexin A2 with reduction of collagen II in PGFs scaffolds. In conclusion, pNIPAM and pNTBAM integration created a multiregional scaffold with distinct architectural regions. Differential chondrogenic, osteogenic, and mineralized cell performance, in addition to the impact of PGF, suggests a potential role for phosphate glass-incorporated, acrylamide-derivative scaffolds in osteochondral interface regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid M. Younus
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, UK
- College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Group, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Roach
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Vice principals’ office, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
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De Marziani L, Boffa A, Andriolo L, Di Martino A, Filardo G, Zaffagnini S. Chitosan-based scaffold augmentation to microfractures: Stable results at mid-term follow-up in patients with patellar cartilage lesions. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e12065. [PMID: 38911189 PMCID: PMC11193853 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patellar cartilage lesions are a frequent and challenging finding in orthopaedic clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate a chitosan-based scaffold's mid-term clinical and imaging results patients with patellar cartilage lesions. Methods Thirteen patients (nine men, four women, 31.3 ± 12.7 years old) were clinically evaluated prospectively at baseline, 12, 24 and at a final minimum follow-up of 60 months (80.2 ± 14.7) with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Tegner scores. A magnetic resonance analysis was performed at the last follow-up using the Magnetic resonance Observation of CArtilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) 2.0 score. Results An overall significant clinical improvement in the scores was observed from baseline to all follow-ups, with stable clinical results from 24 months to the mid-term evaluation. The IKDC subjective score passed from 46.3 ± 20.0 at baseline to 70.1 ± 21.5 at the last follow-up (p = 0.029). Symptoms' duration before surgery negatively correlated with the clinical improvement from baseline to the final follow-up (p = 0.013) and sex influenced the improvement of activity level from the preoperative evaluation to the final follow-up, with better results in men (p = 0.049). In line with the clinical findings, positive results were documented in terms of cartilage repair quality with a mean MOCART 2.0 score of 72.4 ± 12.5. Conclusions Overall, the use of this chitosan-based scaffold provided satisfactory results with a stable clinical improvement up to mid-term follow-up, which should be confirmed by further high-level studies to be considered a suitable surgical option to treat patients affected by patellar cartilage lesions. Level of Evidence Level IV, prospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Marziani
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Angelo Boffa
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Luca Andriolo
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | | | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research (ATR) CenterIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
- Department of Surgery, EOCService of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyLuganoSwitzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical SciencesUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
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Monckeberg JE, Rafols C, Gerhard P, Del Canto L, Rosales J, Verdugo MA, Saez C, De la Fuente C. Chondral regeneration in femoroacetabular lesions is favoured using peripheral blood stem cells with hyaluronan-based scaffold and micro-drilling: A prospective cohort study. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e70009. [PMID: 39219706 PMCID: PMC11362612 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.70009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether intra-articular injections of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) with hyaluronan (HA)-based scaffold improve articular cartilage regeneration in chondral injuries caused by mixed-femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) over a period longer than 24 months post-hip arthroscopy. Methods In this prospective cohort study, patients with mixed-FAIS and chondral injury ≥ IIIB according to the International Cartilage Regeneration and Joint Preservation Society grade or III/IV of Konan/Haddad classification underwent intra-articular injection of PBSC with an HA-based scaffold and micro-drillings during hip arthroscopy. The degree of chondral repair was measured at baseline and 5 years using the International Cartilage Repair Society morphologic score system (MSS) as the primary outcome. Pain was measured at baseline and 5 years using the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), and hip functionality was measured at baseline (presurgery), 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years using the Hip Outcome Score (HOS). The largest diameter of injury, median follow-up, side effects, complications, and improvements were described. T-test, ANOVA with multiple comparisons, and statistical power were estimated. Results From initially 34 cases, 25 patients were enrolled. The median follow-up was 5.1 ± 0.3 years. One patient (4%) reported a few side effects with filgrastim administration. No infection, tumours, or synovitis was reported. The largest diameters in zones two, three, and four were 12.4 ± 3.1 mm (n = 8), 13.5 ± 2.8 mm (n = 14), and 11.4 ± 1.9 mm (n = 3), respectively. Ninety-two percent (23/25) of patients improved their outcomes. The MSS and HOS increased from 3.8 ± 1.1 to 9.6 ± 1.5 pts (p < 0.001) and from 65.5 ± 13.0 to 93.9 ± 2.4 pts (p < 0.001), respectively. The VAS-Pain decreased from 5.3 ± 0.7 to 1.3 ± 0.6 mm (p < 0.001). The obtained a posteriori power-size was 0.99. Conclusion The intervention suggests a favourable impact on articular cartilage regeneration and clinical outcomes for hip chondral lesions in mixed-FAIS injuries after a median follow-up of 5.1 ± 0.3 years. Level of Evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos De la Fuente
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Postgraduate, Faculty of Rehabilitation SciencesUniversidad Andres BelloSantiago de ChileChile
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Kimball JS, Ferkel RD, Ferkel EI. Regeneration: Bone-Marrow Stimulation of the Talus-Limits and Goals. Foot Ankle Clin 2024; 29:281-290. [PMID: 38679439 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Bone Marrow Stimulation of osteochondral lesions of the talus has been shown to be a successful way to treat cartilage injuries. Newer data suggest that Bone Marrow Stimulation is best reserved for osteochondral lesions of the talus Sizes Less Than 107.4 mm2 in area. Additionally, newer smaller and deeper techniques to perform bone marrow stimulation have resulted in less subchondral bone damage, less cancellous compaction, and superior bone marrow access with multiple trabecular access channels. Biologic adjuvants such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), hyaluronic acid (HA), and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) may lead to better functional outcomes when used concomitant to bone marrow stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Kimball
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Orthopedic Institute, Van Nuys, CA, USA
| | - Richard D Ferkel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Orthopedic Institute, Van Nuys, CA, USA
| | - Eric I Ferkel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Orthopedic Institute, Van Nuys, CA, USA.
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Subramanian A, Bhogoju S, Snaith O, Miller AD, Newell H, Wang D, Siegal G, Oborny K, Baumann-Berg J, Viljoen H. Continuous Low-Intensity Ultrasound Improves Cartilage Repair in Rabbit Model of Subchondral Injury. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:357-366. [PMID: 38318848 PMCID: PMC11040182 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Subchondral drilling (SD), a bone marrow stimulation technique, is used to repair cartilage lesions that lack regenerative potential. Cartilage repair outcomes upon SD are typically fibrocartilaginous in nature with inferior functionality. The lack of cues to foster the chondrogenic differentiation of egressed mesenchymal stromal cells upon SD can be attributed for the poor outcomes. Continuous low-intensity ultrasound (cLIUS) at 3.8 MHz is proposed as a treatment modality for improving cartilage repair outcomes upon marrow stimulation. Bilateral defects were created by SD on the femoral medial condyle of female New Zealand white rabbits (n = 12), and the left joint received cLIUS treatment (3.8 MHz, 3.5 Vpp, 8 min/application/day) and the contralateral right joint served as the control. On day 7 postsurgery, synovial fluid was aspirated, and the cytokine levels were assessed by Quantibody™ assay. Rabbits were euthanized at 8 weeks and outcomes were assessed macroscopically and histologically. Defect areas in the right joints exhibited boundaries, incomplete fill, irregular cartilage surfaces, loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and absence of chondrocytes. In contrast, the repaired defect area in the joints that received cLIUS showed complete fill, positive staining for GAG with rounded chondrocyte morphology, COL2A1 staining, and columnar organization. Synovial fluid collected from cLIUS-treated left knee joints had lower levels of IL1, TNFα, and IFNγ when compared to untreated right knee joints, alluding to the potential of cLIUS to mitigate early inflammation. Further at 8 weeks, left knee joints (n = 12) consistently scored higher on the O'Driscoll scale, with a higher percent hyaline cartilage score. No adverse impact on bone or change in the joint space was noted. Upon a single exposure of cLIUS to TNFα-treated cells, nuclear localization of pNFκB and SOX9 was visualized by double immunofluorescence and the expression of markers associated with the NFκB pathway was assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. cLIUS extends its chondroprotective effects by titrating pNFκB levels, preventing its nuclear translocation, while maintaining the expression of SOX9, the collagen II transcription factor. Our combined results demonstrate that healing of chondral defects treated with marrow stimulation by SD can be accelerated by employing cLIUS regimen that possesses chondroinductive and chondroprotective properties. Impact statement Repair of cartilage represents an unsolved biomedical burden. In vitro, continuous low-intensity ultrasound (cLIUS) has been demonstrated to possess chondroinductive and chondroprotective potential. To our best knowledge, the use of cLIUS to improve cartilage repair outcomes upon marrow stimulation, in vivo, has not been reported and our work reported here fills that gap. Our results demonstrated enhanced cartilage repair outcomes under cLIUS (3.8 MHz) in a rabbit model of subchondral injury by subchondral drilling. Enhanced repair stemmed from mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in vivo and the subsequent synthesis of articular cartilage-specific matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Subramanian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama-Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Sarayu Bhogoju
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama-Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Oraine Snaith
- Life Sciences Annex, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - April D. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Heather Newell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Denzhi Wang
- Life Sciences Annex, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gene Siegal
- Life Sciences Annex, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katelin Oborny
- Life Sciences Annex, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jesse Baumann-Berg
- Life Sciences Annex, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hendrik Viljoen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Ren H, Zhang L, Zhang X, Yi C, Wu L. Specific lipid magnetic sphere sorted CD146-positive bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can better promote articular cartilage damage repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:253. [PMID: 38561728 PMCID: PMC10983655 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics and therapeutic potential of subtypes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are largely unknown. Also, the application of subpopulations of BMSCs in cartilage regeneration remains poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to explore the regenerative capacity of CD146-positive subpopulations of BMSCs for repairing cartilage defects. METHODS CD146-positive BMSCs (CD146 + BMSCs) were sorted by self-developed CD146-specific lipid magnetic spheres (CD146-LMS). Cell surface markers, viability, and proliferation were evaluated in vitro. CD146 + BMSCs were subjected to in vitro chondrogenic induction and evaluated for chondrogenic properties by detecting mRNA and protein expression. The role of the CD146 subpopulation of BMSCs in cartilage damage repair was assessed by injecting CD146 + BMSCs complexed with sodium alginate gel in the joints of a mouse cartilage defect model. RESULTS The prepared CD146-LMS had an average particle size of 193.7 ± 5.24 nm, an average potential of 41.9 ± 6.21 mv, and a saturation magnetization intensity of 27.2 Am2/kg, which showed good stability and low cytotoxicity. The sorted CD146 + BMSCs highly expressed stem cell and pericyte markers with good cellular activity and cellular value-added capacity. Cartilage markers Sox9, Collagen II, and Aggrecan were expressed at both protein and mRNA levels in CD146 + BMSCs cells after chondrogenic induction in vitro. In a mouse cartilage injury model, CD146 + BMSCs showed better function in promoting the repair of articular cartilage injury. CONCLUSION The prepared CD146-LMS was able to sort out CD146 + BMSCs efficiently, and the sorted subpopulation of CD146 + BMSCs had good chondrogenic differentiation potential, which could efficiently promote the repair of articular cartilage injury, suggesting that the sorted CD146 + BMSCs subpopulation is a promising seed cell for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanru Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chengqing Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Lianghao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Brittberg M. Treatment of knee cartilage lesions in 2024: From hyaluronic acid to regenerative medicine. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e12016. [PMID: 38572391 PMCID: PMC10985633 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abstract Intact articular cartilage plays a vital role in joint homeostasis. Local cartilage repairs, where defects in the cartilage matrix are filled in and sealed to congruity, are therefore important treatments to restore a joint equilibrium. The base for all cartilage repairs is the cells; either chondrocytes or chondrogeneic cells from bone, synovia and fat tissue. The surgical options include bone marrow stimulation techniques alone or augmented with scaffolds, chondrogeneic cell implantations and osteochondral auto- or allografts. The current trend is to choose one-stage procedures being easier to use from a regulatory point of view. This narrative review provides an overview of the current nonoperative and surgical options available for the repair of various cartilage lesions. Level of Evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, Team Orthopedic Research Region Halland‐TOR, Region Halland Orthopaedics, Varberg HospitalUniversity of GothenburgVarbergSweden
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Walther M, Gottschalk O, Aurich M. Operative management of osteochondral lesions of the talus: 2024 recommendations of the working group 'clinical tissue regeneration' of the German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (DGOU). EFORT Open Rev 2024; 9:217-234. [PMID: 38457916 PMCID: PMC10958247 DOI: 10.1530/eor-23-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The working group 'Clinical Tissue Regeneration' of the German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (DGOU) issues this paper with updating its guidelines. Literature was analyzed regarding different topics relevant to osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) treatment. This process concluded with a statement for each topic reflecting the best scientific evidence available with a grade of recommendation. All group members rated the statements to identify possible gaps between literature and current clinical practice. Fixation of a vital bony fragment should be considered in large fragments. In children with open physis, retrograde drilling seems to work better than in adults, but even there, the revision rate reaches 50%. The literature supports debridement with bone marrow stimulation (BMS) in lesions smaller than 1.0 cm² without bony defect. The additional use of a scaffold can be recommended in lesions larger than 1.0 cm². For other scaffolds besides AMIC®/Chondro-Gide®, there is only limited evidence. Systematic reviews report good to excellent clinical results in 87% of the patients after osteochondral transplantation (OCT), but donor site morbidity is of concern, reaching 16.9%. There is no evidence of any additional benefit from autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Minced cartilage lacks any supporting data. Metallic resurfacing of OLT can only be recommended as a second-line treatment. A medial malleolar osteotomy has a minor effect on the clinical outcome compared to the many other factors influencing the clinical result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Walther
- Schön Klinik München Harlaching – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Harlachinger Straße, Munich, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Muskuloskelettales Zentrum München (MUM), Marchionostraße, Munich, Germany
- Justus Maximilian University Wuerzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstraße, Würzburg, Germany
- Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
- Working Group Clinical Tissue Regeneration of the German Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (DGOU), Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Gottschalk
- Schön Klinik München Harlaching – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Harlachinger Straße, Munich, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Muskuloskelettales Zentrum München (MUM), Marchionostraße, Munich, Germany
- Working Group Clinical Tissue Regeneration of the German Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (DGOU), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Aurich
- Working Group Clinical Tissue Regeneration of the German Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (DGOU), Berlin, Germany
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), DOUW - Abteilung für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Ernst-Grube-Straße, Halle, Germany
- BG-Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Saale, Germany
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Huang Y, Sun M, Lu Z, Zhong Q, Tan M, Wei Q, Zheng L. Role of integrin β1 and tenascin C mediate TGF-SMAD2/3 signaling in chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by type I collagen hydrogel. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae017. [PMID: 38525326 PMCID: PMC10960929 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects may lead to severe degenerative joint diseases. Tissue engineering based on type I collagen hydrogel that has chondrogenic potential is ideal for cartilage repair. However, the underlying mechanisms of chondrogenic differentiation driven by type I collagen hydrogel have not been fully clarified. Herein, we explored potential collagen receptors and chondrogenic signaling pathways through bioinformatical analysis to investigate the mechanism of collagen-induced chondrogenesis. Results showed that the super enhancer-related genes induced by collagen hydrogel were significantly enriched in the TGF-β signaling pathway, and integrin-β1 (ITGB1), a receptor of collagen, was highly expressed in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Further analysis showed genes such as COL2A1 and Tenascin C (TNC) that interacted with ITGB1 were significantly enriched in extracellular matrix (ECM) structural constituents in the chondrogenic induction group. Knockdown of ITGB1 led to the downregulation of cartilage-specific genes (SOX9, ACAN, COL2A1), SMAD2 and TNC, as well as the downregulation of phosphorylation of SMAD2/3. Knockdown of TNC also resulted in the decrease of cartilage markers, ITGB1 and the SMAD2/3 phosphorylation but overexpression of TNC showed the opposite trend. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the involvement of ITGB1 and TNC in collagen-mediated chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration. In summary, we demonstrated that ITGB1 was a crucial receptor for chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by collagen hydrogel. It can activate TGF-SMAD2/3 signaling, followed by impacting TNC expression, which in turn promotes the interaction of ITGB1 and TGF-SMAD2/3 signaling to enhance chondrogenesis. These may provide concernful support for cartilage tissue engineering and biomaterials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Huang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qiuling Zhong
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Manli Tan
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qingjun Wei
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Jung SH, Nam BJ, Choi CH, Kim S, Jung M, Chung K, Park J, Jung Y, Kim SH. Allogeneic umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell implantation versus microdrilling combined with high tibial osteotomy for cartilage regeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3333. [PMID: 38336978 PMCID: PMC10858050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared cartilage regeneration outcomes in knee osteoarthritis (OA) using allogeneic human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSC) implantation and microdrilling with high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Fifty-four patients (60 knees) were included: 24 (27 knees) in the hUCB-MSC group and 30 (33 knees) in the microdrilling group. Both groups showed significant improvements in pain and functional scores at 6, 12, and 24 months compared to baseline. At 24 months, the hUCB-MSC group had significantly improved scores. Arthroscopic assessment at 12 months revealed better cartilage healing in the hUCB-MSC group. In subgroup analysis according to the defect site, hUCB-MSC implantation showed superior cartilage healing for anterior lesions. In conclusion, both treatments demonstrated effectiveness for medial OA. However, hUCB-MSC implantation had better patient-reported outcomes and cartilage regeneration than microdrilling. The study suggests promising approaches for cartilage restoration in large knee defects due to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Han Jung
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Nam
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Hyuk Choi
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangho Chung
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Jung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
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Bukowski J, Padley J, Chudik S. Extra-articular core tunneling and local autogenous bone grafting for osteochondritis dissecans lesion of the capitellum with intact articular cartilage and subchondral bone deficiency. JSES REVIEWS, REPORTS, AND TECHNIQUES 2024; 4:118-124. [PMID: 38323211 PMCID: PMC10840583 DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Bukowski
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - James Padley
- Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Chudik
- OTRF, Westmont, IL, USA
- Hinsdale Orthopaedics/Illinois Bone and Joint Institute, Hindsdale, IL, USA
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Dhillon J, Orozco E, Keeter C, Scillia AJ, Harris JD, Kraeutler MJ. Microfracture of Acetabular Chondral Lesions Is Not Superior to Other Cartilage Repair Techniques in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:602-611. [PMID: 37355179 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a systematic review to compare clinical outcomes of hip arthroscopy patients undergoing microfracture (MFx) versus other cartilage repair procedures for chondral lesions of the acetabulum. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify comparative studies that directly compared outcomes between MFx and other cartilage repair procedures for full-thickness chondral lesions of the acetabulum identified during hip arthroscopy. The search phrase used was: hip AND arthroscopy AND microfracture. Patients were evaluated based on reoperation rates and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Six studies (all Level III evidence) met inclusion criteria, including a total of 202 patients undergoing microfracture (group A) and 327 patients undergoing another cartilage repair procedure (group B). Mean patient age ranged from 35.0 to 45.0 years. Mean follow-up time ranged from 12.0 to 72.0 months. Significantly better patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were found in patients undergoing treatment with bone marrow aspirate concentrate, microfragmented adipose tissue concentrate, autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis, and a combination of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis and bone marrow aspirate concentrate compared with MFx. No studies found significantly better postoperative PROs in group A. The reoperation rate ranged from 0% to 34.6% in group A and 0% to 15.9% in group B. Three of 5 studies reporting on reoperation rate found a significantly greater reoperation rate in group A, with no difference in the other 2 studies. CONCLUSIONS The literature on MFx of acetabular chondral lesions is limited and heterogeneous. Based on the available data, MFx alone results in a greater or equivalent reoperation rate and inferior or equivalent PROs compared with other cartilage repair procedures for acetabular chondral lesions in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, systematic review of level III studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Dhillon
- Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Erin Orozco
- Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Carson Keeter
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Anthony J Scillia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.A.; Academy Orthopaedics, Wayne, New Jersey, U.S.A
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Almohaileb FI, Rasheed Z. Clinical Applicability of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for the Treatment of Osteochondral Defects: A Meta-analysis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:317-331. [PMID: 37957845 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971249660231101102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoarthritis and other joint disorders are the leading cause of disability in the elderly and the treatment of joint lesions is challenging. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been reported with variable effects for the treatment of osteochondral and other joint lesions. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of the recent literature to determine the clinical applicability of ACI for osteochondral defects. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed on the recent literature showing the effects of ACI on osteochondral defects. The PUBMED, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases were used to identify eligible studies from Jan 2010 to Sep 2022. Both fixed and random models of meta-analysis were applied with all reported scoring systems to quantify the effectiveness of ACI on osteochondral defects. RESULTS The pool data of 965 patients as a case series after ACI from a fixed model showed a significant improvement in the osteochondral defects (odds ratio = 8.75, 95%CI = 7.127 to 10.743, p = 0.000). These results were further verified by a random model of meta-analysis. The data also showed a substantial heterogeneity among the studies used in the meta-analysis (Q-value = 160.41, I-squared = 87.53, p = 0.000). Furthermore, this meta-analysis also compared different ACI procedures with different scoring systems but the overall outcome remains the same as ACI was found to be useful for the healing of the osteochondral defects. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis of 965 case series revealed that the ACI markedly improved the damage osteochondral defects scores but the optimal treatment is still controversial, therefore further studies are needed to validate these findings in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal I Almohaileb
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Hookway S, Alder-Price A, Gill SD, Mattin A, Page RS. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes following arthroscopic microfracture of the glenohumeral joint for chondral defects. JSES Int 2023; 7:2440-2444. [PMID: 37969492 PMCID: PMC10638574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary aim of this study was to evaluate mid- and long-term outcomes following microfracture in patients with glenohumeral chondral lesions. Methods This prospective cohort study assessed patients with shoulder pain who were treated with arthroscopic microfracture for full-thickness chondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint. Outcomes included the Simple Shoulder Test at baseline, mid-term (approximately 1 year) and long-term (approximately 10 years), and the Oxford Shoulder Score, shoulder pain (0-10 numerical scale) and radiological assessment using a modified Samilson & Prieto score at long-term follow-up. Data were analyzed with paired t-tests and Wilcoxon's signed rank tests, which were considered significant if P < .05. Results Twenty-five patients with a mean age of 52.7 ± 12.1 were enrolled. The mean Simple Shoulder Test score improved from baseline to 1 year (6.7 ± 2.5 to 11.0 ± 1.4, P < .001), which was maintained at long-term follow-up (10.3 ± 2.1, P < .001). Additionally, at long-term follow-up, Oxford Shoulder Score and Verbal Pain Score scores were 43 ± 4.8 and 1.1 ± 1.5, respectively while median modified Samilson & Prieto scores increased from 1 preoperatively to 2 at 10 years (P < .001). Conclusion Patients undergoing microfracture for full-thickness chondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint reported substantial improvements in shoulder pain and function at 1 and 10 years, despite progressive radiological degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hookway
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Alder-Price
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Gill
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Barwon Centre for Orthopaedic Research & Education, St John of God Hospital Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Mattin
- Department of Surgery, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard S. Page
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Barwon Centre for Orthopaedic Research & Education, St John of God Hospital Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Zhou L, Xu J, Schwab A, Tong W, Xu J, Zheng L, Li Y, Li Z, Xu S, Chen Z, Zou L, Zhao X, van Osch GJ, Wen C, Qin L. Engineered biochemical cues of regenerative biomaterials to enhance endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs)-mediated articular cartilage repair. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:490-512. [PMID: 37304336 PMCID: PMC10248882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As a highly specialized shock-absorbing connective tissue, articular cartilage (AC) has very limited self-repair capacity after traumatic injuries, posing a heavy socioeconomic burden. Common clinical therapies for small- to medium-size focal AC defects are well-developed endogenous repair and cell-based strategies, including microfracture, mosaicplasty, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), and matrix-induced ACI (MACI). However, these treatments frequently result in mechanically inferior fibrocartilage, low cost-effectiveness, donor site morbidity, and short-term durability. It prompts an urgent need for innovative approaches to pattern a pro-regenerative microenvironment and yield hyaline-like cartilage with similar biomechanical and biochemical properties as healthy native AC. Acellular regenerative biomaterials can create a favorable local environment for AC repair without causing relevant regulatory and scientific concerns from cell-based treatments. A deeper understanding of the mechanism of endogenous cartilage healing is furthering the (bio)design and application of these scaffolds. Currently, the utilization of regenerative biomaterials to magnify the repairing effect of joint-resident endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs) presents an evolving improvement for cartilage repair. This review starts by briefly summarizing the current understanding of endogenous AC repair and the vital roles of ESPCs and chemoattractants for cartilage regeneration. Then several intrinsic hurdles for regenerative biomaterials-based AC repair are discussed. The recent advances in novel (bio)design and application regarding regenerative biomaterials with favorable biochemical cues to provide an instructive extracellular microenvironment and to guide the ESPCs (e.g. adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, matrix production, and remodeling) for cartilage repair are summarized. Finally, this review outlines the future directions of engineering the next-generation regenerative biomaterials toward ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Zhou
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jietao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Schwab
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenxue Tong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - CRMH, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shunxiang Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Zou
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gerjo J.V.M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), 2600 AA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology & Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterials and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
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Meng S, Tang C, Deng M, Yuan J, Fan Y, Gao S, Feng Y, Yang J, Chen C. Tropoelastin-Pretreated Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improve the Synthesis of Cartilage Matrix and Alleviate Osteoarthritis. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040203. [PMID: 37103293 PMCID: PMC10143921 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been widely used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Our prior research shows that tropoelastin (TE) increases MSC activity and protects knee cartilage from OA-related degradation. The underlying mechanism might be that TE regulates the paracrine of MSCs. Exosomes (Exos), the paracrine secretion of MSCs, have been found to protect chondrocytes, reduce inflammation, and preserve the cartilage matrix. In this study, we used Exos derived from TE-pretreated adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) (TE-ExoADSCs) as an injection medium, and compared it with Exos derived from unpretreated ADSCs (ExoADSCs). We found that TE-ExoADSCs could effectively enhance the matrix synthesis of chondrocytes in vitro. Moreover, TE pretreatment increased the ability of ADSCs to secrete Exos. In addition, compared with ExoADSCs, TE-ExoADSCs exhibited therapeutic effects in the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced OA model. Further, we observed that TE altered the microRNA expression in ExoADSCs and identified one differentially upregulated microRNA: miR-451-5p. In conclusion, TE-ExoADSCs helped maintain the chondrocyte phenotype in vitro, and promoted cartilage repair in vivo. These therapeutic effects might be related with the altered expression of miR-451-5p in the ExoADSCs. Thus, the intra-articular delivery of Exos derived from ADSCs with TE pretreatment could be a new approach to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Meng
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cong Tang
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Muhai Deng
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanli Fan
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shasha Gao
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Pohlig F, Wittek M, VON Thaden A, Lenze U, Glowalla C, Minzlaff P, Burgkart R, Prodinger PM. Biomechanical Properties of Repair Cartilage Tissue Are Superior Following Microdrilling Compared to Microfracturing in Critical Size Cartilage Defects. In Vivo 2023; 37:565-573. [PMID: 36881065 PMCID: PMC10026649 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Common surgical treatment options for large focal chondral defects (FCDs) in the knee include microfracturing (MFX) and microdrilling (DRL). Despite numerous studies addressing MFX and DRL of FDCs, no in vivo study has focused on biomechanical analysis of repair cartilage tissue in critical size FCDs with different amounts of holes and penetration depths. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two round FCDs (d=6 mm) were created on the medial femoral condyle in 33 adult merino sheep. All 66 defects were randomly assigned to 1 control or 4 different study groups: 1) MFX1, 3 holes, 2 mm depth; 2) MFX2, 3 holes, 4 mm depth; 3) DRL1, 3 holes, 4 mm depth; and 4) DRL2, 6 holes, 4 mm depth. Animals were followed up for 1 year. Following euthanasia, quantitative optical analysis of defect filling was performed. Biomechanical properties were analysed with microindentation and calculation of the elastic modulus. RESULTS Quantitative assessment of defect filling showed significantly better results in all treatment groups compared to untreated FCDs in the control group (p<0.001), with the best results for DRL2 (84.2% filling). The elastic modulus of repair cartilage tissue in the DRL1 and DRL2 groups was comparable to the adjacent native hyaline cartilage, while significantly inferior results were identified in both MFX groups (MFX1: p=0.002; MFX2: p<0.001). CONCLUSION More defect filling and better biomechanical properties of the repair cartilage tissue were identified for DRL compared to MFX, with the best results for 6 holes and 4 mm of penetration depth. These findings are in contrast to the current clinical practice with MFX as the gold standard and suggest a clinical return to DRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pohlig
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany;
| | | | - Anne VON Thaden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lenze
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudio Glowalla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany
| | - Philipp Minzlaff
- Krankenhaus Agatharied, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hausham, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Michael Prodinger
- Krankenhaus Agatharied, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hausham, Germany
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18
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Augmented Marrow Stimulation: Drilling Techniques and Scaffold Options. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2022.150958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stachel N, Orth P, Zurakowski D, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Subchondral Drilling Independent of Drill Hole Number Improves Articular Cartilage Repair and Reduces Subchondral Bone Alterations Compared With Debridement in Adult Sheep. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2669-2679. [PMID: 35834876 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subchondral drilling is an established marrow stimulation technique for small cartilage defects, but whether drilling is required at all and if the drill hole density affects repair remains unclear. HYPOTHESES Osteochondral repair is improved when the subchondral bone is perforated by a higher number of drill holes per unit area, and drilling is superior to defect debridement alone. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Rectangular full-thickness chondral defects (4 × 8 mm) were created in the trochlea of adult sheep (N = 16), debrided down to the subchondral bone plate without further treatment as controls (no treatment; n = 7) or treated with either 2 or 6 (n = 7 each) subchondral drill holes (diameter, 1.0 mm; depth, 10.0 mm). Osteochondral repair was assessed at 6 months postoperatively by standardized (semi-)quantitative macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and micro-computed tomography analyses. RESULTS Compared with defect debridement alone, histological overall cartilaginous repair tissue quality (P = .025) and the macroscopic aspect of the adjacent cartilage (P≤ .032) were improved after both drilling densities. Only drilling with 6 holes increased type 2 collagen content in the repair tissue compared with controls (P = .038). After debridement, bone mineral density was significantly decreased in the subchondral bone plate (P≤ .015) and the subarticular spongiosa (P≤ .041) compared with both drilling groups. Debridement also significantly increased intralesional osteophyte sectional area compared with drilling (P≤ .034). No other differences in osteochondral repair existed between subchondral drilling with 6 or 2 drill holes. CONCLUSION Subchondral drilling independent of drill hole density significantly improves structural cartilage repair compared with sole defect debridement of full-thickness cartilage defects in sheep after 6 months. Subchondral drilling also leads to a better reconstitution of the subchondral bone compartment below the defects. Simultaneously, drilling reduced the formation of intralesional osteophytes caused by osseous overgrowth compared with debridement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results have important clinical implications, as they support subchondral drilling independent of drill hole number but discourage debridement alone for the treatment of small cartilage defects. Clinical studies are warranted to further quantify the effects of subchondral drilling in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Stachel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - David Zurakowski
- Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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20
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Dhillon J, Decilveo AP, Kraeutler MJ, Belk JW, McCulloch PC, Scillia AJ. Third-Generation Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (Cells Cultured Within Collagen Membrane) Is Superior to Microfracture for Focal Chondral Defects of the Knee Joint: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:2579-2586. [PMID: 35283221 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review randomized controlled trials to compare clinical outcomes of microfracture (MFx) versus third-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for the treatment of focal chondral defects (FCDs) of the knee joint. METHODS A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE to locate randomized controlled trials comparing minimum 2-year clinical outcomes of patients undergoing MFx versus third-generation ACI for FCDs of the knee joint. The search terms used were: "knee" AND "microfracture" AND "autologous chondrocyte" AND "randomized." Patients were evaluated based on treatment failure rates, magnetic resonance imaging, International Cartilage Repair Society scores, and patient-reported outcome scores (Lysholm, Tegner, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System, 12-item Short Form Health Survey Physical and Mental, and the EuroQol 5 Dimensions Visual Analog Scale score). RESULTS Six studies (5 Level I, 1 Level II) met inclusion criteria, including a total of 238 patients undergoing MFx and 274 undergoing ACI. Two studies had an overlapping cohort of patients and therefore the study with longer follow-up was used in all analyses. The average follow-up among patients ranged from 2.0 years to 6.0 years. Average lesion size ranged from 1.8 cm2 to 5.0 cm2. Treatment failure ranged from 0% to 1.8% in the ACI group and 2.5% to 8.3% in the MFx group. In 4 studies, ACI patients demonstrated significantly greater improvement in multiple Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscores compared with MFx. In 2 studies, patients who received ACI demonstrated significantly greater improvement in the Tegner score compared to MFx, and 1 study showed significantly greater improvement in the Lysholm and ICRS scores for ACI compared with MFx. CONCLUSIONS At short-term follow-up, third-generation ACI demonstrates a lower failure rate and greater improvement in patient-reported outcomes compared with MFx for FCDs of the knee joint. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II, systematic review of Levels I-II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Dhillon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, Colorado
| | - Alex P Decilveo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey
| | - Matthew J Kraeutler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey.
| | - J Wilson Belk
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Anthony J Scillia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Academy Orthopaedics, Wayne, New Jersey, U.S.A
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21
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Zhang Q, Hu Y, Long X, Hu L, Wu Y, Wu J, Shi X, Xie R, Bi Y, Yu F, Li P, Yang Y. Preparation and Application of Decellularized ECM-Based Biological Scaffolds for Articular Cartilage Repair: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908082. [PMID: 35845417 PMCID: PMC9280718 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage regeneration is dependent on cellular-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Natural ECM plays a role in mechanical and chemical cell signaling and promotes stem cell recruitment, differentiation and tissue regeneration in the absence of biological additives, including growth factors and peptides. To date, traditional tissue engineering methods by using natural and synthetic materials have not been able to replicate the physiological structure (biochemical composition and biomechanical properties) of natural cartilage. Techniques facilitating the repair and/or regeneration of articular cartilage pose a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Whereas, little progress has been made in this field. In recent years, with advances in medicine, biochemistry and materials science, to meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native articular cartilage (AC) tissue, a series of tissue engineering scaffolds based on ECM materials have been developed. These scaffolds mimic the versatility of the native ECM in function, composition and dynamic properties and some of which are designed to improve cartilage regeneration. This review systematically investigates the following: the characteristics of cartilage ECM, repair mechanisms, decellularization method, source of ECM, and various ECM-based cartilage repair methods. In addition, the future development of ECM-based biomaterials is hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuan Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaobing Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Runqi Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, Forth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fangyuan Yu, ; Pinxue Li, ; Yu Yang,
| | - Pinxue Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Fangyuan Yu, ; Pinxue Li, ; Yu Yang,
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Fangyuan Yu, ; Pinxue Li, ; Yu Yang,
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22
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Strickland CD, Ho CK, Merkle AN, Vidal AF. MR Imaging of Knee Cartilage Injury and Repair Surgeries. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2022; 30:227-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Dávila Castrodad IM, Kraeutler MJ, Fasulo SM, Festa A, McInerney VK, Scillia AJ. Improved Outcomes with Arthroscopic Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Cartilage-Derived Matrix Implantation versus Chondroplasty for the Treatment of Focal Chondral Defects of the Knee Joint: A Retrospective Case Series. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e411-e416. [PMID: 35494291 PMCID: PMC9042738 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the outcomes of patients undergoing treatment of focal chondral defects (FCDs) of the knee joint with chondroplasty versus bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and cartilage-derived matrix (CDM) implantation. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients diagnosed with Outerbridge grade 3-4 FCDs. Patients were included if they were treated arthroscopically with BMAC/CDM implantation or chondroplasty alone between March 2016 and May 2019 and had more than 1-year follow-up. Postoperative outcomes included the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scores; Knee Outcome Survey (KOS) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Sports subscores; postoperative corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections; subsequent surgeries; and conversion to total knee arthroplasty. Results A total of 98 patients were identified with a mean follow-up in BMAC/CDM of 24 months (range 13-41 months) and in chondroplasty of 44 months (range 34-55 months). A subanalysis was performed to control for significant differences in age, which yielded 39 patients, ages 40-60 years. Within the subanalysis group, mean VAS scores were significantly lower in the BMAC/CDM group (1.7 vs 4.4; P = .005) and mean UCLA scores were significantly greater (7.1 vs 5.0; P = .002). Mean improvement in VAS and UCLA scores were similar between the BMAC/CDM and chondroplasty groups (–3.7 vs –1.3; P = .71, 1.9 vs 0.1; P = .14, respectively). Mean KOS ADL and Sports subscores were significantly greater among patients in the BMAC/CDM group (87% vs 55%; P = .001, 71% vs 41%; P = .002, respectively). There were no differences in postoperative injections, subsequent surgeries, or conversion to total knee arthroplasty between the BMAC/CDM and chondroplasty groups. Conclusions Patients with grade 3-4 FCDs of the knee had improved postoperative outcomes when treated with BMAC/CDM implantation versus chondroplasty alone, as evidenced by a significant improvement in VAS and UCLA scores and significantly greater postoperative KOS ADL, and KOS Sport subscores. Level of Evidence IV, therapeutic case series.
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24
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Li M, Yin H, Yan Z, Li H, Wu J, Wang Y, Wei F, Tian G, Ning C, Li H, Gao C, Fu L, Jiang S, Chen M, Sui X, Liu S, Chen Z, Guo Q. The immune microenvironment in cartilage injury and repair. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:23-42. [PMID: 34896634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of articular cartilage to repair itself is limited because it lacks blood vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue. Once damaged, it can lead to joint swelling and pain, accelerating the progression of osteoarthritis. To date, complete regeneration of hyaline cartilage exhibiting mechanical properties remains an elusive goal, despite the many available technologies. The inflammatory milieu created by cartilage damage is critical for chondrocyte death and hypertrophy, extracellular matrix breakdown, ectopic bone formation, and progression of cartilage injury to osteoarthritis. In the inflammatory microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo aberrant differentiation, and chondrocytes begin to convert or dedifferentiate into cells with a fibroblast phenotype, thereby resulting in fibrocartilage with poor mechanical qualities. All these factors suggest that inflammatory problems may be a major stumbling block to cartilage repair. To produce a milieu conducive to cartilage repair, multi-dimensional management of the joint inflammatory microenvironment in place and time is required. Therefore, this calls for elucidation of the immune microenvironment of cartilage repair after injury. This review provides a brief overview of: (1) the pathogenesis of cartilage injury; (2) immune cells in cartilage injury and repair; (3) effects of inflammatory cytokines on cartilage repair; (4) clinical strategies for treating cartilage defects; and (5) strategies for targeted immunoregulation in cartilage repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Immune response is increasingly considered the key factor affecting cartilage repair. It has both negative and positive regulatory effects on the process of regeneration and repair. Proinflammatory factors are secreted in large numbers, and necrotic cartilage is removed. During the repair period, immune cells can secrete anti-inflammatory factors and chondrogenic cytokines, which can inhibit inflammation and promote cartilage repair. However, inflammatory factors persist, which accelerate the degradation of the cartilage matrix. Furthermore, in an inflammatory microenvironment, MSCs undergo abnormal differentiation, and chondrocytes begin to transform or dedifferentiate into fibroblast-like cells, forming fibrocartilage with poor mechanical properties. Consequently, cartilage regeneration requires multi-dimensional regulation of the joint inflammatory microenvironment in space and time to make it conducive to cartilage regeneration.
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Wu Z, Korntner SH, Mullen AM, Zeugolis DI. Collagen type II: From biosynthesis to advanced biomaterials for cartilage engineering. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2021; 4:100030. [PMID: 36824570 PMCID: PMC9934443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type II is the major constituent of cartilage tissue. Yet, cartilage engineering approaches are primarily based on collagen type I devices that are associated with suboptimal functional therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we briefly describe cartilage's development and cellular and extracellular composition and organisation. We also provide an overview of collagen type II biosynthesis and purification protocols from tissues of terrestrial and marine species and recombinant systems. We then advocate the use of collagen type II as a building block in cartilage engineering approaches, based on safety, efficiency and efficacy data that have been derived over the years from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - SH Korntner
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - AM Mullen
- Teagasc Research Centre, Ashtown, Ireland
| | - DI Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence author at: REMODEL, NUI Galway & UCD.
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26
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Schuette HB, Kraeutler MJ, Schrock JB, McCarty EC. Primary Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation of the Knee Versus Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation After Failed Marrow Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2536-2541. [PMID: 33156690 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520968284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marrow stimulation (MST) surgery, which includes microfracture, subchondral drilling, and abrasion arthroplasty, and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) are 2 surgical options to treat articular cartilage lesions in the knee joint. Recent studies have suggested worse outcomes when ACI is used after failed MST. PURPOSE To investigate the failure rates and clinical outcomes of primary knee ACI versus ACI after failed MST surgery (secondary ACI). STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A systematic review was performed by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies evaluating clinical outcomes of patients undergoing primary versus secondary ACI of the knee joint. The search terms used were as follows: "knee" AND ("autologous chondrocyte implantation" OR "osteochondral allograft") AND (microfracture OR "marrow stimulation"). Patients undergoing primary ACI (group A) were compared with those undergoing secondary ACI (group B) based on treatment failure rates and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). RESULTS Seven studies (2 level 2 studies, 5 level 3 studies) were identified and met inclusion criteria, including a total of 1335 patients (group A: n = 838; group B: n = 497). The average patient age in all studies was 34.2 years, and the average lesion size was 5.43 cm2. Treatment failure occurred in 14.0% of patients in group A and 27.6% of patients in group B (P < .00001). Four studies reported PROs. One study found significantly better Subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores (P = .011), visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores (P = .028), and VAS function scores (P = .005) in group A. Another study found significantly better Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Pain scores (P = .034), KOOS Activities of Daily Living scores (P = .024), VAS pain scores (P = .014), and VAS function scores (P = .032) in group A. Two studies found no significant difference in PROs between groups A and B (P < .05). CONCLUSION Patient-reported improvement can be expected in patients undergoing primary or secondary ACI of the knee joint. Patients undergoing secondary ACI have a significantly higher risk of treatment failure and may have worse subjective outcomes compared with patients undergoing primary ACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden B Schuette
- Department of Orthopedics, OhioHealth/Doctors Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J Kraeutler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey, USA
| | - John B Schrock
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eric C McCarty
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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27
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Utsunomiya H, Gao X, Cheng H, Deng Z, Nakama G, Mascarenhas R, Goldman JL, Ravuri SK, Arner JW, Ruzbarsky JJ, Lowe WR, Philippon MJ, Huard J. Intra-articular Injection of Bevacizumab Enhances Bone Marrow Stimulation-Mediated Cartilage Repair in a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:1871-1882. [PMID: 33979242 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) via microfracture historically has been a first-line treatment for articular cartilage lesions. However, BMS has become less favorable because of resulting fibrocartilage formation. Previous studies have shown that angiogenesis blockade promotes cartilage repair. Bevacizumab is a Food and Drug Administration-approved medication used clinically to prevent angiogenesis. HYPOTHESIS The intra-articular injection of bevacizumab would prevent angiogenesis after BMS and lead to improved cartilage repair with more hyaline-like cartilage. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The dose of bevacizumab was first optimized in a rabbit osteochondral defect model with BMS. Then, 48 rabbits (n = 8/group/time point) were divided into 3 groups: osteochondral defect (defect), osteochondral defect + BMS (BMS group), and osteochondral defect + BMS + bevacizumab intra-articular injection (bevacizumab group). Rabbits were sacrificed at either 6 or 12 weeks after surgery. Three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (microCT), macroscope score, modified O'Driscoll histology scores, collagen type 2, Herovici staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. Angiogenesis markers were also evaluated. RESULTS The intra-articular dose of 12.5 mg/0.5 mL bevacizumab was found to be effective without deleteriously affecting the subchondral bone. Intra-articular injection of bevacizumab resulted in significantly improved cartilage repair for the bevacizumab group compared with the BMS or the defect group based on 3D microCT, the macroscope score (both P < .05), the modified O'Driscoll histology score (P = .0034 and P = .019 vs defect and BMS groups, respectively), collagen type 2, Herovici staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining at 6 weeks. Cartilage in the bevacizumab group had significantly more hyaline cartilage than did that in other groups. At 12 weeks, the cartilage layer regenerated in all groups; however, the bevacizumab group showed more hyaline-like morphology, as demonstrated by microCT, histology scores (P < .001 and .0225 vs defect and BMS groups, respectively), histology, and immunohistochemistry. The bevacizumab injection did not significantly change mRNA expressions of smooth muscle actin, vascular endothelial growth factor, or hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of bevacizumab significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of hyaline-like cartilage after BMS in a rabbit model. Future large-animal and human studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical effect of this therapy, which may lead to improved BMS outcomes and thus the durability of the regenerated cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of bevacizumab may be an important clinical adjunct to improve BMS-mediated cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Utsunomiya
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xueqin Gao
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gilberto Nakama
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randy Mascarenhas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julia L Goldman
- Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine & Care, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sudheer K Ravuri
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin W Arner
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph J Ruzbarsky
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter R Lowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marc J Philippon
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Zlotnick H, Locke R, Stoeckl B, Patel J, Gupta S, Browne K, Koh J, Carey J, Mauck R. Marked differences in local bone remodelling in response to different marrow stimulation techniques in a large animal. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 41:546-557. [PMID: 34008855 PMCID: PMC8569589 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v041a35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Marrow stimulation, including subchondral drilling and microfracture, is the most commonly performed cartilage repair strategy, whereby the subchondral bone plate is perforated to release marrow-derived cells into a cartilage defect to initiate repair. Novel scaffolds and therapeutics are being designed to enhance and extend the positive short-term outcomes of this marrow stimulation. However, the translation of these newer treatments is hindered by bony abnormalities, including bone resorption, intralesional osteophytes, and bone cysts, that can arise after marrow stimulation. In this study, three different marrow stimulation approaches - microfracture, subchondral drilling and needle-puncture - were evaluated in a translationally relevant large-animal model, the Yucatan minipig. The objective of the study was to determine which method of marrow access (malleted awl, drilled Kirschner wire or spring-loaded needle) best preserved the underlying subchondral bone. Fluorochrome labels were injected at the time of surgery and 2 weeks post-surgery to capture bone remodelling over the first 4 weeks. Comprehensive outcome measures included cartilage indentation testing, histological grading, microcomputed tomography and fluorochrome imaging. Findings indicated that needle-puncture devices best preserved the underlying subchondral bone relative to other marrow access approaches. This may relate to the degree of bony compaction occurring with marrow access, as the Kirschner wire approach, which consolidated bone the most, induced the most significant bone damage with marrow stimulation. This study provided basic scientific evidence in support of updated marrow stimulation techniques for preclinical and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.M. Zlotnick
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R.C. Locke
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B.D. Stoeckl
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.M. Patel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S. Gupta
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K.D. Browne
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, CMC VA Medical Centre, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J. Koh
- Orthopaedic and Spine Institute, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J.L. Carey
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R.L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Address for correspondence: Robert L. Mauck, 308A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA. Telephone number: +1 2158988653 Fax number: +1 2155732133
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Enhanced Biomechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Hybrid Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage is a primary feature of osteoarthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases (i.e., rheumatoid arthritis). Repairing articular cartilage is highly challenging due to its avascular/aneural nature and low cellularity. To induce functional neocartilage formation, the tissue substitute must have mechanical properties which can adapt well to the loading conditions of the joint. Among the various biomaterials which may function as cartilage replacements, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels stand out for their high biocompatibility and tunable mechanical features. This review article describes and discusses the enrichment of PVA with natural materials (i.e., collagen, hyaluronic acid, hydroxyapatite, chitosan, alginate, extracellular matrix) ± synthetic additives (i.e., polyacrylic acid, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, graphene oxide, bioactive glass) to produce cartilage substitutes with enhanced mechanical performance. PVA-based hybrid scaffolds have been investigated mainly by compression, tensile, friction, stress relaxation and creep tests, demonstrating increased stiffness and friction properties, and with cartilage-like viscoelastic behavior. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility studies revealed positive outcomes but also many gaps yet to be addressed. Thus, recommendations for future research are proposed in order to prompt further progress in the fabrication of PVA-based hybrid scaffolds which increasingly match the biological and mechanical properties of native cartilage.
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30
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[Cartilage repair procedures for early osteoarthritis]. DER ORTHOPADE 2021; 50:356-365. [PMID: 33844031 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-021-04099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commonly used cartilage repair procedures have been established for focal cartilage lesions; however, degenerative lesions with accompanying changes of other intraarticular structures are much more common in clinical practice. This stage, in which classic radiological signs of osteoarthritis are absent, is called early osteoarthritis and is characterized by impaired joint homeostasis with biomechanical and biochemical changes that can have a negative effect on regenerative cartilage therapy procedures. INDICATION Cartilage repair procedures are indicated for symptomatic focal early osteoarthritis, defined as cartilage degeneration ICRS grades I or II around a focal cartilage defect ICRS grades III or IV. In more advanced osteoarthritis with significant narrowing of the joint space, cartilage repair procedures are generally contraindicated. THERAPY The most studied cartilage repair procedure for early osteoarthritis is autologous chondrocyte implantation, which has shown acceptable results in case series, although higher failure rates are to be expected compared to focal, traumatic cartilage lesions. The use of bone marrow-stimulating techniques seems to be limited in early osteoarthritis and should only be used in cases of lesion < 2 cm2 and very little surrounding cartilage degeneration. Concomitant surgical procedures, especially unloading osteotomies, are very important.
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