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Grattan RE, London SM, Bueno GE. Perceived pressure to breastfeed negatively impacts postpartum mental health outcomes over time. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1357965. [PMID: 38638486 PMCID: PMC11024305 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1357965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Positive maternal mental health is associated with improved outcomes for infants, and yet the consideration of maternal mental health is often neglected in breastfeeding interventions. Breastfeeding interventions typically focus on breastfeeding promotion, and do not always include supports for the mother. This may result in isolated perceived pressure to breastfeed, the mental health impacts of which are not well understood. Methods This mixed-methods, longitudinal study examined whether perceived pressure to breastfeed was associated with depression, suicide ideation, anxiety, birth trauma and stress concurrently and 4 weeks later for postpartum mothers. It also examined qualitative experiences of feeding. Results Perceived pressure to breastfeed was associated with increased anxiety, stress and birth trauma symptoms four weeks later. Thematic analysis suggested this may be due to difficulties living up to the "breast is best" ideal, believing breastfeeding was part of success as a mother, lack of choices and autonomy in feeding choices for infants and general lack of support. Discussion As such it appears we may be doing more harm than good by focusing our interventions for breastfeeding primarily on increasing pressure to breastfeed, and interventions should consider strategies for promoting positive maternal mental health alongside breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Grattan
- School of Psychology, Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Rhodes EC, Zahid M, Abuwala N, Damio G, LaPlant HW, Crummett C, Surprenant R, Pérez-Escamilla R. Experiences of breastfeeding peer counseling among women with low incomes in the US: a qualitative evaluation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:120. [PMID: 38336607 PMCID: PMC10854050 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Person-centered breastfeeding counseling is a key but often overlooked aspect of high-quality services. We explored women's experiences of the Breastfeeding Heritage and Pride™ program, an evidence-based breastfeeding peer counseling program serving women with low incomes in the United States. METHODS This study was conducted through an equitable community-clinical-academic partnership and guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) quality of care framework for maternal and newborn health, which highlights three domains of positive experiences of care: effective communication; respect and dignity; and emotional support. In-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of women participating in the Breastfeeding Heritage and Pride™ program. Women were asked to describe their experiences with the program including examples of when good quality counseling was or was not provided. Each interview was conducted in English or Spanish, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Once themes were generated, they were organized according to the three care experience domains in the WHO quality of care framework. RESULTS Twenty-eight in-depth interviews were conducted with a racially/ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample of women. Three themes described effective communication practices of peer counselors: tailoring communication to meet women's individual needs; offering comprehensive and honest information about infant feeding; and being timely, proactive, and responsive in all communications across the maternity care continuum. Two themes captured why women felt respected. First, peer counselors were respectful in their interactions with women; they were courteous, patient, and non-judgmental and respected women's infant feeding decisions. Second, peer counselors showed genuine interest in the well-being of women and their families, beyond breastfeeding. The key theme related to emotional support explored ways in which peer counselors offered encouragement to women, namely by affirming women's efforts to breastfeed and by providing reassurance that alleviated their worries about breastfeeding. These positive experiences of counseling were appreciated by women. CONCLUSIONS Women described having and valuing positive experiences in their interactions with peer counselors. Efforts to expand access to high-quality, person-centered breastfeeding counseling should, as part of quality assurance, include women's feedback on their experiences of these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Rhodes
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Mahrukh Zahid
- Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nafeesa Abuwala
- Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Grace Damio
- Hispanic Health Council, 175 Main Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | | | - Carrianne Crummett
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Trinity Health Of New England, 114 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT, 06105, USA
| | - Rebecca Surprenant
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Trinity Health Of New England, 114 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT, 06105, USA
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Breastfeeding Practices During COVID-19: A Narrative Article. Cureus 2022; 14:e30588. [PMID: 36420243 PMCID: PMC9678492 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic because of the rapid rise in cases worldwide. Since then, it has altered the ordinary lives of people around the globe. The surge in the pandemic also questioned breastfeeding practices. As breastfeeding is one of the most critical steps toward the wellness of the newborn and maternal health, whether to follow this practice with a child born COVID-19 positive or in the case of suspected infection in the mother was also questioned. There was little information and awareness on the influence of COVID-19 on breastfeeding and postnatal care of newborns; as a result, this situation created havoc and confusion about which processes were to be carried out and how. Thus, this article examines the supporting data and correct procedures to carry out while breastfeeding newborns born during the pandemic. For the collection of evidence, searches were conducted using PubMed and Web of Science along with multiple data published on the websites of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (MoHFW) between the period March 2020 to March 2022. Articles suggested significant changes in the hospital policies, such as disallowing visits to the mother or baby and changes in the mentality of mothers where a few mothers breastfed their newborn with all the septic care, like masks and frequent handwashing practices and others discontinued breastfeeding and used artificial feeds for the newborn. Even the WHO guidelines state that the mother should breastfeed the infant with good septic care. However, due to the havoc of the pandemic and miscommunication of the various policies, there was a gap in implementing the correct measures. This article provides insight into the breastfeeding scenario in COVID-19-positive or suspected mothers with COVID-19.
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Hemiyanty H, Wandira BA, Suwendro NI. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy for Mothers at the Bulili Health Center, City Palu, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breastfeeding plays an important role in building the relationship between mother and baby, also the baby's growth and development. Improving the mother's self-confidence during breastfeeding is a key to the success of breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of the Bulili Health Center is still low, about 37.17%. Breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE) is a mother's self-confidence in her ability to breastfeed her baby. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the factors related to breastfeeding self-efficacy in the working area of the Bulili Public Health Center, Palu City. Method: This research design was quantitative with a cross-sectional design, involving 82 mothers who have babies aged 6-12 months in the working area of the Bulili Health Center. The instrument used in this study was a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form questionnaire containing demographic data, breastfeeding experience data, observations of others, verbal persuasion, physical and emotional conditions. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Fisher's Exact Test with a significant level of p <0.05. Results: The sample with good breastfeeding experience was 62.9%, those who got the experience of others in the good category were 61.0%, those samples with verbal persuasion were in a good category of 75.6%. All samples (100%) were in good physiological and emotional condition. Breastfeeding Self-efficacy with a good category was 90.2%. The statistical test showed that the respondent's breastfeeding experience, other people's experiences, and verbal persuasion did not significantly correlate with Breastfeeding Self-efficacy with a p-value <0.05. Conclusion: Breastfeeding experience factors, experiences of other people, physiological and emotional conditions, and verbal persuasion did not significantly relate to the breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE) of mothers and babies in the Bulili Health Center Work Area, Palu City.
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Beggs B, Koshy L, Neiterman E. Women's Perceptions and Experiences of Breastfeeding: a scoping review of the literature. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2169. [PMID: 34836514 PMCID: PMC8626903 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite public health efforts to promote breastfeeding, global rates of breastfeeding continue to trail behind the goals identified by the World Health Organization. While the literature exploring breastfeeding beliefs and practices is growing, it offers various and sometimes conflicting explanations regarding women's attitudes towards and experiences of breastfeeding. This research explores existing empirical literature regarding women's perceptions about and experiences with breastfeeding. The overall goal of this research is to identify what barriers mothers face when attempting to breastfeed and what supports they need to guide their breastfeeding choices. METHODS This paper uses a scoping review methodology developed by Arksey and O'Malley. PubMed, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, and PsychInfo databases were searched utilizing a predetermined string of keywords. After removing duplicates, papers published in 2010-2020 in English were screened for eligibility. A literature extraction tool and thematic analysis were used to code and analyze the data. RESULTS In total, 59 papers were included in the review. Thematic analysis showed that mothers tend to assume that breastfeeding will be easy and find it difficult to cope with breastfeeding challenges. A lack of partner support and social networks, as well as advice from health care professionals, play critical roles in women's decision to breastfeed. CONCLUSION While breastfeeding mothers are generally aware of the benefits of breastfeeding, they experience barriers at individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels. It is important to acknowledge that breastfeeding is associated with challenges and provide adequate supports for mothers so that their experiences can be improved, and breastfeeding rates can reach those identified by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Beggs
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Liza Koshy
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elena Neiterman
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Pacheco F, Sobral M, Guiomar R, de la Torre-Luque A, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Ganho-Ávila A. Breastfeeding during COVID-19: A Narrative Review of the Psychological Impact on Mothers. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:34. [PMID: 33799384 PMCID: PMC7999784 DOI: 10.3390/bs11030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the normal course of life, with measures to reduce the virus spread impacting motherhood expectations and, in particular, breastfeeding practices. This study aimed to review evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding plans and how these relate to women's psychological outcomes. Searches were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science for studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between January 2020 and January 2021. All study designs and pre-prints were considered. Twelve studies were included. Reports suggest that COVID-19 impacts differently on breastfeeding plans, which in turn leads to distinctive mental health outcomes. Positive breastfeeding experiences have been observed when mothers perceive that they have more time for motherhood, which may be associated with better mental health outcomes. Negative breastfeeding experiences have been observed when mothers are separated from their newborns, when mothers struggle with breastfeeding, or when mothers perceive decreased family and professional support, which seems to be associated with worse mental health outcomes. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research into the association between COVID-19, breastfeeding expectations, and maternal mental health. Filling this gap will foster the development of guidelines and interventions to better support mothers experiencing the obstacles of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Pacheco
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.P.); (M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Mónica Sobral
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.P.); (M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.P.); (M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ganho-Ávila
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.P.); (M.S.); (R.G.)
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Maxwell C, Fleming KM, Fleming V, Porcellato L. UK mothers' experiences of bottle refusal by their breastfed baby. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e13047. [PMID: 32558209 PMCID: PMC7503095 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about bottle refusal by breastfed babies; however, an informal review of global online forums and social media suggested large numbers of mothers experiencing the scenario. This study aimed to explore UK mothers' experiences of bottle refusal by their breastfed baby in order to provide understanding of the scenario and enhance support for mothers experiencing it. A 22‐point online questionnaire was developed and completed by 841 UK mothers. Findings suggest that mothers introduced a bottle to their breastfed baby due to physical, psychological and socio‐cultural factors. Advice and support for mothers experiencing bottle refusal was not always helpful, and 27% of mothers reported bottle refusal as having a negative impact on their breastfeeding experience. When compared with eventual bottle acceptance, bottle refusal was significantly associated with previous experience of bottle refusal (p < .001), how frequently mothers intended to feed their baby by bottle and babies being younger at the first attempt to introduce a bottle (p < .001). This study provides a unique insight into the complexities of bottle refusal by breastfed babies and the impact it can have upon mothers' breastfeeding experiences. It generates knowledge and understanding that can help to inform practice and policies. In addition, a ‘normalising’ of the scenario could enable mothers, and those supporting them, to view and manage it more positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Maxwell
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Allied Health, Henry Cotton Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kate M Fleming
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Valerie Fleming
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Allied Health, Henry Cotton Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorna Porcellato
- Public Health Institute, Exchange Station, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Cato K, Sylvén SM, Henriksson HW, Rubertsson C. Breastfeeding as a balancing act - pregnant Swedish women's voices on breastfeeding. Int Breastfeed J 2020; 15:16. [PMID: 32138725 PMCID: PMC7059277 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding provides health benefits to both women and children. The rationale behind an individual woman's decision to breastfeed or not can depend on several factors, either independently or in combination. The aim of the current study was to explore attitudes towards breastfeeding among pregnant women in Sweden who intend to breastfeed. METHODS Eleven mothers-to-be, one of whom had previous breastfeeding experience, participated in the study. The women were interviewed either by telephone or face-to-face during late pregnancy, with the aim of exploring their attitudes towards breastfeeding. A semi-structured interview-guide was used, and the transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The social ecological model of health is the theory-based framework underpinning this study. The model provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the factors that influence breastfeeding intention. RESULTS When interviewed during pregnancy, women described breastfeeding as a balancing act between societal norms and personal desires. The women perceived a societal pressure to breastfeed, however it was accompanied by boundaries and mixed messages. This perceived pressure was balanced by their own knowledge of breastfeeding, in particular their knowledge of other women's experience of breastfeeding. When envisioning their future breastfeeding, the women made uncertain and preliminary plans, and negotiated the benefits and drawbacks of breastfeeding. There was a wish for individual breastfeeding support and information. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant Swedish women perceive their future breastfeeding as a balancing act between societal norms and personal desires. These findings suggest that while discussing breastfeeding during pregnancy, it could be of interest to collect information from pregnant women on their knowledge of breastfeeding and from where they have gained this knowledge, since stories from family and friends may make them question their own capacity to breastfeed. A thorough review of the woman's experiences and attitudes of breastfeeding is important in order to offer the best evidence-based breastfeeding support. TRIAL REGISTRATION Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Regional Ethical Review Board in Uppsala (Dnr: 2017/256).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Cato
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara M. Sylvén
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Christine Rubertsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 188, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Giannì ML, Lanzani M, Consales A, Bestetti G, Colombo L, Bettinelli ME, Plevani L, Morniroli D, Sorrentino G, Bezze E, Zanotta L, Sannino P, Cavallaro G, Villamor E, Marchisio P, Mosca F. Exploring the Emotional Breastfeeding Experience of First-Time Mothers: Implications for Healthcare Support. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:199. [PMID: 32457856 PMCID: PMC7221017 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among breastfeeding determinants, the unique emotional breastfeeding experience has been poorly explored. The present study aimed to investigate the emotional breastfeeding experience in a cohort of first-time mothers. Materials and methods: We conducted a prospective observational study that enrolled primiparas having delivered singleton healthy term newborns, and exclusively breastfeeding at hospital discharge. At 3 months post-delivery mothers accessed an online questionnaire investigating their emotional breastfeeding experience. The chi-squared test was used to assess the association between the feelings experienced during breastfeeding and feeding outcomes at 3 months. Results: Out of the 421 enrolled mothers, 273 (65%) completed the questionnaire. At 3 months post-delivery exclusive breastfeeding was reported by a 66% of mothers, a 19% reported complementary feeding, and a 15% of mothers reported exclusive formula feeding. Breastfeeding experience was described as positive by 62% of mothers although breastfeeding difficulties were reported by 80% of the mothers. The mothers that had experienced fear, sadness, anger or concern during breastfeeding showed a significant higher exclusive formula feeding rate at 3 months post-delivery than those who did not (25.5 vs. 12.8%, p = 0.021; 28.6 vs. 13.4%, p = 0.02; 40 vs. 13.4%, p = 0.005; 20.5 vs. 11.8%, p = 0.049, respectively). An 85% of mothers stated that their breastfeeding experience was different from what they would have expected, blaming for this discrepancy the occurrence of difficulties during breastfeeding and the complexity of breastfeeding itself (50%), pain experience (8%), being dependent from the baby (6%), and breastfeeding failure (11%). A total of 25% of mothers, however, reported they found breastfeeding to be a much more positive experience than what they had expected. Conclusion: Breastfeeding care should include a tailored emotional support of first time-mothers in addition to the implementation of their breastfeeding knowledge and skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lorella Giannì
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Lanzani
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Consales
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bestetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane per la Formazione "Riccardo Massa," Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Plevani
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sorrentino
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bezze
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Zanotta
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizio Sannino
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, S.I.T.R.A. Basic Education Sector, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Kantrowitz-Gordon I, Abbott S, Hoehn R. Experiences of Postpartum Women after Mindfulness Childbirth Classes: A Qualitative Study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2018; 63:462-469. [DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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