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Acciai C, Schneider JW, Nielsen MW. Estimating social bias in data sharing behaviours: an open science experiment. Sci Data 2023; 10:233. [PMID: 37085512 PMCID: PMC10120507 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Open data sharing is critical for scientific progress. Yet, many authors refrain from sharing scientific data, even when they have promised to do so. Through a preregistered, randomized audit experiment (N = 1,634), we tested possible ethnic, gender and status-related bias in scientists' data-sharing willingness. 814 (54%) authors of papers where data were indicated to be 'available upon request' responded to our data requests, and 226 (14%) either shared or indicated willingness to share all or some data. While our preregistered hypotheses regarding bias in data-sharing willingness were not confirmed, we observed systematically lower response rates for data requests made by putatively Chinese treatments compared to putatively Anglo-Saxon treatments. Further analysis indicated a theoretically plausible heterogeneity in the causal effect of ethnicity on data-sharing. In interaction analyses, we found indications of lower responsiveness and data-sharing willingness towards male but not female data requestors with Chinese names. These disparities, which likely arise from stereotypic beliefs about male Chinese requestors' trustworthiness and deservingness, impede scientific progress by preventing the free circulation of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Acciai
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jesper W Schneider
- Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 7, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mathias W Nielsen
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Crabtree C, Kim JY, Gaddis SM, Holbein JB, Guage C, Marx WW. Validated names for experimental studies on race and ethnicity. Sci Data 2023; 10:130. [PMID: 36899034 PMCID: PMC10006241 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A large and fast-growing number of studies across the social sciences use experiments to better understand the role of race in human interactions, particularly in the American context. Researchers often use names to signal the race of individuals portrayed in these experiments. However, those names might also signal other attributes, such as socioeconomic status (e.g., education and income) and citizenship. If they do, researchers would benefit greatly from pre-tested names with data on perceptions of these attributes; such data would permit researchers to draw correct inferences about the causal effect of race in their experiments. In this paper, we provide the largest dataset of validated name perceptions to date based on three different surveys conducted in the United States. In total, our data include over 44,170 name evaluations from 4,026 respondents for 600 names. In addition to respondent perceptions of race, income, education, and citizenship from names, our data also include respondent characteristics. Our data will be broadly helpful for researchers conducting experiments on the manifold ways in which race shapes American life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Crabtree
- Assistant Professor, Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755, USA.
| | - Jae Yeon Kim
- Assistant Research Scholar, SNF Agora Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA
| | - S Michael Gaddis
- Senior Research Scientist, NWEA Research, Portland, OR, 97209; Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - John B Holbein
- Associate Professor, Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22904, USA
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DiRago NV, Li M, Tom T, Schupmann W, Carrillo Y, Carey CM, Gaddis SM. COVID-19 Vaccine Rollouts and the Reproduction of Urban Spatial Inequality: Disparities Within Large US Cities in March and April 2021 by Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Composition. J Urban Health 2022; 99:191-207. [PMID: 35118595 PMCID: PMC8812364 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rollouts of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA were opportunities to redress disparities that surfaced during the pandemic. Initial eligibility criteria, however, neglected geographic, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic considerations. Marginalized populations may have faced barriers to then-scarce vaccines, reinforcing disparities. Inequalities may have subsided as eligibility expanded. Using spatial modeling, we investigate how strongly local vaccination levels were associated with socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition as authorities first extended vaccine eligibility to all adults. We harmonize administrative, demographic, and geospatial data across postal codes in eight large US cities over 3 weeks in Spring 2021. We find that, although vaccines were free regardless of health insurance coverage, local vaccination levels in March and April were negatively associated with poverty, enrollment in means-tested public health insurance (e.g., Medicaid), and the uninsured population. By April, vaccination levels in Black and Hispanic communities were only beginning to reach those of Asian and White communities in March. Increases in vaccination were smaller in socioeconomically disadvantaged Black and Hispanic communities than in more affluent, Asian, and White communities. Our findings suggest vaccine rollouts contributed to cumulative disadvantage. Populations that were left most vulnerable to COVID-19 benefited least from early expansions in vaccine availability in large US cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V. DiRago
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951551, 264 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551 USA
- California Center for Population Research, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 957236, 4284 Public Affairs Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7236 USA
| | - Meiying Li
- Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, 851 Downey Way, Hazel & Stanley Hall 314, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1059 USA
| | - Thalia Tom
- Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, 851 Downey Way, Hazel & Stanley Hall 314, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1059 USA
| | - Will Schupmann
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951551, 264 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551 USA
| | - Yvonne Carrillo
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951551, 264 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551 USA
| | - Colleen M. Carey
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, 109 Tower Road, 404 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2501 USA
| | - S. Michael Gaddis
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951551, 264 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551 USA
- California Center for Population Research, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 957236, 4284 Public Affairs Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7236 USA
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Priming COVID-19 salience increases prejudice and discriminatory intent against Asians and Hispanics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105125118. [PMID: 34462353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105125118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting reports in the media suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified prejudice and discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities, especially Asians. Existing research has focused on discrimination against Asians and is primarily based on self-reported incidents or nonrepresentative samples. We investigate the extent to which COVID-19 has fueled prejudice and discrimination against multiple racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States by examining nationally representative survey data with an embedded vignette experiment about roommate selection (collected in August 2020; n = 5,000). We find that priming COVID-19 salience has an immediate, statistically significant impact: compared to the control group, respondents in the treatment group exhibited increased prejudice and discriminatory intent against East Asian, South Asian, and Hispanic hypothetical room-seekers. The treatment effect is more pronounced in increasing extreme negative attitudes toward the three minority groups than decreasing extreme positive attitudes toward them. This is partly due to the treatment increasing the proportion of respondents who perceive these minority groups as extremely culturally incompatible (Asians and Hispanics) and extremely irresponsible (Asians). Sociopolitical factors did not moderate the treatment effects on attitudes toward Asians, but prior social contact with Hispanics mitigated prejudices against them. These findings suggest that COVID-19-fueled prejudice and discrimination have not been limited to East Asians but are part of a broader phenomenon that has affected Asians generally and Hispanics as well.
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