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Müller L, Burton AK, Tayler CL, Rowedder JE, Hutchinson JP, Peace S, Quayle JM, Leveridge MV, Annan RS, Trost M, Peltier-Heap RE, Dueñas ME. A high-throughput MALDI-TOF MS biochemical screen for small molecule inhibitors of the antigen aminopeptidase ERAP1. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:3-11. [PMID: 36414185 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful analytical technique that provides a fast and label-free readout for in vitro assays in the high-throughput screening (HTS) environment. Here, we describe the development of a novel, HTS compatible, MALDI-TOF MS-based drug discovery assay for the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), an important target in immuno-oncology and auto-immune diseases. A MALDI-TOF MS assay was developed beginning with an already established ERAP1 RapidFire MS (RF MS) assay, where the peptide YTAFTIPSI is trimmed into the product TAFTIPSI. We noted low ionisation efficiency of these peptides in MALDI-TOF MS and hence incorporated arginine residues into the peptide sequences to improve ionisation. The optimal assay conditions were established with these new basic assay peptides on the MALDI-TOF MS platform and validated with known ERAP1 inhibitors. Assay stability, reproducibility and robustness was demonstrated on the MALDI-TOF MS platform. From a set of 699 confirmed ERAP1 binders, identified in a prior affinity selection mass spectrometry (ASMS) screen, active compounds were determined at single concentration and in a dose-response format with the new MALDI-TOF MS setup. Furthermore, to allow for platform performance comparison, the same compound set was tested on the established RF MS setup, as the new basic peptides showed fragmentation in ESI-MS. The two platforms showed a comparable performance, but the MALDI-TOF MS platform had several advantages, such as shorter sample cycle times, reduced reagent consumption, and a lower tight-binding limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Müller
- Newcastle University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Amy K Burton
- GSK, Discovery Analytical, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe L Tayler
- GSK, Discovery Analytical, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - James E Rowedder
- GSK, Screening, Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Hutchinson
- GSK, Screening, Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Peace
- GSK, Medicinal Chemistry, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Quayle
- GSK, Discovery Analytical, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie V Leveridge
- GSK, Screening, Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Roland S Annan
- GSK, Discovery Analytical, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Newcastle University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Newcastle University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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5
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Winter M, Bretschneider T, Thamm S, Kleiner C, Grabowski D, Chandler S, Ries R, Kley JT, Fowler D, Bartlett C, Binetti R, Broadwater J, Luippold AH, Bischoff D, Büttner FH. Chemical Derivatization Enables MALDI-TOF-Based High-Throughput Screening for Microbial Trimethylamine (TMA)-Lyase Inhibitors. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:766-777. [PMID: 31059309 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219838216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-dependent trimethylamine (TMA) generation from dietary precursors such as choline was recently linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inhibition of TMA-generating enzymes in gut bacteria would be an innovative approach to treat these diseases. The potential to accurately quantify secreted TMA levels highlights the capacity of mass spectrometry (MS) for tracking microbial TMA-lyase activity. However, high-throughput screening (HTS) by conventional MS instrumentation is hampered by limited sample throughput. Recent advancement in liquid handling and instrumentation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS provides an HTS-compatible MS technology. The deciphering of enzymatic reactions using this label-free readout has been successfully applied but has thus far been limited to peptide/protein-centric activity assays. Here, we demonstrate the versatile applicability of MALDI-TOF by tracking a small molecule within a highly complex sample background. The key to success for this concept was chemical derivatization of the target molecule enabling quantitative assessment of microbial TMA formation. Further, its potential was demonstrated in a side-by-side comparison to RapidFire-MS in a primary screen and subsequent dose-response experiments. Overall, the established assay enables the screening for microbial TMA-lyase inhibitors and serves as a proof of concept for the applicability of MALDI-TOF for demanding assay concepts per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Winter
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Sven Thamm
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Carola Kleiner
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabowski
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Sarah Chandler
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Robert Ries
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jörg T Kley
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Danielle Fowler
- 3 Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Christina Bartlett
- 3 Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Ralph Binetti
- 4 Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John Broadwater
- 3 Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Daniel Bischoff
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Frank H Büttner
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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6
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Himmel LE, Hackett TA, Moore JL, Adams WR, Thomas G, Novitskaya T, Caprioli RM, Zijlstra A, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Boyd KL. Beyond the H&E: Advanced Technologies for in situ Tissue Biomarker Imaging. ILAR J 2018; 59:51-65. [PMID: 30462242 PMCID: PMC6645175 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, histopathology with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining has been and remains the gold standard for reaching a morphologic diagnosis in tissue samples from humans and veterinary species. However, within the past decade, there has been exponential growth in advanced techniques for in situ tissue biomarker imaging that bridge the divide between anatomic and molecular pathology. It is now possible to simultaneously observe localization and expression magnitude of multiple protein, nucleic acid, and molecular targets in tissue sections and apply machine learning to synthesize vast, image-derived datasets. As these technologies become more sophisticated and widely available, a team-science approach involving subspecialists with medical, engineering, and physics backgrounds is critical to upholding quality and validity in studies generating these data. The purpose of this manuscript is to detail the scientific premise, tools and training, quality control, and data collection and analysis considerations needed for the most prominent advanced imaging technologies currently applied in tissue sections: immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, laser capture microdissection, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry, and spectroscopic/optical methods. We conclude with a brief overview of future directions for ex vivo and in vivo imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Himmel
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jessica L Moore
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wilson R Adams
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Giju Thomas
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tatiana Novitskaya
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Lauren E. Himmel, DVM, PhD, is an assistant professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Troy A. Hackett, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Jessica L. Moore, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Mass Spectrometry Research Center at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson R. Adams, BS, is graduate student in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Giju Thomas, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher in the Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Tatiana Novitskaya, MD, PhD, is a staff scientist in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Richard M. Caprioli, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. Andries Zijlstra, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and Department of Neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Kelli L. Boyd, DVM, PhD, is a professor and veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
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