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Paul P, Tiwari B. Organelles are miscommunicating: Membrane contact sites getting hijacked by pathogens. Virulence 2023; 14:2265095. [PMID: 37862470 PMCID: PMC10591786 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane Contact Sites (MCS) are areas of close apposition of organelles that serve as hotspots for crosstalk and direct transport of lipids, proteins and metabolites. Contact sites play an important role in Ca2+ signalling, phospholipid synthesis, and micro autophagy. Initially, altered regulation of vesicular trafficking was regarded as the key mechanism for intracellular pathogen survival. However, emerging studies indicate that pathogens hijack MCS elements - a novel strategy for survival and replication in an intracellular environment. Several pathogens exploit MCS to establish direct contact between organelles and replication inclusion bodies, which are essential for their survival within the cell. By establishing this direct control, pathogens gain access to cytosolic compounds necessary for replication, maintenance, escaping endocytic maturation and circumventing lysosome fusion. MCS components such as VAP A/B, OSBP, and STIM1 are targeted by pathogens through their effectors and secretion systems. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms which operate in the evasion of the host immune system when intracellular pathogens hostage MCS. We explore targeting MCS components as a novel therapeutic approach, modifying molecular pathways and signalling to address the disease's mechanisms and offer more effective, tailored treatments for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyashaa Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
| | - Bhavana Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
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2
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Jury B, Fleming C, Huston WM, Luu LDW. Molecular pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1281823. [PMID: 37920447 PMCID: PMC10619736 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1281823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a strict intracellular human pathogen. It is the main bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections and the etiologic agent of trachoma, which is the leading cause of preventable blindness. Despite over 100 years since C. trachomatis was first identified, there is still no vaccine. However in recent years, the advancement of genetic manipulation approaches for C. trachomatis has increased our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of C. trachomatis and progress towards a vaccine. In this mini-review, we aimed to outline the factors related to the developmental cycle phase and specific pathogenesis activity of C. trachomatis in order to focus priorities for future genetic approaches. We highlight the factors known to be critical for developmental cycle stages, gene expression regulatory factors, type III secretion system and their effectors, and individual virulence factors with known impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Jury
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Charlotte Fleming
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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3
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Vormittag S, Ende RJ, Derré I, Hilbi H. Pathogen vacuole membrane contact sites - close encounters of the fifth kind. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad018. [PMID: 37223745 PMCID: PMC10117887 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion are well-characterized, versatile, and sophisticated means of 'long range' intracellular protein and lipid delivery. Membrane contact sites (MCS) have been studied in far less detail, but are crucial for 'short range' (10-30 nm) communication between organelles, as well as between pathogen vacuoles and organelles. MCS are specialized in the non-vesicular trafficking of small molecules such as calcium and lipids. Pivotal MCS components important for lipid transfer are the VAP receptor/tether protein, oxysterol binding proteins (OSBPs), the ceramide transport protein CERT, the phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac1, and the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P). In this review, we discuss how these MCS components are subverted by bacterial pathogens and their secreted effector proteins to promote intracellular survival and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Derré
- Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Tel: +1-434-924-2330; E-mail:
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Corresponding author. Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland. Tel: +41-44-634-2650; E-mail:
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Vormittag S, Hüsler D, Haneburger I, Kroniger T, Anand A, Prantl M, Barisch C, Maaß S, Becher D, Letourneur F, Hilbi H. Legionella- and host-driven lipid flux at LCV-ER membrane contact sites promotes vacuole remodeling. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56007. [PMID: 36588479 PMCID: PMC9986823 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila replicates in macrophages and amoeba within a unique compartment, the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Hallmarks of LCV formation are the phosphoinositide lipid conversion from PtdIns(3)P to PtdIns(4)P, fusion with ER-derived vesicles and a tight association with the ER. Proteomics of purified LCVs indicate the presence of membrane contact sites (MCS) proteins possibly implicated in lipid exchange. Using dually fluorescence-labeled Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba, we reveal that VAMP-associated protein (Vap) and the PtdIns(4)P 4-phosphatase Sac1 localize to the ER, and Vap also localizes to the LCV membrane. Furthermore, Vap as well as Sac1 promote intracellular replication of L. pneumophila and LCV remodeling. Oxysterol binding proteins (OSBPs) preferentially localize to the ER (OSBP8) or the LCV membrane (OSBP11), respectively, and restrict (OSBP8) or promote (OSBP11) bacterial replication and LCV expansion. The sterol probes GFP-D4H* and filipin indicate that sterols are rapidly depleted from LCVs, while PtdIns(4)P accumulates. In addition to Sac1, the PtdIns(4)P-subverting L. pneumophila effector proteins LepB and SidC also support LCV remodeling. Taken together, the Legionella- and host cell-driven PtdIns(4)P gradient at LCV-ER MCSs promotes Vap-, OSBP- and Sac1-dependent pathogen vacuole maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vormittag
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Dario Hüsler
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ina Haneburger
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Kroniger
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Aby Anand
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Manuel Prantl
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Sandra Maaß
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - François Letourneur
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUniversité de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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Tu YXI, Sydor AM, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Dyer D, Mellouk N, St-Germain J, Vernon RM, Forman-Kay JD, Li T, Hua R, Zhao K, Ridgway ND, Kim PK, Raught B, Brumell JH. Global Proximity Interactome of the Human Macroautophagy Pathway. Autophagy 2021; 18:1174-1186. [PMID: 34524948 PMCID: PMC9196747 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1965711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic cellular pathway involving the engulfment of macromolecules, organelles, and invading microbes by a double-membrane compartment and subsequent lysosomal degradation. The mechanisms that regulate macroautophagy, and the interaction of its components with other cellular pathways, have remained unclear. Here, we performed proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) on 39 core human macroautophagy proteins, identifying over 700 unique high confidence proximity interactors with new putative connections between macroautophagic and essential cellular processes. Of note, we identify members of the OSBPL (oxysterol binding protein like) family as Atg8-family protein interactors. We subsequently conducted comprehensive screens of the OSBPL family for LC3B-binding and roles in xenophagy and aggrephagy. OSBPL7 and OSBPL11 emerged as novel lipid transfer proteins required for macroautophagy of selective cargo. Altogether, our proximity interaction map provides a valuable resource for the study of autophagy and highlights the critical role of membrane contact site proteins in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin Iris Tu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Sydor
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Dyer
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nora Mellouk
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert M Vernon
- Molecular Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie D Forman-Kay
- Molecular Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taoyingnan Li
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Hua
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kexin Zhao
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jiang C, Huang X, Yao J, Yu L, Wei F, Yang A. The role of membrane contact sites at the bacteria-host interface. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:270-282. [PMID: 34403642 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1961678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) refer to the areas of close proximity between heterologous membranes. A growing body of evidence indicates that MCSs are involved in important cellular functions, such as cellular material transfer, organelle biogenesis, and cell growth. Importantly, the study of MCSs at the bacteria-host interface is an emerging popular research topic. Intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved a variety of fascinating strategies to interfere with MCSs by injecting effectors into infected host cells. Bacteria-containing vacuoles establish direct physical contact with organelles within the host, ensuring vacuolar membrane integrity and energy supply from host organelles and protecting the vacuoles from the host endocytic pathway and lysosomal degradation. An increasing number of bacterial effectors from various bacterial pathogens hijack components of host MCSs to form the vacuole-organelle MCSs for material exchange. MCS-related events have been identified as new mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis to greatly improve bacterial survival and replication within host cells. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in MCSs at the bacteria-host interface, focussing on the roles of MCSs mediated by bacterial effectors in microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fujing Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Rosado A, Bayer EM. Geometry and cellular function of organelle membrane interfaces. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:650-662. [PMID: 33793898 PMCID: PMC8133572 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A vast majority of cellular processes take root at the surface of biological membranes. By providing a two-dimensional platform with limited diffusion, membranes are, by nature, perfect devices to concentrate signaling and metabolic components. As such, membranes often act as "key processors" of cellular information. Biological membranes are highly dynamic and deformable and can be shaped into curved, tubular, or flat conformations, resulting in differentiated biophysical properties. At membrane contact sites, membranes from adjacent organelles come together into a unique 3D configuration, forming functionally distinct microdomains, which facilitate spatially regulated functions, such as organelle communication. Here, we describe the diversity of geometries of contact site-forming membranes in different eukaryotic organisms and explore the emerging notion that their shape, 3D architecture, and remodeling jointly define their cellular activity. The review also provides selected examples highlighting changes in membrane contact site architecture acting as rapid and local responses to cellular perturbations, and summarizes our current understanding of how those structural changes confer functional specificity to those cellular territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Author for communication:
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