An effective treatment for cerebral hemorrhage: minimally invasive craniopuncture combined with urokinase infusion therapy

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Review

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for approximately 20% of all strokes and is associated with high mortality and disability rates. Despite numerous trials, conventional surgical approaches have not demonstrated consistent improvements in functional outcomes. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for ICH evacuation has emerged as a promising alternative, with the potential to improve functional outcomes and reduce mortality. Objectives: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various MIS techniques and their reported impact on functional outcomes in patients with spontaneous ICH while discussing key limitations in the existing literature. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed to identify studies published from 1 January 2010 to 22 March 2024. The search strategy included the following terms: ("minimally*"[All Fields] AND "invasive*"[All Fields] AND "surgery*"[All Fields] AND "intracerebral*"[All Fields] AND "hemorrhage*"[All Fields]) AND (2010:2024[pdat]). This review focuses on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluate MIS techniques for ICH and their clinical outcomes. Results: Our search identified six RCTs conducted between January 2010 and March 2024, encompassing 2180 patients with a mean age of 58.03 ± 4.5 years. Four trials demonstrated significantly improved functional recovery (mRs ≤ 3), reduced mortality, and fewer adverse events compared with standard medical management or conventional craniotomy. All MIS techniques rely on stereotactic planning and the use of tools such as exoscopes, endoscopes, craniopuncture, or thrombolytic irrigation for precise hematoma evacuation. These approaches reduce brain tissue disruption and improve precision. However, the variability in techniques, costs, and lack of an external validation limit the generalizability of these findings. Conclusions: MIS shows potential as an alternative to conventional management strategies for ICH, offering encouraging evidence for improved functional outcomes and reduced mortality in selected studies. However, these findings remain limited by gaps in the literature, including the need for external validation, significant methodological heterogeneity, and economic challenges. Further rigorous trials are essential to confirm the generalizability and long-term impact of these approaches.

Surgical interventions for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background

Surgical interventions for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) include conventional craniotomy (CC), decompressive craniectomy (DC), and minimally invasive surgery (MIS), with the latter encompassing endoscopic surgery (ES) and minimally invasive puncture surgery (MIPS). However, the superiority of surgery over conservative medical treatment (CMT) and the comparative benefits of different surgical procedures remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various surgical interventions for treating ICH.

Methods

In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to June 16, 2024. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgery (i.e., CC, ES, MIPS, or DC) with CMT or comparing different types of surgeries in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH. Paired reviewers independently screened citations, assessed the risk of bias of included trials, and extracted data. Primary outcomes were good functional outcome and mortality at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were good functional outcome and mortality at different follow-up times, complications (rebleeding, brain infection, pulmonary infection), and hematoma evacuation rate. The frequentist pairwise and network meta-analysis (NMA) were performed. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42024518961.

Findings

Of the 8573 total records identified by our searches, 31 studies (6448 patients) were eligible for the systematic review and network analysis. Compared with CMT, moderate certainty evidence showed that surgery improved good functional outcome (risk ratio [RR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.13-1.52; risk difference [RD] 9.1%, 95% CI 3.8 to 15.3; I 2  = 36%) and reduced mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.95; RD -5.1%, 95% CI -8.2 to -1.4; I 2  = 14%). Moderate certainty evidence from NMA suggested that compared with CMT, both ES (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18-1.93; RD 9.4%, 95% CI 3.3-17.1) and MIPS (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.24-1.76; RD 15.7%, 95% CI 7.9-24.9) improved good functional outcome at 6 months, and both ES (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.85; RD -17.0%, 95% CI -24.0 to -7.5) and CC (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60-0.94; RD -6.3%, 95% CI -10.1 to -1.5) reduced mortality at 6 months, whereas MIPS and DC showed a trend, although not statistically significant, towards a reduction in mortality. ES and MIPS also reduced pulmonary infection risk (ES RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.23-0.69; MIPS RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20-0.60; RD -5.3%, 95% CI -6.6 to -3.3). ES showed higher hematoma evacuation than CC (MD: 7.03, 95% CI: 3.42-10.65; I 2  = 94%). No difference in rebleeding or brain infection was found between CC and MIS.

Interpretation

Current moderate certainty evidence suggested that surgical intervention of spontaneous supratentorial ICH, may be associated with improved functional outcomes and a reduced risk of death at 6 months. The advantages of surgical haematoma removal are particularly pronounced when MIS including ES and MIPS are employed. ES could improve functional outcomes, reduce the risk of mortality and pulmonary infection, and have a high hematoma evacuation rate, suggesting that it might be an optimal surgical treatment.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes, and 1·3·5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.

Advancements of Endoscopic Surgery for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a severe cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and disability. And its treatment strategies have always been a hotspot in clinical research. Endoscopic surgery (ES) is widely used for treating sICH. A comprehensive review of ES for sICH is warranted to provide better understanding and guidance for clinicians. We provide an updated overview of the surgical equipment, surgical indications and timing, and technical advancements, as well as therapeutic effects and future directions.

METHODS

A narrative review of current literature in ES for sICH was performed based on publications from the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases up to December 2023.

RESULTS

ES has shown promising safety and efficacy, emerging as a favorable minimally invasive alternative to conventional craniotomy. It reduces perioperative risks associated with long procedures and significant intraoperative bleeding. Recent advancements in ES techniques have led to superior outcomes in mortality reduction and functional recovery. Scholars' systematic studies and summaries underscore ES's role in improving long-term outcomes for sICH patients. However, its limitations, including reduced depth perception, difficulty in managing deep hematomas, and reduced ability to control rapid bleeding control, should be noted.

CONCLUSIONS

ES represents a significant advancement in the treatment of sICH. Its minimally invasive features, coupled with continuous methodological refinement, contribute to a lower mortality rate and better functional recovery compared to traditional methods. ES should be considered a significant option in the surgical management of sICH, necessitating further research and standardization to enhance patient care and outcomes.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Meta-Analysis of High-Quality Randomized Clinical Trials

OBJECTIVES

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) poses high mortality and morbidity rates with limited evidence-based therapeutic approaches. We aimed to evaluate the current evidence for the role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the management of ICH.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed recommended guidelines and protocols. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception up to April 12, 2024. The inclusion was restricted to randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of high quality, ensuring they were not deemed to have a high risk of bias in any of the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2) domains. Primary outcomes were good functional outcome (modified Rankin scale, 0-3) and mortality beyond 90 days. Secondary outcomes were early mortality within 30 days and rebleeding rates. We pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models.

RESULTS

Fourteen high-quality RCTs were included. There were 3,027 patients with ICH (1,475 randomized to MIS, and 1,452 randomized to medical management or craniotomy). Of included patients, 1,899 (62.7%) were males. MIS resulted in higher odds of achieving long-term good functional outcome (OR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.25-1.82]), lower odds of long-term mortality (OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.57-0.90]) and lower odds of early mortality (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56-0.95]). Rebleeding rates were similar (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.55-2.19]). The treatment effect of MIS was consistent across multiple sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including individuals with deep ICH.

INTERPRETATION

This meta-analysis provides high-quality clinical trial evidence supporting the use of MIS as a primary treatment strategy in the management of ICH. ANN NEUROL 2024.

Optimal Concentric Tube Robot Design for Safe Intracerebral Hemorrhage Removal

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the geometrical design and path planning of Concentric tube robots (CTR) for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation, with a focus on minimizing the risk of damaging white matter tracts and cerebral arteries.

Methods

To achieve our objective, we propose a parametrization method describing a general class of CTR geometric designs. We present mathematical models that describe the CTR design constraints and provide the calculation of a path risk value. We then use a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal tube geometry for targeting within the brain.

Results

Our results show that a multi-tube CTR design can significantly reduce the risk of damaging critical brain structures compared to the conventional straight tube design. However, there is no significant relationship between the path risk value and the number and shape of the additional inner curved tubes.

Conclusion

Considering the challenges of CTR hardware design, fabrication, and control, we conclude that the most practical geometry for a CTR path in ICH treatment is a straight outer tube followed by a planar curved inner tube. These findings have important implications for the development of safe and effective CTRs for ICH evacuation by enabling dexterous manipulation to minimize damage to critical brain structures.

Surgical evacuation of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage: Comparison of safety and efficacy of suboccipital craniotomy and robotic-assisted stereotactic hematoma drainage

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the efficacies of robotic-assisted stereotactic hematoma drainage and suboccipital craniotomy (SC) in patients with spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage (SCH).

METHODS

This retrospective study included 138 non-comatose patients with SCH (Glasgow Coma Scale score [GCS] >8), divided into the SC and Robotic Stereotactic Assistance (ROSA) groups. The study recorded and analyzed complications and prognoses 90 days after ictus.

RESULTS

The inclusion criteria were met by 138 patients: 61 in the SC and 77 in the ROSA group, with no significant differences in sex, age, GCS score, hematoma volume, and the time from ictus to operation. The time of operation was greater in the SC group (287.53±87.57) than in the ROSA group (60.54±20.03). The evacuation rate (ER) was greater in the SC group (93.20±1.58) than in the ROSA group (89.13±2.75). The incidence of pneumonia and stress ulcers, as well as the length or costs of medical services, were lower in the ROSA group than in the SC group. Ninety days after ictus, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Glasgow Prognostic Scale (GOS), and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) scores significantly differed between the groups. The rate of good prognosis in the ROSA group was significantly higher compared with that in the SC group. The incidence of balance disorders was lower in the ROSA group than in the SC group; no statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of dysarthria and swallowing disorders.

CONCLUSION

Robotic-assisted stereotactic hematoma drainage may be suitable for non-comatose and stable condition patients with SCH. This procedure improves prognosis 90 days after ictus, lowers the incidence of pneumonia and stress ulcers, and reduces the length and costs of medical services.

Minimally invasive puncture combined with a high frequency of urokinase therapy improves outcomes in patients with HICH

Minimally invasive puncture combined with urokinase is widely used in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). However, the appropriate frequency of urokinase following minimally invasive puncture in patients is still unclear. In total, 55 patients were enrolled in this study. According to the frequency of urokinase (10.0 ​× ​104 units) administration, 30 patients received urokinase at Q4h, while the other 25 patients received urokinase at Q8h. In the univariate analysis, preoperative GCS (p ​= ​0.0002), postoperative GCS (p ​= ​0.0007), the volume of residual hematoma (p ​= ​0.0179), and the frequency of urokinase (p ​= ​0.0110) were associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with HICH in the basal ganglia. The multivariate analysis revealed that the frequency of urokinase was independently associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with HICH in the basal ganglia (p ​= ​0.038, 1.109-35.380). The drainage time was significantly shorter in the Q4h group (14.17 ​± ​0.86 ​h) than in the Q8h group (27.36 ​± ​1.39 ​h) (p ​< ​0.0001). The GOS (4.37 ​± ​0.18), BI (75.52 ​± ​2.39), and mRS (1.67 ​± ​0.24) in the Q4h group were significantly ameliorated compared to those in the Q8h group (GOS 3.56 ​± ​0.18, BI 64.13 ​± ​2.22, and mRS 2.64 ​± ​0.28, respectively) (p ​= ​0.0004, p ​= ​0.0002, and p ​= ​0.0018) at 3 months of follow-up. Thus, minimally invasive puncture combined with urokinase is safe and efficient. Increasing the frequency of urokinase administration can produce faster and better postoperative recovery for patients with HICH in the basal ganglia.

Minimally invasive ultrasound-assisted evacuation of Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral hemorrhages: Retrospective observational single-cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To assess safety and efficacy of minimally invasive evacuation of Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage (SSICH) by means of tailored minicraniotomies and intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) assistance.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 55 patients who underwent microsurgical evacuation of SSICH using minicraniotomy and iUS assistance, between January 2015 and January 2022. Surgical complications, mortality rate, recurrent bleeding, percentage of hematoma evacuation and reliability of iUS were collected and investigated. The clinical outcomes were measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 months. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the differences between the pre-operative GCS (3-9 versus 10-14), the residual hematoma volume (<10ml versus >10ml) and the location (deep versus lobar).

RESULTS

3 patients had an unfavourable outcome owing to surgery. The 6-month overall mortality accounted for 10,9%. Symptomatic recurrent bleeding occurred in 3 cases. 2 patients (3.6%) developed brain swelling treated with decompressive hemicraniectomy. With reference to clinical outcome, 39 patients (70,9%) had a good functional outcome (GFO) and the average 6-month mRS was 2,75±1,97. Hematoma volume decreased from 54,2±12,8mL pre-evacuation (range 30-95mL) to 11,1±12,5mL post-evacuation (range 0-35mL), with an average reduction of 78,15%±16,4% (P < 0.001). iUS was reliable to correctly check hematoma evacuation during the procedure in 46 patients (83.6%). Pre-operative GCS>9 and residual hematoma <10ml were found to be associated with higher probability to have GFO (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Evacuation of SSICH using minicraniotomy with iUS assistance is a straightforward, affordable, and reproducible technique. Its safety and efficacy profiles appear consistent with other published studies.

Optimal time window for minimally invasive surgery in treating spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia region: a multicenter and retrospective study

BACKGROUND

The current treatment spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is limited.

AIM

To determine the optimal time window for minimally invasive surgery in patients with sICH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

sICH patients with a hematoma volume of 30-80 mL in the basal ganglia region were included in our study. A total of 357 patients were divided into groups according to different operative times from ICH onset (group 1: 0-6 h, group 2: 6-12 h, group 3: >12 h) and hematoma volumes (30-50 mL and >50 mL). All patients were followed-up for three months' post-operation, and their clinical outcomes were compared.

RESULTS

In the three groups of patients with hematoma volumes of 30-50 mL, the rebleeding and mortality rate were higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (p < .05). The activities of daily living evaluated by Barthel Index (BI) three months' post-operation was significantly lower in group 3 than other groups (p < .05) and group 2 had the highest proportion of good outcomes. Among the patients with the hematoma volumes of 50-80 mL, the rebleeding risk was higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in mortality rates among these three groups. Moreover, group 1 had significantly higher BI than groups 2 and 3 (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Minimally invasive surgery is safe and effective in patients with sICH. 6-12 h after sICH onset is the optimal surgical window for patients with hematoma volumes of 30-50 mL, while ultra-early (≤6 h) may achieve better results in patients with hematoma volumes of >50 mL.

Clinical application of 3DSlicer and Sina in minimally invasive puncture drainage of elderly patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage under local anesthesia

BACKGROUND

Decreased organ function and poor physical compensatory capacity in elderly patients diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can make surgical treatment procedures challenging and risky. Minimally invasive puncture drainage (MIPD) combined with urokinase infusion therapy is a safe and feasible method of treating ICH. This study aimed to compare the treatment efficacy of MIPD conducted under local anesthesia using either 3DSlicer + Sina application or computer tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic localization of hematomas in elderly patients diagnosed with ICH.

METHODS

The study sample included 78 elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age) diagnosed with ICH for the first time. All patients exhibited stable vital signs and underwent surgical treatment. The study sample was randomly divided into two groups, either receiving 3DSlicer+Sina or CT-guided stereotactic assistance. The preoperative preparation time; hematoma localization accuracy rate; satisfactory hematoma puncture rate; hematoma clearance rate; postoperative rebleeding rate; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score after 7 days; and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

No significant differences in gender, age, preoperative GCS score, preoperative hematoma volume (HV), and surgical duration were observed between the two groups (all p-values > 0.05). However, the preoperative preparation time was shorter in the group receiving 3DSlicer + Sina assistance compared to that receiving CT-guided stereotactic assistance (p-value < 0.001). Both groups exhibited significant improvement in GCS scores and reduction in HV after surgery (all p-values < 0.001). The accuracy of hematoma localization and puncture was 100% in both groups. There were no significant differences in surgical duration, postoperative hematoma clearance rate, rebleeding rate, postoperative GCS and mRS scores between the two groups (all p-values > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of 3DSlicer and Sina is effective in accurately identifying hematomas in elderly patients with ICH exhibiting stable vital signs, thus simplifying MIPD surgeries conducted under local anesthesia. This procedure may also be preferred over CT-guided stereotactic localization in clinical practice due to its ease of use and accuracy in hematoma localization.

Outcome Prediction of Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage after Surgical Treatment Based on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography: A Multicenter Study

This study aims to explore the value of a machine learning (ML) model based on radiomics features and clinical features in predicting the outcome of spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) 90 days after surgery. A total of 348 patients with sICH underwent craniotomy evacuation of hematoma from three medical centers. One hundred and eight radiomics features were extracted from sICH lesions on baseline CT. Radiomics features were screened using 12 feature selection algorithms. Clinical features included age, gender, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), midline shift (MLS), and deep ICH. Nine ML models were constructed based on clinical feature, and clinical features + radiomics features, respectively. Grid search was performed on different combinations of feature selection and ML model for parameter tuning. The averaged receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve (AUC) was calculated and the model with the largest AUC was selected. It was then tested using multicenter data. The combination of lasso regression feature selection and logistic regression model based on clinical features + radiomics features had the best performance (AUC: 0.87). The best model predicted an AUC of 0.85 (95%CI, 0.75-0.94) on the internal test set and 0.81 (95%CI, 0.64-0.99) and 0.83 (95%CI, 0.68-0.97) on the two external test sets, respectively. Twenty-two radiomics features were selected by lasso regression. The second-order feature gray level non-uniformity normalized was the most important radiomics feature. Age is the feature with the greatest contribution to prediction. The combination of clinical features and radiomics features using logistic regression models can improve the outcome prediction of patients with sICH 90 days after surgery.

Initial Experience With the NICO Myriad Device for Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Evacuation of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke for which there is no consensus treatment. Although open craniotomy has been explored as a surgical treatment option, multiple minimally invasive (MIS) techniques have been developed including endoscopic evacuation. An adjunctive aspiration device can be used through the working channel to provide an additional degree of freedom and increased functionality regarding clot manipulation and morcellation.

OBJECTIVE

To report our single-center technical experience with the Myriad device used as an adjunctive aspiration device during endoscopic ICH evacuation in an exploratory case series.

METHODS

Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were collected on patients who underwent MIS endoscopic ICH evacuation using the Myriad aspiration device from December 2018 to March 2019.

RESULTS

Eight patients underwent ICH evacuation with the Myriad aspiration device. Bleeding was confined to the cortex in 4 patients, subcortical region in 2 patients, and the cerebellum in 2 patients. One of the cerebellar cases also underwent suboccipital craniotomy. The mean preoperative hematoma volume was 65.1 ± 68.9 mL, and the median postoperative volume was 7.6 ± 9.0 mL, for an average evacuation percentage of 88.1% ± 12.1%. In 75% of the cases, a bleeding vessel was identified and treated with either cautery or irrigation alone. There was no hemorrhagic recurrence or mortality within 30 days.

CONCLUSION

Data from this initial experience suggest that MIS endoscopic ICH evacuation with the NICO Myriad aspiration device is feasible and technically effective. Multicenter exposure is necessary to verify broader applicability.

Reduction of Midline Shift and Short-Term Mortality Following Minimal Invasive Surgery for Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Retrospective and Case-Control Series

OBJECTIVE

Currently, the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is limiting, especially in patients with midline shift and supratentorial hemorrhage. Here, we investigated the clinical value of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in patients with midline shift and supratentorial sICH by observing the consciousness state, midline shift, and short-term mortality.

METHODS

A total of 124 supratentorial sICH patients with midline shift, hematoma volume >30 mL and <150 mL were included in this study. Based on treatment methods, the enrolled patients were divided into minimally invasive surgical (MIS) (group 1, n = 61) and conservative (group 2, n = 63) treatment groups. Measurements of midline shift and state of consciousness using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score were performed on day 2 following treatment. Additionally, mortality, adverse events, and neurologic recovery (modified Rankin Scale score) in each group were observed after 1 month.

RESULTS

On postoperative day 2, the recovery rates of midline shift and consciousness state in group 1 patients were 59.02% and 50.82%, respectively, significantly higher than group 2, 26.98% and 25.40% (P < 0.01). By comparing death, adverse events, and neurologic function recovery of the 2 groups within 1 month postoperative, we observed a significantly lower fatality rate in group 1 (16.39%; 10 cases) than group 2 (33.33%; 21 cases) (P < 0.05). No significant difference of the adverse event rates was observed between groups 1 and 2 (19.67% [12 cases] vs. 19.05% [12 cases]). In addition, neurologic function recovery also had no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

MIS could reduce early-stage midline shift, improve consciousness state and reduce short-term mortality in patients with supratentorial sICH.

Clinical Study on a Modified Hematoma Puncture Drainage Treatment in Patients with Hypertensive Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE

We aim to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of a modified hematoma puncture drainage treatment through the burr hole lateral to Kocher's point from the frontal lobe in patients with hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage.

METHODS

Twenty-six patients were enrolled in the retrospective study. The volume of hematoma in those patients was between 25 and 35 mL, and the Glasgow Coma Scale scores were between 9 and 11; they were divided into a hematoma puncture drainage treatment group and a traditional conservative treatment group. The volume of remaining hematoma, neurological function defect scores, and life quality after treatment, duration of hospitalization, and cost of hospitalization were analyzed in these 2 groups.

RESULTS

The volume of remaining hematoma was significantly less in the drainage group than that in the traditional group on the first day and the third day after treatment (P < 0.05). Posttreatment neurological function defect scores in the drainage group were statistically lower than those in the traditional group (P < 0.05). The duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter and the cost of hospitalization was also significantly less in the drainage group than that in the traditional group (P < 0.05). The Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and Barthel Index scores were significantly higher in the drainage group than those in the traditional group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the complication rates (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The modified hematoma puncture drainage treatment represents an effective and safe way to treat hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), especially related to intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), is the most devastating type of stroke and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Optimal management of ICH remains one of the most controversial areas of neurosurgery and no effective treatment exists for ICH. Studies comparing conventional surgical interventions with optimal medical management failed to show significant benefit. Recent exploration of minimally invasive surgery for ICH and IVH including catheter- and mechanical-based approaches has shown great promise. Early phase clinical trials have confirmed the safety and preliminary treatment effect of minimally invasive surgery for ICH and IVH. Pending efficacy data from phase III trials dealing with diverse minimally invasive techniques are likely to shape the treatment of ICH.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for ICH Evacuation Combined With Deferoxamine Treatment Increased Perihematomal Claudin-5 and ZO-1 Expression Levels and Decreased BBB Permeability in Rabbits

Objective

To investigate the role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation combined with deferoxamine (DFX) treatment on perihematomal tight junction protein (claudin-5 and ZO-1) expression levels and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in rabbits.

Methods

We randomly assigned 65 male rabbits (weight: 1.9–2.6 kg) to a normal control group (NC group, 13 rabbits), hemorrhage model group (HM group, 13), DFX treatment group (DFX group, 13 rabbits), MIS group (MIS group, 13 rabbits), or MIS combined with DFX treatment group (MIS + DFX group, 13 rabbits). ICH was established in all of the groups except the NC group. MIS was performed to evacuate the hematoma 6 h after the ICH model was created in the MIS and MIS + DFX groups. The DFX and MIS + DFX groups were treated with DFX (100 mg/kg, dissolved in 2 mL of 0.9% saline solution, administered intramuscularly) at 2 h, and then every 12 h for 7 d. The same dose of 0.9% saline solution was administered to the NC, HM, and MIS groups at the same time points. Sixty-five rabbits were divided into 5 groups, and 13 rabbits in each group. Neurological deficit (i.e., Purdy's score) was recorded in all rabbits before euthanasia (N total = 65). In each group, 2 rabbits were used for iron concentration measurement (N total = 10), 2 rabbits were used for brain water content measurement (N total = 10), 3 rabbits were used for BBB permeability measurement (N total = 15), 3 rabbits were used for claudin-5, ZO-1 expression detection by Western Blotting (N total = 15), and 3 rabbits were used for claudin-5, ZO-1 mRNA detection by real-time PCR (N total = 15). On day 7, the rabbits were sacrificed and the perihematomal brain tissue was harvested to test the iron concentration, brain water content (BWC), tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and ZO-1) expression, and BBB permeability.

Results

Purdy's score, iron concentration, and BWC were lower in the MIS and MIS + DFX groups compared to the HM and DFX groups. The MIS + DFX group showed a significant decrease in these indicators. The use of MIS to evacuate the hematoma led to increased expression levels of claudin-5 and ZO-1, as well as decreased BBB permeability. The MIS + DFX group exhibited a remarkable increase in claudin-5 and ZO-1 expression levels and a significant decrease in BBB permeability.

Conclusions

MIS combined with DFX treatment could increase the expression levels of perihematomal tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and ZO-1) expression, reduce BBB permeability, and improve the neurological function. MIS combined with DFX treatment may also prevent secondary brain damage following ICH.

Hemorrhagic Stroke: Endoscopic Aspiration

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) carry a very dismal prognosis. Several medical and surgical attempts have been made to reduce mortality and to improve neurological outcomes in survivors. Aggressive surgical treatment of ICH through craniotomy and microsurgical evacuation did not prove to be beneficial to these patients, compared to the best medical treatment. Similarly, the conventional treatment of IVH using an EVD is often effective in controlling ICP only initially, as it is very likely for the EVD to become obstructed by blood clots, requiring frequent replacements with a consequent increase of infection rates.Minimally invasive techniques have been proposed to manage these cases. Some are based on fibrinolytic agents that are infused in the hemorrhagic site through catheters with a single burr hole. Others are possible thanks to the development of neuroendoscopy. Endoscopic removal of ICH through a mini-craniotomy or a single burr hole, and via a parafascicular white matter trajectory, proved to reduce mortality in this population, and further randomized trials are expected to show whether also a better neurological outcome can be obtained in survivors. Moreover, endoscopy offers the opportunity to access the ventricular system to aspirate blood clots in patients with IVH. In such cases, the restoration of patency of the entire CSF pathway has the potential to improve outcome and reduce complications and now it is believed to decrease shunt-dependency.

Minimally Invasive Surgery in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been evaluated in clinical trials. Although meta-analyses on this topic have been performed in the past, recent trials have added important information to the results of the comparison. However, little work has been done to compare the effect of MIS and conventional treatment on patient prognosis, especially mortality.

Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on May 1, 2021, for randomized controlled trials of MIS for spontaneous ICH. The primary outcome was defined as death at follow-up, while the secondary outcome was defined as death in different comparisons between MIS and craniotomy (CT) or medication (Me).

Results: The initial search yielded 12 high-quality randomized controlled trials involving 2,100 patients. We analyzed the odds ratios (ORs) for MIS compared with conventional treatment, including Me and conventional CT. The OR and confidence intervals (CIs) of the primary and secondary outcomes were 0.62 (0.45–0.85) for MIS vs. conventional treatment. We also conducted subgroup analyses and found that the ORs and CIs for MIS compared with that of conventional treatment in the short-term follow-up were 0.58 (0.42–0.80), and, in the long-term follow-up, was 0.67 (0.46–0.98); and found that ORs were 0.68 (0.48–0.98) for MIS vs. CT and 0.57 (0.41–0.79) for MIS vs. Me.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that certain patients with ICH benefit in short- and long-term follow-up from MIS over other treatments, including open surgery and conventional Me.

Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.

Real-Time MRI-Guided Stereotactic Aspiration of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematoma: A Preclinical Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive surgical techniques have reinvigorated the role of surgical options for spontaneous intracranial hematomas; however, they are limited by the lack of real-time feedback on the extent of hematoma evacuation.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the development of a MRI-guided catheter-based aspiration system, the ClearPoint Pursuit Neuroaspiration Device (ClearPoint Neuro) and validation in phantom models.

METHODS

In this preclinical experimental trial, 8 phantom brains with skull models were created to simulate an intracranial hematoma with 2 clot sizes, 30 cc (small clot) and 60 cc (large clot). After registration, the aspiration catheter (Pursuit device) was aligned to the desired planned trajectory. The aspiration of the clot was performed under real-time MRI scan in 3 orthogonal views. The primary end point was reduction of the clot volume to less than 15 cc or 70% of the original clot volume.

RESULTS

Successful completion of clot evacuation was achieved in all models. The average postaspiration clot volume was 9.5 cc (8.7 cc for small clots and 10.2 cc for large clots). The average percentage reduction of clot volume was 76.3% (range 58.7%-85.2%). The average total procedure time (from frame registration to final postaspiration clot assessment) was 50 min. The average aspiration time was 6.9 min.

CONCLUSION

This preclinical trial confirms the feasibility and efficacy of MRI-guided aspiration under real-time image guidance in simulation models for intracranial hematoma. Clinical use of the system in patients would further validate its efficacy and safety.

A Compendium of Modern Minimally Invasive Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Techniques

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation has gained popularity with success in early-phase clinical trials. This procedure, however, is performed in very different ways around the world.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a technical description of these strategies that facilitates comparison and aids decisions in which surgery to perform, and to inform further improvements in minimally invasive ICH evacuation.

METHODS

Major authors of clinical trials evaluating each of the main techniques were contacted and asked to supply a case example and technical description of their respective surgeries.

RESULTS

Five major techniques are presented including stereotactic thrombolysis, craniopuncture, endoscopic, endoscope-assisted, and endoport-mediated. Techniques differ in numerous ways including the size of the cranial access, the size of the access corridor through the brain to the hematoma, and the evacuation strategy. Regarding cranial access, a burr hole is created in stereotactic thrombolysis and craniopuncture, a small craniectomy in endoscopic, and a small craniotomy in the other 2. Access corridors through the parenchyma range from 3 mm in craniopuncture to 13.5 mm in the endoport-mediated evacuation. Regarding evacuation strategies, stereotactic thrombolysis and craniopuncture rely on passive drainage from a catheter placed during surgery that remains in place for multiple days, while the other 3 techniques rely on active evacuation with suction and bipolar cautery.

CONCLUSION

Future comparative clinical trials may identify the advantageous components of each strategy and contribute to improved outcomes in this patient population.

When the Blood Hits Your Brain: The Neurotoxicity of Extravasated Blood

Hemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS), including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), remains highly morbid. Trials of medical management for these conditions over recent decades have been largely unsuccessful in improving outcome and reducing mortality. Beyond its role in creating mass effect, the presence of extravasated blood in patients with CNS hemorrhage is generally overlooked. Since trials of surgical intervention to remove CNS hemorrhage have been generally unsuccessful, the potent neurotoxicity of blood is generally viewed as a basic scientific curiosity rather than a clinically meaningful factor. In this review, we evaluate the direct role of blood as a neurotoxin and its subsequent clinical relevance. We first describe the molecular mechanisms of blood neurotoxicity. We then evaluate the clinical literature that directly relates to the evacuation of CNS hemorrhage. We posit that the efficacy of clot removal is a critical factor in outcome following surgical intervention. Future interventions for CNS hemorrhage should be guided by the principle that blood is exquisitely toxic to the brain.

Minimally Invasive Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Techniques: A Review

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) continues to have high morbidity and mortality. Improving ICH outcomes likely requires rapid removal of blood from the parenchyma and restraining edema formation while also limiting further neuronal damage due to the surgical intervention. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches promise to provide these benefits and have become alluring options for management of ICH. This review describes six MIS techniques for ICH evacuation including craniopuncture, stereotactic aspiration with thrombolysis, endoport-mediated evacuation, endoscope-assisted evacuation, adjunctive aspiration devices, and the surgiscope. The efficacy of each modality is discussed based on current literature. The largest clinical trials have yet to demonstrate definitive effects of MIS intervention on mortality and functional outcomes for ICH. Thus, there is a significant need for further innovation for ICH treatment. Multiple ongoing trials promise to better clarify the potential of the newer, non-thrombolytic MIS techniques.

Minimally invasive puncture versus conventional craniotomy for spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive puncture and conventional craniotomy are both utilized in the treatment of spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to review evidence that compares the safety and effectiveness of these two techniques.

METHODS

We searched EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed for studies published between 2000 and 2019 that compared the minimally invasive puncture procedure with the conventional craniotomy for the treatment of spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage.

RESULTS

Seven trials (2 randomized control trials and 5 observational studies) with a total of 970 patients were included. The odds ratio indicated a statistically significant difference between the minimally invasive puncture and conventional craniotomy in terms of good functional outcome (OR 2.36, 90% CI 1.24-4.49). The minimally invasive puncture procedure was associated with lower mortality rates (OR 0.61, 90% CI 0.44-0.85) and rebleeding rates (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.24-0.99; P=0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the minimally invasive puncture for the management of spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage was associated with better functional outcome results, a lower mortality rate, and decreased rebleeding rates. However, because insufficient data has been published thus far, we need more robust evidence to provide a better guide for future management.

Identifying the Specific Subtype of Intracerebral Hemorrhage that is Indicated for Minimally Invasive Craniopuncture

BACKGROUND

Surgeries for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain controversial. Our previous study found that postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow was associated with high hematoma evacuation efficiency in ICH cases with intraventricular involvement (ICHV) treated with minimally invasive craniopuncture (MIC). This study was designed to identify factors that predict postoperative CSF outflow and the specific subtype of ICHV that may benefit from MIC.

METHODS

A total of 189 MIC needles applied to 125 ICHV patients were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify independent predictive factors of postoperative CSF outflow.

RESULTS

A density of the whole hematoma of ≤ 59 HU [odds ratio (OR) = 8.572, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.235-22.714, P < 0.001, standardization regression coefficients B' = 0.576] and a distance between the needle tip and the ventricular tear (tip-tear distance) of 21.79-34.15 mm (OR = 25.566, 95% CI 8.707-75.074, P < 0.001, B' = 0.883) were identified as independent predictive factors of postoperative CSF outflow. The density of the hematoma within 34.15 mm of the tear (clot 3.4) showed no statistical difference from that of the whole hematoma (P = 0.571). A density of clot 3.4 ≤ 60 HU was also a predictive factor of postoperative CSF outflow (area under curve: 0.771).

CONCLUSIONS

ICHV patients who meet the following conditions may benefit from MIC: (1) The MIC needle tip can be placed in the hematoma 21.79-34.15 mm from the ventricular tear; (2) the density of the whole hematoma is low (≤ 59 HU); and (3) the density of clot 3.4 is also low (≤ 60 HU). Future perspective studies should be conducted on this specific patient subtype.

Bedside Catheter Hematoma Evacuation in Vitamin K Antagonist-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Safe and Feasible Approach

Background and Purpose: Although outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients is generally not improved by surgical intervention, the use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has shown promising results. However, vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-related ICH patients are underrepresented in surgical treatment trials. We therefore assessed the safety and efficacy of a bedside MIS approach including local application of urokinase in VKA-related ICH. Methods: Patients with a VKA-related ICH > 20 ml who received bedside hematoma evacuation treatment (n = 21) at the University Medical Center Freiburg were retrospectively included for analysis and compared to a historical control group (n = 35) selected from an institutional database (University Medical Center Erlangen) according to identical inclusion criteria. Propensity score matching was performed to obtain comparable cohorts. The evolution of hematoma and peri-hemorrhagic edema (PHE) volumes, midline shift, and the occurrence of adverse events were analyzed. Furthermore, we assessed the modified Rankin Scale and NIHSS scores recorded at discharge. Results: Propensity score matching resulted in 16 patients per group with well-balanced characteristics. Median ICH volume at admission was 45.7 (IQR: 24.2-56.7) ml in the control group and 48.4 (IQR: 28.7-59.6) ml in the treatment group (p = 0.327). ICH volume at day 7 was less pronounced in the treatment group [MIS: 23.2 ml (IQR: 15.8-32.3) vs. control: 43.2 ml (IQR: 27.5-52.4); p = 0.013], as was the increase in midline shift up to day 7 [MIS: -3.75 mM (IQR: -4.25 to -2) vs. control: 1 mM (IQR: 0-2); p < 0.001]. No group differences were observed in PHE volume on day 7 [MIS: 42.4 ml (IQR: 25.0-72.3) vs. control: 31.0 ml (IQR: 18.8-53.8); p = 0.274] or mRS at discharge [MIS: 5 (IQR: 4-5) and 5 (IQR: 4-5); p = 0.949]. No hematoma expansion was observed. The catheter had to be replaced in 1 patient (6%). Conclusions: Bedside catheter-based hematoma evacuation followed by local thrombolysis with urokinase appears to be feasible and safe in cases of large VKA-related ICH. Further studies that assess the functional outcome associated with this technique are warranted. Clinical Trial Registration: DRKS00007908 (German Clinical Trial Register; www.drks.de).

Efficacy and safety of four interventions for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a network meta-analysis

OBJECT

To investigate the efficacy and safety of four interventions of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage simultaneously.

METHODS

PubMed, EmBase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating endoscopic surgery (ES), minimally invasive puncture surgery (MIPS), conventional craniotomy (CC), and/or conservative medical treatment (CMT). Good functional outcome, death, and hemorrhage recurrence rates were evaluated by a network meta-analysis.

RESULTS

20 RCTs with 3603 patients were included. Compared with CMT, a higher rate of good functional outcome was found after ES (RR=2.21, 95% CI 1.37 to 3.55) and MIPS (RR=1.47, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.73). Both ES (RR=0.62, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.86) and MIPS (RR=0.72, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.90) markedly reduced the rate of death. However, there was no significant difference in efficacy and safety between ES and MIPS. The top ranked P score for the efficacy outcome was for ES (P score=0.9810). ES (P-score=0.0709) ranked lowest for the primary safety outcome. There was a higher risk of hemorrhage recurrence after CC (RR=3.80, 95% CI 1.90 to 7.63) and MIPS (RR=2.86, 95% CI 1.70 to 4.82) compared with CMT whereas no significant difference was found for ES (RR=1.46, 95% CI 0.53 to 4.02).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that both ES and MIPS significantly improve neurological function and reduce the risk of death compared with CMT, and there is no significant difference between ES and MIPS. Ranking of P scores revealed that ES may be the most optimal intervention to improve functional outcome and prevent death. This needs to be evaluated further.

Interventional Ultrasound Assisted Early Local Hemostatic Drug Therapy in Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage

This article aims to test a minimally invasive interventional approach by real-time transcranial contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) through a small bur hole to achieve an early local hemostatic drug therapy in a novel traumatic intracerebral hematoma (ICH) model of pigs with hemostatic abnormalities. The effects of hemostasis in the hemocoagulase atrox (HA) injection group and saline injection group groups were observed by transcranial CEUS at three time points: 0 s, 10 s, 2nd. We successfully established a novel traumatic ICH model of pigs with hemostatic abnormalities by the methods of interventional ultrasound techniques and observed the effect of hemostasis by using HA in a local injection method with the assistance of minimally invasive interventional ultrasound technique. At 0 s, four pigs (100%) were observed that active bleeding was significantly weakened, and the range of hematoma became smaller in the HA group. At 10 s, four pigs (100%) were observed that active bleeding became much weaker, and the range of hematoma became further smaller in the HA group. At 2nd, zero pigs (0/4, 0%) were observed that active bleeding could be clearly identified and four pigs (100%) with ICH could also be observed in the HA group. We believe this useful technique could minimize the invasiveness and be operated at the bedside, which would bring much more benefits for traumatic ICH patients.

Clinical neurorestorative therapeutic guideline for brainstem hemorrhage (2020 China version)

Brainstem hemorrhage (mainly pontine hemorrhage caused by hypertension) has the clinical characteristics of acute onset, rapid progress, high mortality, and high disability rate. Due to the complexity of the brainstem’s anatomical structure and functional importance, it is generally recognized that brainstem treatment is difficult and risky, so it has been regarded as a restricted area of surgery. However, in recent years, continuous progress is being made in many areas, including microsurgical technology, stereotactic technology, robot-assisted surgery, neuroendoscopy, and theoretical and clinical practice of neurorestoration, aiding in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of brainstem hemorrhage injuries. The Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR; Preparatory) and the China Committee of International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR-China Committee) organized relevant experts to formulate this clinical guideline to diagnose and restore damaged nerves after brainstem hemorrhages, promote a standardized diagnosis, and neurorestoratologically treat this disease.

Different surgical interventions for patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage: A network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed to explore the efficacy and safety of different surgical interventions in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage (SSICH) and determine which intervention is most suitable for such patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We searched the PubMed, Medline, OVID, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The quality of the included studies was assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using the software Stata 13.0 and RevMan 5.3.

RESULTS

Endoscopic surgery (ES), minimally invasive surgery combined with urokinase (MIS + UK), minimally invasive surgery combined with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (MIS + rt-PA), and craniotomy were associated with higher survival rates and a lower risk of intracranial rebleeding than standard medical care (SMC) in patients with SSICH, especially in younger patients with few comorbidities. The order from highest to lowest survival rate was ES, MIS + UK, MIS + rt-PA, craniotomy, and SMC. The order from lowest to highest intracranial rebleeding risk was ES, MIS + UK, craniotomy, MIS + rt-PA, and SMC. Additionally, compared with SMC, all four surgical interventions (ES, MIS + rt-PA, MIS + UK, and craniotomy) improved the prognosis and reduced the proportion of patients with serious disability. The order from most to least favorable prognosis was MIS + rt-PA, ES, MIS + UK, craniotomy, and SMC. The order from highest to lowest proportion of patients with serious disability was ES, MIS + rt-PA, MIS + UK, craniotomy, and SMC.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that the efficacy and safety of different surgical interventions (ES, MIS + UK, MIS + rt-PA, craniotomy) were superior to those of SMC in the patients with SSICH, especially in younger patients with few comorbidities. Among them, ES was the most reasonable and effective intervention. ES was found not only to improve the survival rate and prognosis but also to have the lowest risk of intracranial rebleeding and the lowest proportion of patients with serious disability.

Minimally invasive surgery and transsulcal parafascicular approach in the evacuation of intracerebral haemorrhage

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) describes haemorrhage into the brain parenchyma that may result in a decline of the patient’s neurological function. ICH is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aggressive surgical treatment for ICH has remained controversial as clinical trials have failed to demonstrate substantial improvement in patient outcome and mortality. Recently, promising mechanical and pharmacological minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques for the treatment of ICH have been described. MIS was designed with the objective of reducing morbidity due to complications of surgical manipulation. Mechanical MIS includes the use of tubular retractors and small diameter instruments for ICH removal. Pharmacological methods consist of catheter placement inside the haematoma cavity for the passive drainage of the haematoma over the course of several days. One of the most favourable approaches for MIS is the use of natural corridors for reaching the lesion, such as the transsulcal parafascicular approach. This approach provides an anatomical dissection of the subjacent white matter tracts, causing the least amount of damage while evacuating the haematoma. A detailed description of the currently known MIS techniques and devices is presented in this review. Special attention is given to the transsulcal parafascicular approach, which has particular benefits to provide a less traumatic MIS with promising overall patient outcome.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose- Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials. Although meta-analyses for this strategy have been performed in the past, recent trials add important information to results of the comparison and permit strategy-specific analyses, including evaluation of endoscopic evacuation and stereotactic thrombolysis. Methods- Major scientific databases including but not limited to Pubmed, the CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, the ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Internet Stroke Center, and the CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched in October of 2017 for randomized controlled trials of MIS treatment of supratentorial spontaneous ICH. The primary outcome was defined as death or dependence at the end of follow-up, and the secondary outcome was defined as death. Results- The initial search yielded 958 reports, which were reduced to 15 high-quality randomized controlled trials involving 2152 patients. We analyzed odds ratios for MIS overall, endoscopic surgery, and stereotactic thrombolysis compared with conventional treatment, including medical treatment and conventional craniotomy. The odds ratio and CIs of the primary and secondary outcomes were 0.46 (0.36-0.57) and 0.59 (0.45-0.76) for MIS versus conventional treatment; 0.40 (0.25-0.66) and 0.37 (0.20-0.67) for endoscopic surgery versus conventional treatment; 0.47 (0.34-0.65) and 0.76 (0.56-1.04) for stereotactic thrombolysis versus conventional treatment; and 0.44 (0.29-0.67) and 0.56 (0.37-0.84) for MIS versus craniotomy. We also conducted subgroup analyses focusing on time to evacuation for MIS versus conventional treatment and found 0.36 (0.22-0.59) and 0.59 (0.34-1.00) for evacuations performed within 24 hours and 0.49 (0.38-0.63) and 0.57 (0.43-0.76) for evacuations performed within 72 hours. Conclusions- This meta-analysis demonstrates that select patients with supratentorial ICH benefit from MIS over other treatments. This beneficial effect remains true when analyzing specific techniques and evacuation timing subgroups.

Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage with severe brainstem dysfunction through minimally invasive puncture treatment by locating the simple bedside

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of minimally invasive puncture treatment by positioning the simple bedside for spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage.From January 2017 to March 2018, the investigators applied simple bedside positioning to perform the intracranial hematoma minimally invasive surgery for 21 patients with cerebellar hemorrhage.For these 21 patients, the bleeding amount and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score before the operation were 18.5 ± 5.0 cc and 9.5 ± 3.3, respectively; 24 hours after the operation, the GCS score was 11.0 ± 4.6. Five patients died within 7 days of the operation and the head computed tomography (CT) was re-examined. It was found that the average bleeding amount was 3.4 ± 0.9 cc, the operation success rate was 76.2%, and the accurate puncture rate was 100%. Six months later, the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) score was 2.5 ± 2.0. The postoperative recovery was good. The situation shows that patients with favorable outcomes (MRS score 0-2) accounted for 38.1% (8/21), and the fatality rate was 33.3% (7/21).The efficacy of the intracranial hematoma minimally invasive surgery by positioning the simple bedside for spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage with severe brainstem dysfunction is good.

Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial

BACKGROUND

Acute stroke due to supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Open craniotomy haematoma evacuation has not been found to have any benefit in large randomised trials. We assessed whether minimally invasive catheter evacuation followed by thrombolysis (MISTIE), with the aim of decreasing clot size to 15 mL or less, would improve functional outcome in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage.

METHODS

MISTIE III was an open-label, blinded endpoint, phase 3 trial done at 78 hospitals in the USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Asia. We enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with spontaneous, non-traumatic, supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage of 30 mL or more. We used a computer-generated number sequence with a block size of four or six to centrally randomise patients to image-guided MISTIE treatment (1·0 mg alteplase every 8 h for up to nine doses) or standard medical care. Primary outcome was good functional outcome, defined as the proportion of patients who achieved a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-3 at 365 days, adjusted for group differences in prespecified baseline covariates (stability intracerebral haemorrhage size, age, Glasgow Coma Scale, stability intraventricular haemorrhage size, and clot location). Analysis of the primary efficacy outcome was done in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population, which included all eligible, randomly assigned patients who were exposed to treatment. All randomly assigned patients were included in the safety analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01827046.

FINDINGS

Between Dec 30, 2013, and Aug 15, 2017, 506 patients were randomly allocated: 255 (50%) to the MISTIE group and 251 (50%) to standard medical care. 499 patients (n=250 in the MISTIE group; n=249 in the standard medical care group) received treatment and were included in the mITT analysis set. The mITT primary adjusted efficacy analysis estimated that 45% of patients in the MISTIE group and 41% patients in the standard medical care group had achieved an mRS score of 0-3 at 365 days (adjusted risk difference 4% [95% CI -4 to 12]; p=0·33). Sensitivity analyses of 365-day mRS using generalised ordered logistic regression models adjusted for baseline variables showed that the estimated odds ratios comparing MISTIE with standard medical care for mRS scores higher than 5 versus 5 or less, higher than 4 versus 4 or less, higher than 3 versus 3 or less, and higher than 2 versus 2 or less were 0·60 (p=0·03), 0·84 (p=0·42), 0·87 (p=0·49), and 0·82 (p=0·44), respectively. At 7 days, two (1%) of 255 patients in the MISTIE group and ten (4%) of 251 patients in the standard medical care group had died (p=0·02) and at 30 days, 24 (9%) patients in the MISTIE group and 37 (15%) patients in the standard medical care group had died (p=0·07). The number of patients with symptomatic bleeding and brain bacterial infections was similar between the MISTIE and standard medical care groups (six [2%] of 255 patients vs three [1%] of 251 patients; p=0·33 for symptomatic bleeding; two [1%] of 255 patients vs 0 [0%] of 251 patients; p=0·16 for brain bacterial infections). At 30 days, 76 (30%) of 255 patients in the MISTIE group and 84 (33%) of 251 patients in the standard medical care group had one or more serious adverse event, and the difference in number of serious adverse events between the groups was statistically significant (p=0·012).

INTERPRETATION

For moderate to large intracerebral haemorrhage, MISTIE did not improve the proportion of patients who achieved a good response 365 days after intracerebral haemorrhage. The procedure was safely adopted by our sample of surgeons.

FUNDING

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Genentech.

Indication, Timing, and Surgical Treatment of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Proposal of a Management Algorithm

OBJECTIVE

To delineate the most recommendable treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages and the indication for surgery, its timing, and the best surgical technique to be adopted case by case.

METHODS

Based on PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases, a systematic review of the literature was performed using as keywords the terms "spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage," "surgical management," "medical management," "supratentorial," and "infratentorial." Because of the highest level of evidence, only randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and comparative cohort studies reported within the last 12 years were selected. An updated and evidence-based treatment algorithm was reported also.

RESULTS

The search initially returned 255 articles. After application of the exclusion criteria, only 19 studies were selected. According to the site and volume of the hematoma, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and progressive neurologic decline, specific subgroups were identified. Surgery must be considered in patients with an admission GCS score ranging between 5 and 12 and a hematoma volume >30 mL. The best time-window has been reported to be 7-24 hours after ictus. Endoscopic surgery is recommendable for patients with a supratentorial hematoma >60 mL and with a poor GCS score (4-8). Alternative techniques, such as minimally invasive puncture and thrombolysis, may be considered for deeper hematoma.

CONCLUSIONS

Careful selection of patients eligible for surgery is mandatory. The optimal timing falls into a time-window ranging between 7 and 24 hours after ictus. Minimal invasive techniques are valuable surgical options for patients in a poor GCS score or harboring large deep-seated hemorrhages.

Minimally invasive approaches for the evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Minimally-invasive surgery (MIS) has been increasingly used in recent years. We systematically reviewed the role of MIS in the acute management of ICH using various techniques.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A comprehensive electronic search for relevant articles was conducted on several relevant international databases, including PUBMED (Medline), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Our primary literature research resulted in 1134 articles. In total, 116 publications finally met the eligibility criteria to be included in our systematic review. Five major MIS categories for the evacuation of ICH were identified, respectively: minimally invasive direct aspiration with or without thrombolytics, endoscope assisted technique, sonothrombolysis, aspiration-irrigation device and endoport-assisted evacuation.

CONCLUSIONS

The role of minimally invasive techniques in the management of ICH remains under dispute. However, a mounting evidence in the literature demonstrates that MIS is associated with significantly improved outcomes when compared with conservative treatment and conventional surgical evacuation strategy.

Minimally Invasive Surgery is Superior to Conventional Craniotomy in Patients with Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Outcomes of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus conventional craniotomy (CC) for patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) have not been compared previously. We reviewed the current evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of MIS compared with CC in patients with SICH.

METHODS

We conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing MIS and CC in patients with computed tomography-confirmed SICH published between January 2000 and April 2018 in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register based on PRISMA inclusion and exclusion criteria. Binary outcomes comparisons between MIS and CC were described using odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS

Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 prospective controlled studies (non-RCTs), involving a total of 2466 patients, met our inclusion criteria. There was a statistically significant difference in mortality rate between MIS and CC (OR, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.97). MIS was associated with a lower rate of rebleeding (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.28-0.64) and a higher rate of good recovery compared with CC (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.34-3.83).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with SICH may benefit more from MIS than CC. Our study could help clinicians optimize treatment strategies in SICH.

Comparison of the clinical efficacy of craniotomy and craniopuncture therapy for the early stage of moderate volume spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage in basal ganglia: Using the CTA spot sign as an entry criterion

OBJECTIVES

Surgical treatment is widely used for haematoma removal in spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) patients, but there is controversy about the selection of surgical methods. The CT angiography (CTA) spot sign has been proven to be a promising factor predicting haematoma expansion and is recommended as an entry criterion for haemostatic therapy in patients with ICH. This trial was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of two surgical methods (haematoma removal by craniotomy and craniopuncture combined with urokinase infusion) for patients in the early stage (≤6h from symptom onset) of spontaneous ICH with a moderate haematoma volume (30 ml - 60 ml).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From January 2012 to July 2017, 196 eligible patients treated in our institution were enrolled according to the inclusion criteria. The patients were divided into the CTA spot sign positive type and CTA spot sign negative type according to the presence or absence of the CTA spot sign. For each type, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups, i.e., the craniotomy group, in which patients underwent craniotomy with haematoma removal, and the craniopuncture group, in which patients underwent minimally invasive craniopuncture combined with urokinase infusion therapy. Neurological function was evaluated with the Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS) at day 14. The disability level and the activities of daily living were assessed using a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI) at day 90. Case fatalities were recorded at day 14 and 90. Complications were recorded during hospitalization.

RESULTS

For the CTA spot sign positive type, the craniotomy group had a higher SSS than that in the craniopuncture group (P < 0.05) at day 14. The rebleeding rate was higher in the craniopuncture group than that in the craniotomy group (P < 0.05) during hospitalization. The craniotomy group had a lower mRS than that in the craniopuncture group (P < 0.01) and had a higher BI than that in the craniopuncture group (P < 0.05) at day 90. There was no statistically significant difference in the fatality rate between the two groups. For the CTA spot sign negative type, there were no significant differences in the SSS, mRS, BI, fatality rate and complication rate between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

ICH can be divided into the CTA spot sign positive and negative type according to the presence or absence of the CTA spot sign. For the CTA spot sign positive type, patients can benefit from craniotomy with haematoma removal, which can reduce the postoperative rebleeding rate and improve the prognosis. For the CTA spot sign negative type, both craniotomy and craniopuncture are applicable. Considering simple procedure and minor surgical injury, craniopuncture can be a more reasonable choice.

The Safety and Feasibility of Image-Guided BrainPath-Mediated Transsulcul Hematoma Evacuation: A Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND

Subcortical injury resulting from conventional surgical management of intracranial hemorrhage may counteract the potential benefits of hematoma evacuation.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and potential benefits of a novel, minimally invasive approach for clot evacuation in a multicenter study.

METHODS

The integrated approach incorporates 5 competencies: (1) image interpretation and trajectory planning, (2) dynamic navigation, (3) atraumatic access system (BrainPath, NICO Corp, Indianapolis, Indiana), (4) extracorporeal optics, and (5) automated atraumatic resection. Twelve neurosurgeons from 11 centers were trained to use this approach through a continuing medical education-accredited course. Demographical, clinical, and radiological data of patients treated over 2 years were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine consecutive patients were identified. The median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at presentation was 10 (range, 5-15). The thalamus/basal ganglion regions were involved in 46% of the cases. The median hematoma volume and depth were 36 mL (interquartile range [IQR], 27-65 mL) and 1.4 cm (IQR, 0.3-2.9 cm), respectively. The median time from ictus to surgery was 24.5 hours (IQR, 16-66 hours). The degree of hematoma evacuation was ≥90%, 75% to 89%, and 50% to 74% in 72%, 23%, and 5.0% of the patients, respectively. The median GCS score at discharge was 14 (range, 8-15). The improvement in GCS score was statistically significant ( P < .001). Modified Rankin Scale data were available for 35 patients. Fifty-two percent of those patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2. There were no mortalities.

CONCLUSION

The approach was safely performed in all patients with a relatively high rate of clot evacuation and functional independence.

Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematoma

The incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (SICH) is even now high worldwide, especially higher in Japan than in Western countries, despite the development of advances in blood pressure (BP) management and food/alcohol intake education. Although mortality and morbidity for SICH are high, some controversies remain regarding the appropriate acute phase of treatment. Recent studies have revealed that BP lowering treatment than 140 mmHg resulted in better outcomes. However the efficacy of surgical treatment for SICH has not been well established, with the exception of that for cerebellar SICH over 3 cm in diameter and life-saving procedures, although many randomized control studies and systematic reviews focused on surgical treatment have been reported. In this review, we summarize some issues and discuss strategies in development for the treatment of SICH.

Comparison of endoscopic evacuation, stereotactic aspiration and craniotomy for the treatment of supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage (HICH) is the most common form of haemorrhagic stroke with the highest morbidity and mortality of all stroke types. The choice of surgical or conservative treatment for patients with HICH remains controversial. In recent years, minimally invasive surgeries, such as endoscopic evacuation and stereotactic aspiration, have been attempted for haematoma removal and offer promise. However, research evidence on the benefits of endoscopic evacuation or stereotactic aspiration is still insufficient.

METHODS/DESIGN

A multicentre, randomised controlled trial will be conducted to compare the efficacy of endoscopic evacuation, stereotactic aspiration and craniotomy in the treatment of supratentorial HICH. About 1350 eligible patients from 10 neurosurgical centres will be randomly assigned to an endoscopic group, a stereotactic group and a craniotomy group at a 1:1:1 ratio. Randomisation is undertaken using a 24-h randomisation service accessed by telephone or the Internet. All patients will receive the corresponding surgery based on their grouping. They will be followed-up at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. The primary outcome is the modified Rankin Scale at 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes include: haematoma clearance rate; Glasgow Coma Scale 7 days after surgery; rebleeding rate; intracranial infection rate; hospitalisation time; mortality at 1 month and 3 months after surgery; the Barthel Index and the WHO quality of life at 3 months and 6 months after surgery.

DISCUSSION

The trial aims to investigate whether endoscopic evacuation and stereotactic aspiration could improve the outcome of supratentorial HICH compared with craniotomy. The trial will help to determine the best surgical method for the treatment of supratentorial HICH.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02811614 . Registered on 20 June 2016.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Evacuating the Intracerebral Hematoma in Early Stages Decreased Secondary Damages to the Internal Capsule in Dog Model of ICH Observed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging

BACKGROUND

Diffusion tensor imaging was used to observe the effects of performing early minimally invasive surgery (MIS) on internal capsule in dog model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

METHODS

Twenty-five male dogs were selected to prepare an ICH model, and then they were randomly distributed into a model control (MC) group (5 dogs) or an MIS group (20 dogs). In the MIS group, the intracerebral hematoma was evacuated by stereotactic minimally invasive procedures over 6 hours (5 dogs), 12 hours (5 dogs), 18 hours (5 dogs), or 24 hours (5 dogs) after successful induction of ICH. The same procedure was performed in the MC group but without evacuating the hematoma. All the animals were sacrificed within 2 weeks after the hematoma was surgically evacuated. The neurologic deficit score and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were observed before and after the MIS. The perihematomal blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the brain water content (BWC) were measured 2 weeks after the hematoma was surgically evacuated.

RESULTS

The DTI demonstrated that integrity of the internal capsule restored largely after surgery and the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the internal capsule on the hematoma side increased significantly as compared with those in the MC group or those before surgery in the same group. The postoperative ratios of FA values of each MIS subgroup increased compared with the MC group and those before surgery in the same subgroup before operation. The neurologic deficit score, the perihematomal BBB permeability, and the BWC of each MIS subgroup decreased significantly compared with those of the MC group. The 6-12-hour group displayed a more favorable result.

CONCLUSIONS

Performing the MIS in the early stage (6-12 hours) after ICH could decrease the secondary damages to the internal capsule so as to promote the recovery of motor function. The optimal time window for MIS should be within 6-12 hours after onset of ICH.