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Armstrong OJ, Neal ES, Vidovic D, Xu W, Borges K. Transient anticonvulsant effects of time-restricted feeding in the 6-Hz mouse model. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 151:109618. [PMID: 38184948 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent fasting enhances neural bioenergetics, is neuroprotective, and elicits antioxidant effects in various animal models. There are conflicting findings on seizure protection, where intermittent fasting regimens often cause severe weight loss resembling starvation which is unsustainable long-term. Therefore, we tested whether a less intensive intermittent fasting regimen such as time-restricted feeding (TRF) may confer seizure protection. METHODS Male CD1 mice were assigned to either ad libitum-fed control, continuous 8 h TRF, or 8 h TRF with weekend ad libitum food access (2:5 TRF) for one month. Body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels were measured. Seizure thresholds were determined at various time points using 6-Hz and maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) tests. Protein levels and mRNA expression of genes, enzyme activity related to glucose metabolism, as well as mitochondrial dynamics were assessed in the cortex and hippocampus. Markers of antioxidant defence were evaluated in the plasma, cortex, and liver. RESULTS Body weight gain was similar in the ad libitum-fed and TRF mouse groups. In both TRF regimens, blood glucose levels did not change between the fed and fasted state and were higher during fasting than in the ad libitum-fed groups. Mice in the TRF group had increased seizure thresholds in the 6-Hz test on day 15 and on day 19 in a second cohort of 2:5 TRF mice, but similar seizure thresholds at other time points compared to ad libitum-fed mice. Continuous TRF did not alter MEST seizure thresholds on day 28. Mice in the TRF group showed increased maximal activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the cortex, which was accompanied by increased protein levels of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 in the cortex and hippocampus. There were no other major changes in protein or mRNA levels associated with energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics in the brain, nor markers of antioxidant defence in the brain, liver, or plasma. CONCLUSIONS Both continuous and 2:5 TRF regimens transiently increased seizure thresholds in the 6-Hz model at around 2 weeks, which coincided with stability of blood glucose levels during the fed and fasted periods. Our findings suggest that the lack of prolonged anticonvulsant effects in the acute electrical seizure models employed may be attributed to only modest metabolic and antioxidant adaptations found in the brain and liver. Our findings underscore the potential therapeutic value of TRF in managing seizure-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elliott S Neal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Diana Vidovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Building 181, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Weizhi Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Aghdash SN, Foroughi G. Chemical Kindling as an Experimental Model to Assess the Conventional Drugs in the Treatment of Post-traumatic Epilepsy. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:1417-1428. [PMID: 36443981 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221128155813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality today, which will surpass many infectious diseases in the coming years/decades. Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most common debilitating consequences of TBI. PTE is a secondary, acquired epilepsy that causes recurrent, spontaneous seizures more than a week after TBI. The extent of head injury in individuals who develop PTE is unknown; however, trauma is thought to account for 20% of symptomatic epilepsy worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms of epilepsy following TBI is crucial for the discovery of new anticonvulsant drugs for the treatment of PTE, as well as for improving the quality of life of patients with PTE. OBJECTIVE This review article explains the rationale for the usage of a chemical model to access new treatments for post-traumatic epilepsy. RESULTS There are multiple methods to control and manage PTE. The essential and available remedy for the management of epilepsy is the use of antiepileptic drugs. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) decrease the frequency of seizures without affecting the disease's causality. Antiepileptic drugs are administrated for the prevention and treatment of PTE; however, 30% of epilepsy patients are drug-resistant, and AED side effects are significant in PTE patients. There are different types of animal models, such as the liquid percussion model, intracortical ferric chloride injection, and cortical subincision model, to study PTE and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of epilepsy after head injury. However, these animal models do not easily mimic the pathological events occurring in epilepsy. Therefore, animal models of PTE are an inappropriate tool for screening new and putatively effective AEDs. Chemical kindling is the most common animal model used to study epilepsy. There is a strong similarity between the kindling model and different types of human epilepsy. CONCLUSION Today, researchers use experimental animal models to evaluate new anticonvulsant drugs. The chemical kindling models, such as pentylenetetrazol, bicuculline, and picrotoxin-induced seizures, are important experimental models to analyze the impact of putative antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Namvar Aghdash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Golsa Foroughi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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Barzroodi Pour M, Bayat M, Navazesh A, Soleimani M, Karimzadeh F. Exercise Improved the Anti-Epileptic Effect of Carbamazepine through GABA Enhancement in Epileptic Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2112-2130. [PMID: 34008120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures. The anti-epileptic and the anti-epileptogenic effect of exercise has been reported, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of combined therapy of exercise and CBZ in epileptic rats, as well as the alternation of the GABA pathway as a possible involved mechanism. The seizure was induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection. Animals were divided into sham, seizure, exercise (EX), CBZ (25, 50 and 75), EX + CBZ (25, 50 and 75). Treadmill forced running for 30 min has been considered as the exercise 5 days per week for four weeks. CBZ was injected in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, half an hour before seizure induction and 5 h after doing exercise in the animals forced to exercise. Seizure severity reduced and latency increased in the EX + CBZ (25) and EX + CBZ (50) groups compared to the seizure group. The distribution of GAD65 in both hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas increased in the EX + CBZ (75) group. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the CA3 area of the EX + CBZ (75) group. The distribution of GAD65 in the cortical area increased in EX, EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the neocortex of EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. Our findings suggested that exercise has improved the efficacy of CBZ and reduced the anti-epileptic dose. The enhancement of GABA signaling might be involved in the synergistic effect of exercise and CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Barzroodi Pour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Azam Navazesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Barzroodi Pour M, Bayat M, Golab F, Eftekharzadeh M, Katebi M, Soleimani M, Karimzadeh F. The effect of exercise on GABA signaling pathway in the model of chemically induced seizures. Life Sci 2019; 232:116667. [PMID: 31326567 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) imbalance plays a critical role in most neurological disorders including epilepsy. This study assessed the involvement of mild exercise on GABA imbalance following by seizure induction in rats. MAIN METHODS Seizure was induced by pentylentetrazole (PTZ) injection. Animals were divided into sham, seizure, exercise (EX), co-seizure-induced exercise (Co-SI EX) and Pre-SI EX groups. In the Co-SI EX group, doing exercise and seizure induction was carried out during four weeks. Animals in the Pre-SI EX group exercised in week 1 to week 8 and seizures were induced in week 5 to week 8. Seizure properties, neural viability and expressions of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABAA receptor α1 in the hippocampus were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Seizure severity reduced and latency increased in the Co-SI EX and Pre-SI EX groups compared to seizure group. The mean number of dark neurons decreased in all exercise groups compared to seizure group in both CA1 and CA3 areas. The gene level of GAD65 and GABAA receptor α1 was highly expressed in the Co-SI EX group in the hippocampal area. Distribution of GAD65 in the both CA1 and CA3 areas increased in the EX and Co-SI EX groups. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the CA3 area of Co-SI EX group and down-regulated in the CA1 and CA3 areas of Pre-SI EX group. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that exercise develop anti-epileptic as well as neuroprotective effects by modulating of GABA disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Barzroodi Pour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Freshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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SIRT3 mediates hippocampal synaptic adaptations to intermittent fasting and ameliorates deficits in APP mutant mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1886. [PMID: 31015456 PMCID: PMC6478744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent food deprivation (fasting, IF) improves mood and cognition and protects neurons against excitotoxic degeneration in animal models of epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The mechanisms by which neuronal networks adapt to IF and how such adaptations impact neuropathological processes are unknown. We show that hippocampal neuronal networks adapt to IF by enhancing GABAergic tone, which is associated with reduced anxiety-like behaviors and improved hippocampus-dependent memory. These neuronal network and behavioral adaptations require the mitochondrial protein deacetylase SIRT3 as they are abolished in SIRT3-deficient mice and wild type mice in which SIRT3 is selectively depleted from hippocampal neurons. In the AppNL-G-F mouse model of AD, IF reduces neuronal network hyperexcitability and ameliorates deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a SIRT3-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate a role for a mitochondrial protein deacetylase in hippocampal neurons in behavioral and GABAergic synaptic adaptations to IF. Intermittent fasting has been shown to have beneficial effects on hippocampal function in rodents, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here the authors show that the mitochondrial protein SIRT3 contributes to the beneficial cognitive and synaptic effects of intermittent fasting in mice.
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Jafarian M, Karimzadeh F, Alipour F, Attari F, Lotfinia AA, Speckmann EJ, Zarrindast MR, Gorji A. Cognitive impairments and neuronal injury in different brain regions of a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. Neuroscience 2015; 298:161-70. [PMID: 25907443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing numbers of evidence indicate that cognitive impairments are part of clinical profile of childhood absence epilepsy. Little is known on neuropathological changes accompanied by cognitive deficits in absence epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to investigate age-dependent neuropathological changes accompanied by learning and memory impairments in Wistar Albino Glaxo from Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rat model of absence epilepsy. Experimental groups were divided into four groups of six rats of both WAG/Rij and Wistar strains with 2 and 6 months of age. The learning and memory performances were assessed using passive avoidance paradigm and neuropathological alterations were investigated by the evaluation of the number of dark neurons and apoptotic cells as well as the expression of caspase-3 in the neocortex, the hippocampus, and different regions of the thalamus. Results revealed a decline in learning and spatial memory of 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats as well as 2-month-old WAG/Rij and Wistar rats. The mean number of dark neurons was significantly higher in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas as well as in the laterodorsal, centromedial, and reticular thalamic nuclei and the somatosensory cortex of 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats. In addition, a higher number of apoptotic cells as well as a higher expression of caspase-3 was observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, and the somatosensory cortex of 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to other animal groups. These results indicate significant enhancement of neuronal damage and cell death accompanied by memory deficits after seizure attacks in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Seizure-induced neuronal injury and death may underlie cognitive impairments in absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafarian
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Karimzadeh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Attari
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Lotfinia
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - E-J Speckmann
- Epilepsy Research Center, Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M-R Zarrindast
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Epilepsy Research Center, Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Zhvania MG, Ksovreli M, Japaridze NJ, Lordkipanidze TG. Ultrastructural changes to rat hippocampus in pentylenetetrazol- and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus: A study using electron microscopy. Micron 2015; 74:22-9. [PMID: 25978010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced status epilepticus model in rats was used in the study. The brains were studied one month after treatment. Ultrastructural observations using electron microscopy performed on the neurons, glial cells, and synapses, in the hippocampal CA1 region of epileptic brains, demonstrated the following major changes over normal control brain tissue. (i) There is ultrastructural alterations in some neurons, glial cells and synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. (ii) The destruction of cellular organelles and peripheral, partial or even total chromatolysis in some pyramidal cells and in interneurons are observed. Several astrocytes are proliferated or activated. Presynaptic terminals with granular vesicles and degenerated presynaptic profiles are rarely observed. (iii) The alterations observed are found to be dependent on the frequency of seizure activities following the PTZ treatment. It was observed that if seizure episodes are frequent and severe, the ultrastructure of hippocampal area is significantly changed. Interestingly, the ultrastructure of CA1 area is found to be only moderately altered if seizure episodes following the status epilepticus are rare and more superficial; (iv) alterations in mitochondria and dendrites are among the most common ultrastructural changes seen, suggesting cell stress and changes to cellular metabolism. These morphological changes, observed in brain neurons in status epilepticus, are a reflection of epileptic pathophysiology. Further studies at the chemical and molecular level of neurotransmitter release, such as at the level of porosomes (secretory portals) at the presynaptic membrane, will further reveal molecular details of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia G Zhvania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Mariam Ksovreli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Nadezhda J Japaridze
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia; New Vision University, 1A Evgeni Mikeladze Street, 0158 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Tamar G Lordkipanidze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Sajadian A, Esteghamat S, Karimzadeh F, Eshaghabadi A, Sieg F, Speckmann EJ, Meuth S, Seidenbecher T, Budde T, Gorji A. Anticonvulsant effect of neural regeneration peptide 2945 on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 49:15-23. [PMID: 25481799 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuron regeneration peptides (NRPs) are small synthetic peptides that stimulate neural proliferation, migration, and differentiation with no apparent toxicity and high target specificity in CNS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NRP2945 on seizure activity induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in rats. Using behavioural assessment and electrocorticographical recordings, the effects of different doses of NRP2945 (5-20 µg/kg) were tested on seizure attacks induced by PTZ injection. In addition, the effect of NRP2945 was evaluated on the production of dark neurons and expression of GABAA receptor α and β subunits and GAD-65 in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of the rat brain. Intraperitoneal injection of NRP2945 at 20 µg/kg prevented seizure attacks after PTZ injection. NRP2945 at doses of 5 and 10 µg/kg significantly decreased the total duration of seizure attacks and reduced the amplitude, duration and latency of epileptiform burst discharges induced by PTZ. In addition, the peptide significantly inhibited the production of dark neurons in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of epileptic rats. NRP2945 also significantly increased the expression of GABAA receptor α and β subunits and GAD-65 in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex compared with PTZ treated rats. This study indicates that NRP2945 is able to prevent the seizure attacks and neuronal injuries induced by PTZ, likely by stimulating GABAA and GAD-65 protein expression and/or protecting these components of GABAergic signalling from PTZ-induced alteration. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential role of NRP2945 as an antiepileptic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Departments of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technology of Medical, Tehran Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Frank Sieg
- CuroNZ Ltd, 29 Nugent Street, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erwin-Josef Speckmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidenbecher
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Protective Effect of a cAMP Analogue on Behavioral Deficits and Neuropathological Changes in Cuprizone Model of Demyelination. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:130-41. [PMID: 25128030 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that leads to neuronal cell loss. Cyclic AMP and its analogs are well known to decrease inflammation and apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the effects of bucladesine, a cell-permeable analogue of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), on myelin proteins (PLP, PMP-22), inflammation, and apoptotic, as well as anti-apoptotic factors in cuprizone model of demyelination. C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow containing 0.2% copper chelator cuprizone or vehicle by daily oral gavage for 5 weeks to induce reversible demyelination predominantly of the corpus callosum. Bucladesine was administered intraperitoneally at different doses (0.24, 0.48, or 0.7 μg/kg body weight) during the last 7 days of 5-week cuprizone treatment. Bucladesine exhibited a protective effect on myelination. Furthermore, bucladesine significantly decreased the production of interleukin-6 pro-inflammatory mediator as well as nuclear factor-κB activation and reduced the mean number of apoptotic cells compared to cuprizone-treated mice. Bucladesine also decreased production of caspase-3 as well as Bax and increased Bcl-2 levels. Our data revealed that enhancement of intracellular cAMP prevents demyelination and plays anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in mice cuprizone model of demyelination. This suggests the modulation of intracellular cAMP as a potential target for treatment of MS.
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