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Kamat PK, Mallonee CJ, George AK, Tyagi SC, Tyagi N. Homocysteine, Alcoholism, and Its Potential Epigenetic Mechanism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2474-2481. [PMID: 27805256 PMCID: PMC5133158 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most socially accepted addictive drug. Alcohol consumption is associated with some health problems such as neurological, cognitive, behavioral deficits, cancer, heart, and liver disease. Mechanisms of alcohol-induced toxicity are presently not yet clear. One of the mechanisms underlying alcohol toxicity has to do with its interaction with amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), which has been linked with brain neurotoxicity. Elevated Hcy impairs with various physiological mechanisms in the body, especially metabolic pathways. Hcy metabolism is predominantly controlled by epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and acetylation. An alteration in these processes leads to epigenetic modification. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the role of Hcy metabolism abnormalities in alcohol-induced toxicity with epigenetic adaptation and their influences on cerebrovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carissa J Mallonee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Akash K George
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Ho AMC, Qiu Y, Jia YF, Aguiar FS, Hinton DJ, Karpyak VM, Weinshilboum RM, Choi DS. Combined Effects of Acamprosate and Escitalopram on Ethanol Consumption in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1531-9. [PMID: 27184383 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatry comorbidities of alcohol use disorders (AUD). As negative emotions can trigger craving and increase the risk of relapse, treatments that target both conditions simultaneously may augment treatment success. Previous studies showed a potential synergistic effect of Food and Drug Administration approved medication for AUD acamprosate and the antidepressant escitalopram. In this study, we investigated the effects of combining acamprosate and escitalopram on ethanol (EtOH) consumption in stress-induced depressed mice. METHODS Forty singly housed C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress. In parallel, 40 group-housed male mice were subjected to normal husbandry. After 3 weeks, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and EtOH consumption were assessed. For the next 7 days, mice were injected with saline, acamprosate (200 mg/kg; twice/d), escitalopram (5 mg/kg; twice/d), or their combination (n = 9 to 11/drug group/stress group). Two-bottle choice limited-access drinking of 15% EtOH and tap water was performed 3 hours into dark phase immediately after the daily dark phase injection. EtOH drinking was monitored for another 7 days without drug administration. RESULTS Mice subjected to the chronic unpredictable stress paradigm for 3 weeks showed apparent depression- and anxiety-like behaviors compared to their nonstressed counterparts including longer immobility time in the forced swim test and lower sucrose preference. Stressed mice also displayed higher EtOH consumption and preference in a 2-bottle choice drinking test. During the drug administration period, the escitalopram-only and combined drug groups showed significant reduction in EtOH consumption in nonstressed mice, while only the combined drug group showed significantly reduced consumption in stressed mice. However, such reduction did not persist into the postdrug administration period. CONCLUSIONS The combination of acamprosate and escitalopram suppressed EtOH intake in both nonstressed and stressed mice; hence, this combination is potentially helpful for AUD individuals with or without comorbid depression to reduce alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Man-Choi Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yun-Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Felipe S Aguiar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David J Hinton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Bogenschutz MP, Forcehimes AA, Pommy JA, Wilcox CE, Barbosa PCR, Strassman RJ. Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:289-99. [PMID: 25586396 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114565144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several lines of evidence suggest that classic (5HT2A agonist) hallucinogens have clinically relevant effects in alcohol and drug addiction. Although recent studies have investigated the effects of psilocybin in various populations, there have been no studies on the efficacy of psilocybin for alcohol dependence. We conducted a single-group proof-of-concept study to quantify acute effects of psilocybin in alcohol-dependent participants and to provide preliminary outcome and safety data. Ten volunteers with DSM-IV alcohol dependence received orally administered psilocybin in one or two supervised sessions in addition to Motivational Enhancement Therapy and therapy sessions devoted to preparation for and debriefing from the psilocybin sessions. Participants' responses to psilocybin were qualitatively similar to those described in other populations. Abstinence did not increase significantly in the first 4 weeks of treatment (when participants had not yet received psilocybin), but increased significantly following psilocybin administration (p < 0.05). Gains were largely maintained at follow-up to 36 weeks. The intensity of effects in the first psilocybin session (at week 4) strongly predicted change in drinking during weeks 5-8 (r = 0.76 to r = 0.89) and also predicted decreases in craving and increases in abstinence self-efficacy during week 5. There were no significant treatment-related adverse events. These preliminary findings provide a strong rationale for controlled trials with larger samples to investigate efficacy and mechanisms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02061293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Bogenschutz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alyssa A Forcehimes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica A Pommy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Claire E Wilcox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - P C R Barbosa
- Departamento de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas Ilheus, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rick J Strassman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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Thompson PM, Cruz DA, Olukotun DY, Delgado PL. Serotonin receptor, SERT mRNA and correlations with symptoms in males with alcohol dependence and suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 126:165-74. [PMID: 22176604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that abnormalities in components of the serotonin (5HT) system in the prefrontal cortex are associated with suicide in alcohol-dependent subjects. Second, we assessed the relationship of lifetime impulsivity and mood symptoms with prefrontal cortex 5-HT measures. METHOD Tissue was obtained from Brodmann's areas (BA) 9 and 24 in postmortem samples of individuals who were alcohol dependent with suicide (n = 5), alcohol dependent without suicide (n = 9) and normal controls (n = 5). Serotonin receptor (5HT) and serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) mRNA were measured. Interviews with next of kin estimated lifetime impulsivity and mood symptoms in the last week of life. RESULTS Serotonin receptor 1A (5HT1A) mRNA in BA 9 was elevated in the alcohol dependence without suicide group compared with controls. In the alcohol dependence with suicide group, anxiety symptoms were associated with decreased BA 24 SERT mRNA and depressive symptoms with BA 9 5HT1A mRNA expression. In the alcohol dependent only group impulsivity is correlated with increased BA 9, and BA 24 serotonin receptor 2A mRNA. CONCLUSION Our data suggest region-specific change, rather than global serotonin blunting is involved in alcohol dependence and suicide. It also suggests that symptoms are differentially influenced by prefrontal cortex serotonin receptor mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Southwest Brain Bank, USA.
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Wrzosek M, Łukaszkiewicz J, Wrzosek M, Serafin P, Jakubczyk A, Klimkiewicz A, Matsumoto H, Brower KJ, Wojnar M. Association of polymorphisms in HTR2A, HTR1A and TPH2 genes with suicide attempts in alcohol dependence: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190:149-51. [PMID: 21621273 PMCID: PMC3169703 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a relationship between selected polymorphisms: rs6313 in HTR2A, rs6295 in HTR1A and rs1386494 in TPH2, and suicidal behaviour in 150 alcohol-dependent patients. There was a significant association between more frequent C102C genotype in HTR2A and suicide attempts in alcoholic females. No differences in genotype distribution in HTR1A and TPH2 SNPs were found between patients with and without suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Łukaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Serafin
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Jakubczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Klimkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kirk J. Brower
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcin Wojnar
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Corresponding author: Marcin Wojnar, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland. Tel.: +48600822669 Fax: +48228251315;
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