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Perez Rojo F, Pillow JJ, Kaur P. Bioprospecting microbes and enzymes for the production of pterocarpans and coumestans. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1154779. [PMID: 37187887 PMCID: PMC10175578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1154779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The isoflavonoid derivatives, pterocarpans and coumestans, are explored for multiple clinical applications as osteo-regenerative, neuroprotective and anti-cancer agents. The use of plant-based systems to produce isoflavonoid derivatives is limited due to cost, scalability, and sustainability constraints. Microbial cell factories overcome these limitations in which model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae offer an efficient platform to produce isoflavonoids. Bioprospecting microbes and enzymes can provide an array of tools to enhance the production of these molecules. Other microbes that naturally produce isoflavonoids present a novel alternative as production chassis and as a source of novel enzymes. Enzyme bioprospecting allows the complete identification of the pterocarpans and coumestans biosynthetic pathway, and the selection of the best enzymes based on activity and docking parameters. These enzymes consolidate an improved biosynthetic pathway for microbial-based production systems. In this review, we report the state-of-the-art for the production of key pterocarpans and coumestans, describing the enzymes already identified and the current gaps. We report available databases and tools for microbial bioprospecting to select the best production chassis. We propose the use of a holistic and multidisciplinary bioprospecting approach as the first step to identify the biosynthetic gaps, select the best microbial chassis, and increase productivity. We propose the use of microalgal species as microbial cell factories to produce pterocarpans and coumestans. The application of bioprospecting tools provides an exciting field to produce plant compounds such as isoflavonoid derivatives, efficiently and sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Perez Rojo
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Fernando Perez Rojo, ; Parwinder Kaur,
| | - J. Jane Pillow
- UWA School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Fernando Perez Rojo, ; Parwinder Kaur,
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2
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Tu Y, Yang Y, Li Y, He C. Naturally occurring coumestans from plants, their biological activities and therapeutic effects on human diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105615. [PMID: 33872808 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring coumestans are known as a collection of plant-derived polycyclic aromatic secondary metabolites which are characterized by the presence of an oxygen heterocyclic four-ring system comprising a coumarin moiety and a benzofuran moiety sharing a C˭C bond. Recently, there is an increasing attention in excavating the medicinal potential of coumestans, particularly coumestrol, wedelolactone, psoralidin and glycyrol, in a variety of diseases. This review is a comprehensive inventory of the chemical structures of coumestans isolated from various plant sources during the period of 1956-2020, together with their reported biological activities. 120 molecules were collected and further classified as coumestans containing core skeleton, dimethylpyranocoumestans, furanocoumestans, O-glycosylated coumestans and others, which showed a wide range of pharmacological activities including estrogenic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, organ protective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, antioxidant and skin-protective activities. Furthermore, this review focuses on the counteraction of coumestans against bone diseases and organ damages, and the involved molecular mechanisms, which could provide important information to better understand the medicinal values of these compounds. This review is intended to be instructive for the rational design and development of less toxic and more effective drugs with a coumestan scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China.
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Mohsenpour H, Pesce M, Patruno A, Bahrami A, Pour PM, Farzaei MH. A Review of Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in the Prevention/Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E833. [PMID: 33467663 PMCID: PMC7830094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the major drawbacks of mortality and causes significant short/long-term neurological dysfunction in newborn infants worldwide. To date, due to multifunctional complex mechanisms of brain injury, there is no well-established effective strategy to completely provide neuroprotection. Although therapeutic hypothermia is the proven treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), it does not completely chang outcomes in severe forms of HIE. Therefore, there is a critical need for reviewing the effective therapeutic strategies to explore the protective agents and methods. In recent years, it is widely believed that there are neuroprotective possibilities of natural compounds extracted from plants against HIE. These natural agents with the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and neurofunctional regulatory properties exhibit preventive or therapeutic effects against experimental neonatal HI brain damage. In this study, it was aimed to review the literature in scientific databases that investigate the neuroprotective effects of plant extracts/plant-derived compounds in experimental animal models of neonatal HI brain damage and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohsenpour
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 75333–67427, Iran;
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Azam Bahrami
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
| | - Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
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Hosseinzadeh Z, Hauser S, Singh Y, Pelzl L, Schuster S, Sharma Y, Höflinger P, Zacharopoulou N, Stournaras C, Rathbun DL, Zrenner E, Schöls L, Lang F. Decreased Na +/K + ATPase Expression and Depolarized Cell Membrane in Neurons Differentiated from Chorea-Acanthocytosis Patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8391. [PMID: 32439941 PMCID: PMC7242441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations of the chorein-encoding gene VPS13A lead to chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), a neurodegenerative disorder with accelerated suicidal neuronal cell death, which could be reversed by lithium. Chorein upregulates the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1. Targets of SGK1 include the Na+/K+-ATPase, a pump required for cell survival. To explore whether chorein-deficiency affects Na+/K+ pump capacity, cortical neurons were differentiated from iPSCs generated from fibroblasts of ChAc patients and healthy volunteers. Na+/K+ pump capacity was estimated from K+-induced whole cell outward current (pump capacity). As a result, the pump capacity was completely abolished in the presence of Na+/K+ pump-inhibitor ouabain (100 µM), was significantly smaller in ChAc neurons than in control neurons, and was significantly increased in ChAc neurons by lithium treatment (24 hours 2 mM). The effect of lithium was reversed by SGK1-inhibitor GSK650394 (24 h 10 µM). Transmembrane potential (Vm) was significantly less negative in ChAc neurons than in control neurons, and was significantly increased in ChAc neurons by lithium treatment (2 mM, 24 hours). The effect of lithium on Vm was virtually abrogated by ouabain. Na+/K+ α1-subunit transcript levels and protein abundance were significantly lower in ChAc neurons than in control neurons, an effect reversed by lithium treatment (2 mM, 24 hours). In conclusion, consequences of chorein deficiency in ChAc include impaired Na+/K+ pump capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yamini Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nefeli Zacharopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Daniel L Rathbun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department Ophthalmology, Bionics and Vision, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford, United States
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Anastacio JBR, Sanches EF, Nicola F, Odorcyk F, Fabres RB, Netto CA. Phytoestrogen coumestrol attenuates brain mitochondrial dysfunction and long-term cognitive deficits following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:86-95. [PMID: 31693927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia (HI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is frequently associated with short and long-term neurologic and cognitive impairments. The HI injury causes mitochondrial damage leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal plant substances structurally and functionally similar to estrogen. Coumestrol is a potent isoflavonoid with a protective effect against ischemic brain damage in adult rats. Our aim was to determine if coumestrol treatment following neonatal HI attenuates the long-term cognitive deficits induced by neonatal HI, as well as to investigate one possible mechanism underlying its potential effect. METHODS On the 7th postnatal day, male Wistar rats were submitted to the Levine-Rice HI model. Intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg of coumestrol, or vehicle, were administered immediately pre-hypoxia or 3 h post-hypoxia. At 12 h after HI the mitochondrial status and ROS levels were determined. At 60th postnatal day the cognitive deficits were revealed in the Morris water maze reference and working spatial memories. Following behavioral analysis, histological assessment was performed and reactive astrogliosis was measured by GFAP expression. RESULTS Results demonstrate that both pre- and post-HI administration of coumestrol were able to counteract the long-term cognitive and morphological impairments caused by HI, as well as to block the late reactive astrogliosis. The pre-HI administration of coumestrol was able to prevent the early mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus of injured rat pups. CONCLUSION Present data suggest that coumestrol exerts protection against experimental neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia through, at least in part, early modulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Nicola
- Post-graduation Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Odorcyk
- Post-graduation Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Post-graduation Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Pirzad Jahromi G, Imani E, Nasehi M, Shahriari A. Effect of Achillea millefolium aqueous extract on memory deficit and anxiety caused by stroke in ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/jhp.2019.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Some studies indicated that the decrease of estrogen level in menopausal woman results in increasing the risk of stroke. Although estrogen is a neuroprotective factor, high consumption of this compound may develop breast cancer and endometriosis. The present study investigated the effect of Achilles millefolium extract, containing estrogenlike compounds, on memory impairment and anxiogenic-like behaviors caused by cerebral ischemia in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Permanent middle cerebral artery ligation was performed, as a model for studying postmenopausal condition, in 48 female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. The aqueous extract of A. millefolium was prepared and gavaged for 4 weeks after inducing cerebral ischemia. Memory and anxiety-like behavior assessments were evaluated by step-through and elevated plus maze apparatus, respectively. Result: According to the results, cerebral ischemia in ovariectomized rats induced amnesia and anxiogenic-like behaviors which were restored by 7 mg/kg of A. millefolium aqueous extract. Furthermore, inactivation of estrogen receptors (ERs) by tamoxifen (100 µg/kg, intraperitoneally) blocked the restoration effect of A. millefolium on behaviors induced by cerebral ischemia. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, oral administration of A. millefolium extract is able to restore memory impairment and anxiogenic-like behaviors induced by ischemia via ERs in ovariectomized rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Imani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Anuncibay-Soto B, Pérez-Rodriguez D, Santos-Galdiano M, Font-Belmonte E, Ugidos IF, Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Regueiro-Purriños M, Fernández-López A. Salubrinal and robenacoxib treatment after global cerebral ischemia. Exploring the interactions between ER stress and inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 151:26-37. [PMID: 29499167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood reperfusion of the ischemic tissue after stroke promotes increases in the inflammatory response as well as accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the cell, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Both Inflammation and ER stress are critical processes in the delayed death of the cells damaged after ischemia. The aim of this study is to check the putative synergic neuroprotective effect by combining anti-inflammatory and anti-ER stress agents after ischemia. METHODS The study was performed on a two-vessel occlusion global cerebral ischemia model. Animals were treated with salubrinal one hour after ischemia and with robenacoxib at 8 h and 32 h after ischemia. Parameters related to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 and different cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), were analyzed by qPCR at 24 h and 48 h after ischemia. Microglia and cell components of the neurovascular unit, including neurons, endothelial cells and astrocytes, were analyzed by immunofluorescence after 48 h and seven days of reperfusion. RESULTS Pharmacologic control of ER stress by salubrinal treatment after ischemia, revealed a neuroprotective effect over neurons that reduces the transcription of molecules involved in the impairment of the BBB. Robenacoxib treatment stepped neuronal demise forward, revealing a detrimental effect of this anti-inflammatory agent. Combined treatment with robenacoxib and salubrinal after ischemia prevented neuronal loss and changes in components of the neurovascular unit and microglia observed when animals were treated only with robenacoxib. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with anti-ER stress and anti-inflammatory agents is able to provide enhanced neuroprotective effects reducing glial activation, which opens new avenues in therapies against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irene F Ugidos
- Dpt. Biología Celular, Instituto Biomedicina. Universidad de León, Spain
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Jang YJ, Son HJ, Ahn J, Jung CH, Ha T. Coumestrol modulates Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling during the attenuation of adipogenesis. Food Funct 2018; 7:4984-4991. [PMID: 27868125 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coumestrol is a natural phytochemical present in plants such as red clover and soy, and has been reported to stimulate the estrogen receptor as a major phytoestrogen. While the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-adipogenic effects of phytoestrogens such as genistein and daidzein have been previously investigated, the effects of coumestrol on adipogenesis remain to be elucidated. We observed that coumestrol dose-dependently attenuates MDI (mixture of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin)-induced lipid accumulation, consistent with an earlier study, while significantly inhibiting MDI-induced adipogenesis in the first 48 hours of differentiation, a critical time window for anti-adipogenic effects. Coumestrol treatment suppressed MDI-induced protein expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα in adipocytes, leading to the subsequent downregulation of FAS and aP2 expression. Akt and GSK3β were phosphorylated shortly after MDI stimulation, and these responses were inhibited by coumestrol treatment. Coumestrol also increased LRP6 protein expression, resulting in the recovery of β-catenin downregulation by MDI, while attenuating MDI-induced downregulation of Wnt10b. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1, target genes of β-catenin, were both recovered by coumestrol treatment. These results suggest that coumestrol inhibits adipocyte differentiation via regulation of Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and may have potential for development as an agent to prevent adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jang
- Metabolic Mechanism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Jeong Son
- Metabolic Mechanism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Metabolic Mechanism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea. and Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Metabolic Mechanism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea. and Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoul Ha
- Metabolic Mechanism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea. and Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Şekerdağ E, Solaroğlu I, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. Cell Death Mechanisms in Stroke and Novel Molecular and Cellular Treatment Options. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1396-1415. [PMID: 29512465 PMCID: PMC6251049 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180302115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of ischemia or hemorrhage, blood supply to neurons is disrupted which subsequently promotes a cascade of pathophysiological responses resulting in cell loss. Many mechanisms are involved solely or in combination in this disorder including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial death pathways, and the release of free radicals, protein misfolding, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and inflammation. Besides neuronal cell loss, damage to and loss of astrocytes as well as injury to white matter contributes also to cerebral injury. The core problem in stroke is the loss of neuronal cells which makes recovery difficult or even not possible in the late states. Acute treatment options that can be applied for stroke are mainly targeting re-establishment of blood flow and hence, their use is limited due to the effective time window of thrombolytic agents. However, if the acute time window is exceeded, neuronal loss starts due to the activation of cell death pathways. This review will explore the most updated cellular death mechanisms leading to neuronal loss in stroke. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage will be debated in the light of cell death mechanisms and possible novel molecular and cellular treatment options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Şekerdağ
- Address correspondence to this author at the Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Tel: +90 850 250 8250; E-mail:
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Argenta DF, Bidone J, Koester LS, Bassani VL, Simões CMO, Teixeira HF. Topical Delivery of Coumestrol from Lipid Nanoemulsions Thickened with Hydroxyethylcellulose for Antiherpes Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:192-200. [PMID: 28681331 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that coumestrol, an isoflavonoid-like compound naturally occurring in soybeans, alfafa, and red clover, inhibited Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) replication. In this study, we designed coumestrol formulations in an attempt to enable its topical delivery to mucosa tissues. Physicochemical and microscopic examinations suggested that coumestrol was efficiently incorporated in positively-charged nanoemulsions dispersed in a hydroxyethylcellulose gel. The higher coumestrol flux through excised porcine esophageal mucosa was detected from nanoemulsions composed by a fluid phospholipid (dioleylphosphocholine, DOPC) in comparison with that of a rigid one (distearoylphosphocholine, DSPC) in two mucosa conditions (intact and injured). Such results were supported by confocal fluorescence images. Furthermore, the low IC50 values demonstrated an increasement in the antiviral inhibition against HSV-1 and HSV-2 after incorporation of coumestrol into nanoemulsions containing DOPC. Overall, coumestrol-loaded nanoemulsions proved to be beneficial for herpes simplex treatment.
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11
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Lagranha CJ, Silva TLA, Silva SCA, Braz GRF, da Silva AI, Fernandes MP, Sellitti DF. Protective effects of estrogen against cardiovascular disease mediated via oxidative stress in the brain. Life Sci 2017; 192:190-198. [PMID: 29191645 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During their reproductive years women produce significant levels of estrogens, predominantly in the form of estradiol, that are thought to play an important role in cardioprotection. Mechanisms underlying this action include both estrogen-mediated changes in gene expression, and post-transcriptional activation of protein signaling cascades in the heart and in neural centers controlling cardiovascular function, in particular, in the brainstem. There, specific neurons, especially those of the bulbar region play an important role in the neuronal control of the cardiovascular system because they control the outflow of sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity as well as the reception of chemical and mechanical signals. In the present review, we discuss how estrogens exert their cardioprotective effect in part by modulating the actions of internally generated products of cellular oxidation such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in brain stem neurons. The significance of this review is in integrating the literature of oxidative damage in the brain with the literature of neuroprotection by estrogen in order to better understand both the benefits and limitations of using this hormone to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil.
| | - Tercya Lucidi Araujo Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia A Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Glaber Ruda F Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Aline Isabel da Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pinheiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Donald F Sellitti
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Lim W, Yang C, Jeong M, Bazer FW, Song G. Coumestrol induces mitochondrial dysfunction by stimulating ROS production and calcium ion influx into mitochondria in human placental choriocarcinoma cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2017; 23:786-802. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhah Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843–2471, TX, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, An F, Wang S, An Z, Wang S. Orientin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Model through the AQP-4 and TLR4/NF-κB/TNF-α Signaling Pathway. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017. [PMID: 28645524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orientin has been reported to have extensive pharmaceutical effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombosis, antiapoptosis, and so on. In the present study, we tried to investigate the protective effects of orientin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and explored the possible mechanisms. METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model was established and then treated with low, middle, and high concentrations of orientin, respectively, with edaravone as a positive control. The treatment effect of orientin was evaluated by measuring the neurological deficit score, cerebral infarction, brain edema, oxidative stress, excitatory amino acids release, the expression levels of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), and related inflammatory molecules using different methods including immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time PCR, and western blot. Moreover, morphological and structural changes were also observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Orientin provided a significant reduction on neurological deficits, cerebral infarction, cerebral edema, oxidative damage, and neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids compared to model group (P < .05) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, orientin substantially downregulated AQP-4 and inflammatory factors expression (P < .05) and improved cell morphology and structure in rats following I/R injury. CONCLUSION Orientin was able to mediate noticeable protection against cerebral I/R injury through the attenuation of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity of amino acids and inhibiting the upregulation of AQP-4 and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fang An
- Graduate Faculty, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shulin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zexin An
- Department of Information, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China.
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15
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An L, Sun X, Zhang L, Zhou J, Zhu F, Shen Z. A Practical and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrofurocoumarin from Pyridinium Ylides in Aqueous Medium. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14768944130291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,3-dihydrofurocoumarins were prepared via a three-component reaction of aldehyde, pyridinium salt and 4-hydroxycoumarin in aqueous ethanol. This method avoids using excessive pyridine and trimethylamine, and has operational simplicity and avoids tedious column chromatography purification. Both aryl aldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes are applicable to this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Fengxia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhengjia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Sheng J, Xu T, Zhang E, Zhang X, Wei W, Zou Y. Synthesis of Coumestrol and Aureol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2749-2753. [PMID: 27704859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total synthesis of coumestrol (1) and aureol (2) is described. The Perkin condensation of 2-bromo-4-hydroxylphenylacetic acid (6) and o-hydroxybenzaldehydes (7) gave the corresponding 2'-bromo-3-arylcoumarins (9). A copper-catalyzed consecutive hydroxylation and aerobic oxidative coupling of 9 under microwave conditions facilitated the total synthesis of 1 and 2, respectively, with spectroscopic data highly similar to those of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd. , Zhongshan City, 528451, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
- Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd. , Zhongshan City, 528451, People's Republic of China
| | - Ensheng Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
- Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd. , Zhongshan City, 528451, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd. , Zhongshan City, 528451, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd. , Zhongshan City, 528451, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd. , Zhongshan City, 528451, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Khaksari M, Abbasloo E, Dehghan F, Soltani Z, Asadikaram G. The brain cytokine levels are modulated by estrogen following traumatic brain injury: Which estrogen receptor serves as modulator? Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:279-87. [PMID: 26112336 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore whether administration of estrogen affects brain cytokine levels in TBI. We also sought determine which one of type of classical estrogen receptors (ERs) is involved. Ovariectomized female rats were divided in to eight groups. Estrogen or vehicle was administered following TBI (E2 and oil groups). Antagonist of ER(ICI 182, 780) or vehicle was also administered following TBI (ICI and DMSO groups). The ICI or vehicle was administered either before induction of TBI and administration of estrogen (ICI+E2 and DMSO+E2 groups). TBI was induced by Marmarou's method. In addition to brain water content, the levels of brain proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured 24 hours post- TBI. Present results demonstrated that, estrogen reduced TBI- induced brain edema. The antiedema effect of estrogen was attenuated by ICI. The brain measures of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in TBI were also reduced by estrogen. The anti-inflammatory effect of estrogen was attenuated by ICI. The inhibition level of estrogen by ICI was 53.2%, 12.09% and 48.45% for IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. Estrogen also elevated IL-10 in TBI. ICI inversely controlled the effect of estrogen on IL-10, by 33.84%. This effect was not observed once ICI was used alone. The estrogen administration following TBI probably results in proinflammatory cytokines reduction, and inversely enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In our study, the neuroprotective effect of estrogen is proposed to be mediated by both ERα and ERα, and accordingly the inhibition of neuroprotective effect of estrogen by ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Abbasloo
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Paterni I, Granchi C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Minutolo F. Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ): subtype-selective ligands and clinical potential. Steroids 2014; 90:13-29. [PMID: 24971815 PMCID: PMC4192010 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are nuclear transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of many complex physiological processes in humans. Modulation of these receptors by prospective therapeutic agents is currently being considered for prevention and treatment of a wide variety of pathological conditions, such as, cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and osteoporosis. This review provides an overview and update of compounds that have been recently reported as modulators of ERs, with a particular focus on their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Paterni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Chakrabarti M, Haque A, Banik NL, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Ray SK. Estrogen receptor agonists for attenuation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Brain Res Bull 2014; 109:22-31. [PMID: 25245209 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent results from laboratory investigations and clinical trials indicate important roles for estrogen receptor (ER) agonists in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from noxious consequences of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative processes in several CNS disorders including spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with activation of microglia and astrocytes, which drive the resident neuroinflammatory response. During neurodegenerative processes, activated microglia and astrocytes cause deleterious effects on surrounding neurons. The inhibitory activity of ER agonists on microglia activation might be a beneficial therapeutic option for delaying the onset or progression of neurodegenerative injuries and diseases. Recent studies suggest that ER agonists can provide neuroprotection by modulation of cell survival mechanisms, synaptic reorganization, regenerative responses to axonal injury, and neurogenesis process. The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of ER agonists are mediated mainly via two ERs known as ERα and ERβ. Although some studies have suggested that ER agonists may be deleterious to some neuronal populations, the potential clinical benefits of ER agonists for augmenting cognitive function may triumph over the associated side effects. Also, understanding the modulatory activities of ER agonists on inflammatory pathways will possibly lead to the development of selective anti-inflammatory molecules with neuroprotective roles in different CNS disorders such as SCI, MS, PD, and AD in humans. Future studies should be concentrated on finding the most plausible molecular pathways for enhancing protective functions of ER agonists in treating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative injuries and diseases in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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