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Bubun N, Anetul E, Koinari M, Freeman TW, Karl S. Coating formulation change leads to inferior performance of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Papua New Guinea. Malar J 2022; 21:349. [PMID: 36424604 PMCID: PMC9685832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) play a key role in reducing malaria transmission in endemic countries. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated a substantial decrease in the bioefficacy of LLINs for malaria prevention delivered to Papua New Guinea (PNG) between 2013 and 2019. This coincided with a rise in malaria cases in the country. The present study was aimed at determining the underlying cause of the reduced bioefficacy observed in these LLINs. The main hypothesis was that a change in the coating formulation of the respective LLIN product was responsible, and had led to significantly altered product properties and performance. METHODS A set of PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN samples (n = 12) manufactured between 2007 and 2019 was subjected to combustion ion chromatography in order to understand the chemistry of the LLIN polymer coating formulation. In addition, World Health Organization (WHO) LLIN standard wash tests and cone bioassays were conducted to further characterize the change in product performance that occurred between 2012 and 2013. RESULTS High polymer fluorine content (average 3.2 g/kg) was measured in PermaNet® 2.0 manufactured up to 2012, whereas nets which were manufactured after 2012 contained very little polymer fluorine (average 0.04 g/kg) indicating a coating formulation change from a fluorocarbon (FC)-based to a non-FC-based formulation. The coating formulation change as part of the manufacturing process thus resulted in a significant reduction in bioefficacy. In addition, the manufacturing change affected wash resistance leading to a faster reduction in 24 h mosquito mortality in the non-FC-coated product with consecutive washes. CONCLUSION A change in coating formulation of PermaNet® 2.0 resulted in reduced product performance in PNG. Post-2012 PermaNet® 2.0 LLINs should not be considered to be the same product as PermaNet® 2.0 LLINs produced prior to and in 2012. Coating formulation changes should be validated to not impact LLIN product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakei Bubun
- grid.417153.50000 0001 2288 2831Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province Papua New Guinea
| | - Evodia Anetul
- grid.417153.50000 0001 2288 2831Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province Papua New Guinea
| | - Melanie Koinari
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD Australia
| | - Timothy W. Freeman
- Rotarians Against Malaria Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea
| | - Stephan Karl
- grid.417153.50000 0001 2288 2831Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province Papua New Guinea ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD Australia
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Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3646. [PMID: 32686679 PMCID: PMC7371689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papua New Guinea (PNG) has the highest malaria transmission outside of Africa. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are believed to have helped to reduce average malaria prevalence in PNG from 16% in 2008 to 1% in 2014. Since 2015 malaria in PNG has resurged significantly. Here, we present observations documenting decreased bioefficacy of unused LLINs with manufacturing dates between 2013 and 2019 collected from villages and LLIN distributors in PNG. Specifically, we show that of n = 167 tested LLINs manufactured after 2013, only 17% are fulfilling the required World Health Organisation bioefficacy standards of ≥ 80% 24 h mortality or ≥ 95% 60 min knockdown in bioassays with pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles farauti mosquitoes. In contrast, all (100%, n = 25) LLINs with manufacturing dates prior to 2013 are meeting these bioefficacy standards. These results suggest that decreased bioefficacy of LLINs is contributing to the malaria resurgence in PNG and increased scrutiny of LLIN quality is warranted. Malaria prevalence in Papua New Guinea has risen in recent years after almost a decade of decline. In this study, the authors demonstrate that long-lasting insecticidal nets used in the country that were manufactured since 2013 have significantly reduced bioefficacy.
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Camara S, Ahoua Alou LP, Koffi AA, Clegban YCM, Kabran JP, Koffi FM, Koffi K, Pennetier C. Efficacy of Interceptor ® G2, a new long-lasting insecticidal net against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Côte d'Ivoire: a semi-field trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:42. [PMID: 30088473 PMCID: PMC6082037 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations is a serious threat to the efficacy of vector control tools. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) supports the development of alternative tools that combine several insecticides with the aim of improving vector control and the management of insecticide resistance. In the present study, a long-lasting insecticidal net treated with a mixture of chlorfenapyr and alphacypermethrin was evaluated against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s in M’bé, Côte d’Ivoire. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle tests were carried out with resistant An. gambiae s.s. of M’bé and the susceptible strain, to assess the resistance level to chlorfenapyr and alphacypermethrin. Results: CDC bottle bioassays revealed a high level of resistance of An. gambiae s.s. population from M’bé to alphacypermethrin, whereas they revealed low resistance to chlorfenapyr. In experimental huts, Interceptor® G2 that was unwashed or washed 20 times killed 87% and 82% of An. gambiae s.s., respectively, whereas Interceptor® LN that was either unwashed or washed 20 times killed only about 10% of the mosquitoes. The blood-feeding inhibition induced by Interceptor® was not significantly different compared to untreated nets, whereas Interceptor® G2 that was unwashed or washed 20 times induced 42% and 34% inhibition of blood-feeding, respectively. Conclusion: Interceptor® G2 met the WHOPES criteria to undergo a phase III study. Investigation of its efficacy at a community level and the conduct of randomized controlled trials dealing with epidemiological outputs are warranted in order to study the potential of Interceptor® G2 to better protect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soromane Camara
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR 224, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | - Yao Cyntia Muriel Clegban
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean-Paul Kabran
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fernand Mathieu Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kouakou Koffi
- Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Cédric Pennetier
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR 224, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
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KAYEDI MH, RASSI Y, CHEGENI-SHARAFI A, ROSTAMI R, RAFIZADEH S, ABDALI N. Control of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Deltamethrin Treated Nets in Comparison to Indoors Residual Spraying in a Rural Area of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:835-842. [PMID: 28828327 PMCID: PMC5558078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important vector-borne disease in Iran. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Deltamethrin treated nets in comparison to Indoors Residual Spraying (IRS) for the control of leishmaniasis in a new focal area of Iran. METHODS The study was carried out in 5 villages in the west of Iran during 2012-2013. One village was selected to the application of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs, 25 mg/m2 deltamethrin) among residents. Four other villages were considered for IRS using deltamethrin emulsion, 2.5% EG and Aicon 10WP. Spraying was repeated after 3 month. Other control methods e.g. environmental managements, and treatment of positive cases were carried out in all villages. RESULTS After 1 yr of trial, the cases of disease reduced from 50 to 2 and 128 to 5 for ITNs distributed nets and use of IRS in the villages, respectively. CONCLUSION Reduction of CL cases in both methods were significant (P<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan KAYEDI
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center and Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yavar RASSI
- Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali CHEGENI-SHARAFI
- Disease Control Unit, Provincial Health Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Reza ROSTAMI
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Nargess ABDALI
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran,Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran,North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Kayedi MH, Khamisabadi K, Haghdoost AA, Kayedi Z, Fallahi S, Abdali N. Short and long term evaluation of the efficiency of PermaNet® 2.0 bed net against environmental factors and washing using bioassay tests. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e18. [PMID: 28423093 PMCID: PMC5398190 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the resistance of PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets against repeated washing and environmental factors by using bioassay tests. After 5, 15 and 21 washings with detergents and by using bioassay tests, the resistance of 40 PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets was compared with that of 40 bed nets conventionally treated with one K-O tablet. To examine the long-term resistance, 31 PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets were also distributed among villagers, and were re-collected to perform bioassay tests after 1, 2 and 5 years. In the first phase of this study, the insecticidal effect of the conventionally-treated nets significantly decreased due to repeated washings (P < 0.001); however, it was not significant regarding PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets (P = 0.92 in continuous exposure and P = 0.12 in mortality tests). In the long-term phase of this study, the time required for knockdown of PermaNet® 2.0 increased over the first 2 years and then decreased. In addition, the mortality rate decreased over the first 2 years and then increased. In conclusion, it seems that the technique used by the manufacturer for impregnation of PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets has an acceptable efficiency in comparison with conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Kayedi
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kiumars Khamisabadi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Kazeroun Field Station, Tehran, Iran.,Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Modeling in Health Research Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Kayedi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nargess Abdali
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Student Research Committee, Khorramabad, Iran.,Pasteur Institute of Iran, North Research Center, Amol, Iran
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Mondal D, Das ML, Kumar V, Huda MM, Das P, Ghosh D, Priyanka J, Matlashewski G, Kroeger A, Upfill-Brown A, Chowdhury R. Efficacy, Safety and Cost of Insecticide Treated Wall Lining, Insecticide Treated Bed Nets and Indoor Wall Wash with Lime for Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector Control in the Indian Sub-continent: A Multi-country Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004932. [PMID: 27533097 PMCID: PMC4988640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the efficacy, safety and cost of lime wash of household walls plus treatment of sand fly breeding places with bleach (i.e. environmental management or EM), insecticide impregnated durable wall lining (DWL), and bed net impregnation with slow release insecticide (ITN) for sand fly control in the Indian sub-continent. METHODS This multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial had 24 clusters in each three sites with eight clusters per high, medium or low sand fly density stratum. Every cluster included 45-50 households. Five households from each cluster were randomly selected for entomological measurements including sand fly density and mortality at one, three, nine and twelve months post intervention. Household interviews were conducted for socioeconomic information and intervention acceptability assessment. Cost for each intervention was calculated. There was a control group without intervention. FINDINGS Sand fly mortality [mean and 95%CI] ranged from 84% (81%-87%) at one month to 74% (71%-78%) at 12 months for DWL, 75% (71%-79%) at one month to 49% (43%-55%) at twelve months for ITN, and 44% (34%-53%) at one month to 22% (14%-29%) at twelve months for EM. Adjusted intervention effect on sand fly density measured by incidence rate ratio ranged from 0.28 (0.23-0.34) at one month to 0.62 (0.51-0.75) at 12 months for DWL; 0.72 (0.62-0.85) at one month to 1.02 (0.86-1.22) at 12 months for ITN; and 0.89 (0.76-1.03) at one months to 1.49 (1.26-1.74) at 12 months for EM. Household acceptance of EM was 74% compared to 94% for both DWL and ITN. Operational cost per household in USD was about 5, 8, and 2 for EM, DWL and ITN, respectively. Minimal adverse reactions were reported for EM and ITN while 36% of households with DWL reported transient itching. INTERPRETATION DWL is the most effective, durable and acceptable control method followed by ITN. The Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) Elimination Program in the Indian sub-continent should consider DWL and ITN for sand fly control in addition to IRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre For Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Murari Lal Das
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Entomology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - M. Mamun Huda
- International Centre For Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- International Centre For Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jyoti Priyanka
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Entomology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Axel Kroeger
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
- University Medical Centre Freiburg, Centre for Medicine and Society, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Upfill-Brown
- Center for World Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rajib Chowdhury
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Mahmoudvand H, Moradi N, Ezatpour B, Ebrahimzadeh F, Rashidipour M. Antileishmanial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Quercus infectoria Olivier extract. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:208-15. [PMID: 27470357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective vaccine available, and chemotherapy is the main approach for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). During recent decades, studies have demonstrated that a number of plant-derived compounds may act as new therapeutic tools against leishmaniasis. This study was evaluated the antileishmanial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Quercus infectoria Olivier (oak) extract. The total amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was measured in oak extract. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was also performed to determine the amount of quercetin and gallic acid in this plant. This extract (0-80g/mL) was evaluated in vitro against promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) using MTT assay and in a macro-phage model, respectively. Then oak extract was tested on CL in infected male BALB/c mice with L. major in order to evaluate the antileishmanial activity topically. Moreover, cytotoxicity effects of oak in murine macrophage cells were tested by MTT assay. Antioxidative activity of oak was also determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging test. The amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the oak extract was 57.50 and 1.86%, respectively. The amount of quercetin and gallic acid in the oak extract was 0.0064 and 0.22%, respectively. The findings revealed that oak significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the growth rate of promastigote of (IC50 12.65μg/mL) and amastigotes (IC50 10.31μg/mL) as a dose-dependent response. In the in vivo assay, after 4 weeks of treatment, 91.6, 66.66, and 50% recovery was observed in the infected mice treated with 20, 10, and 5mg/kg of oak extract, respectively. After treatment of the infected mice with the concentration of 10 and 20mg/kg of oak, the mean diameter of lesions, parasite load and mean number of parasites was significantly (P<0.05) reduced. Selectivity index of greater than 10 for oak revealed that oak extract had no cytotoxic effects on macrophage cells. Moreover, DPPH test demonstrated that radical inhibition occurred at greater power with increasing the concentration of oak. To conclude, the present study showed potent antileishmanial and antioxidant activity of oak extract; whereas this plant had no toxic effect on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Kheirandish
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan, University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Bahram Delfan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan, University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nasim Moradi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan, University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Behrouz Ezatpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan, University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farzad Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashidipour
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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