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Grisold W, Carozzi VA. Toxicity in Peripheral Nerves: An Overview. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090218. [PMID: 34564369 PMCID: PMC8472820 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction to a collection. This article is intended to introduce a collection of papers on toxic neuropathies. Toxic neuropathies can be caused by a variety of substances and by different mechanisms. Toxic agents are numerous and can be distinguished between drugs, recreational agents, heavy metals, industrial agents, pesticides, warfare agents, biologic substances and venoms. Toxic agents reach the nervous system by ingestion, transcutaneously, via the mucous membranes, parenterally and by aerosols. The most frequent types are cumulative toxicities. Other types are acute or delayed toxicities. Pathogenetic mechanisms range from a specific toxic substance profile causing axonal or demyelinating lesions, towards ion channel interferences, immune-mediated mechanisms and a number of different molecular pathways. In addition, demyelination, focal lesions and small fiber damage may occur. Clinically, neurotoxicity presents most frequently as axonal symmetric neuropathies. In this work, we present a panoramic view of toxic neuropathy, in terms of symptoms, causes, mechanisms and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Grisold
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental und Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, A-1200 Wien, Austria;
| | - Valentina Alda Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Building U8, Room 1027, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Ecsedi S, Hernandez-Vargas H, Lima SC, Vizkeleti L, Toth R, Lazar V, Koroknai V, Kiss T, Emri G, Herceg Z, Adany R, Balazs M. DNA methylation characteristics of primary melanomas with distinct biological behaviour. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96612. [PMID: 24832207 PMCID: PMC4022506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In melanoma, the presence of promoter related hypermethylation has previously been reported, however, no methylation-based distinction has been drawn among the diverse melanoma subtypes. Here, we investigated DNA methylation changes associated with melanoma progression and links between methylation patterns and other types of somatic alterations, including the most frequent mutations and DNA copy number changes. Our results revealed that the methylome, presenting in early stage samples and associated with the BRAF(V600E) mutation, gradually decreased in the medium and late stages of the disease. An inverse relationship among the other predefined groups and promoter methylation was also revealed except for histologic subtype, whereas the more aggressive, nodular subtype melanomas exhibited hypermethylation as well. The Breslow thickness, which is a continuous variable, allowed for the most precise insight into how promoter methylation decreases from stage to stage. Integrating our methylation results with a high-throughput copy number alteration dataset, local correlations were detected in the MYB and EYA4 genes. With regard to the effects of DNA hypermethylation on melanoma patients' survival, correcting for clinical cofounders, only the KIT gene was associated with a lower overall survival rate. In this study, we demonstrate the strong influence of promoter localized DNA methylation changes on melanoma initiation and show how hypermethylation decreases in melanomas associated with less favourable clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we establish the methylation pattern as part of an integrated apparatus of somatic DNA alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Ecsedi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE- Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Epigenetics Group, Lyon, France
| | - Sheila C. Lima
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Epigenetics Group, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Vizkeleti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE- Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Reka Toth
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Lazar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Koroknai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Timea Kiss
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Epigenetics Group, Lyon, France
| | - Roza Adany
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE- Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margit Balazs
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE- Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Stitz L, Aguzzi A. Aerosols: an underestimated vehicle for transmission of prion diseases? Prion 2011; 5:138-41. [PMID: 21778819 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.3.16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have recently reported that prions can be transmitted to mice via aerosols. These reports spurred a lively public discussion on the possible public-health threats represented by prion-containing aerosols. Here we offer our view on the context in which these findings should be placed. On the one hand, the fact that nebulized prions can transmit disease cannot be taken to signify that prions are airborne under natural circumstances. On the other hand, it appears important to underscore the fact that aerosols can originate very easily in a broad variety of experimental and natural environmental conditions. Aerosols are a virtually unavoidable consequence of the handling of fluids; complete prevention of the generation of aerosols is very difficult. While prions have never been found to be transmissible via aerosols under natural conditions, it appears prudent to strive to minimize exposure to potentially prion-infected aerosols whenever the latter may arise - for example in scientific and diagnostic laboratories handling brain matter, cerebrospinal fluids, and other potentially contaminated materials, as well as abattoirs. Equally important is that prion biosafety training be focused on the control of, and protection from, prion-infected aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Stitz
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Tübingen, Germany.
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Holzbauer SM, DeVries AS, Sejvar JJ, Lees CH, Adjemian J, McQuiston JH, Medus C, Lexau CA, Harris JR, Recuenco SE, Belay ED, Howell JF, Buss BF, Hornig M, Gibbins JD, Brueck SE, Smith KE, Danila RN, Lipkin WI, Lachance DH, Dyck PJB, Lynfield R. Epidemiologic investigation of immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy among abattoir workers exposed to porcine brain. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9782. [PMID: 20333310 PMCID: PMC2841649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In October 2007, a cluster of patients experiencing a novel polyradiculoneuropathy was identified at a pork abattoir (Plant A). Patients worked in the primary carcass processing area (warm room); the majority processed severed heads (head-table). An investigation was initiated to determine risk factors for illness. Methods and Results Symptoms of the reported patients were unlike previously described occupational associated illnesses. A case-control study was conducted at Plant A. A case was defined as evidence of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy and compatible electrodiagnostic testing in a pork abattoir worker. Two control groups were used - randomly selected non-ill warm-room workers (n = 49), and all non-ill head-table workers (n = 56). Consenting cases and controls were interviewed and blood and throat swabs were collected. The 26 largest U.S. pork abattoirs were surveyed to identify additional cases. Fifteen cases were identified at Plant A; illness onsets occurred during May 2004–November 2007. Median age was 32 years (range, 21–55 years). Cases were more likely than warm-room controls to have ever worked at the head-table (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–26.7), removed brains or removed muscle from the backs of heads (AOR, 10.3; 95% CI, 1.5–68.5), and worked within 0–10 feet of the brain removal operation (AOR, 9.9; 95% CI, 1.2–80.0). Associations remained when comparing head-table cases and head-table controls. Workers removed brains by using compressed air that liquefied brain and generated aerosolized droplets, exposing themselves and nearby workers. Eight additional cases were identified in the only two other abattoirs using this technique. The three abattoirs that used this technique have stopped brain removal, and no new cases have been reported after 24 months of follow up. Cases compared to controls had higher median interferon-gamma (IFNγ) levels (21.7 pg/ml; vs 14.8 pg/ml, P<0.001). Discussion This novel polyradiculoneuropathy was associated with removing porcine brains with compressed air. An autoimmune mechanism is supported by higher levels of IFNγ in cases than in controls consistent with other immune mediated illnesses occurring in association with neural tissue exposure. Abattoirs should not use compressed air to remove brains and should avoid procedures that aerosolize CNS tissue. This outbreak highlights the potential for respiratory or mucosal exposure to cause an immune-mediated illness in an occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M. Holzbauer
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron S. DeVries
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James J. Sejvar
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine H. Lees
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Adjemian
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer H. McQuiston
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carlota Medus
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Lexau
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julie R. Harris
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sergio E. Recuenco
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ermias D. Belay
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James F. Howell
- Public Health Preparedness and Emergency Response, Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bryan F. Buss
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Public Health, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mady Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John D. Gibbins
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Brueck
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kirk E. Smith
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Danila
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Lachance
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - P. James. B. Dyck
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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