1
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Yeoh WJ, Krebs P. SHIP1 and its role for innate immune regulation-Novel targets for immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350446. [PMID: 37742135 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signaling plays key roles in the regulation of cellular activity in both health and disease. In immune cells, this PI3K/AKT pathway is critically regulated by the phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP1, which has been reported to modulate the function of most immune subsets. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of SHIP1 with a focus on innate immune cells, where we reflect on the most pertinent aspects described in the current literature. We also present several small-molecule agonists and antagonists of SHIP1 developed over the last two decades, which have led to improved outcomes in several preclinical models of disease. We outline these promising findings and put them in relation to human diseases with unmet medical needs, where we discuss the most attractive targets for immune therapies based on SHIP1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Yeoh
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Chou V, Pearse RV, Aylward AJ, Ashour N, Taga M, Terzioglu G, Fujita M, Fancher SB, Sigalov A, Benoit CR, Lee H, Lam M, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young-Pearse TL. INPP5D regulates inflammasome activation in human microglia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7552. [PMID: 38016942 PMCID: PMC10684891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia and neuroinflammation play an important role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D (INPP5D/SHIP1) is a myeloid-expressed gene genetically-associated with AD. Through unbiased analyses of RNA and protein profiles in INPP5D-disrupted iPSC-derived human microglia, we find that reduction in INPP5D activity is associated with molecular profiles consistent with disrupted autophagy and inflammasome activation. These findings are validated through targeted pharmacological experiments which demonstrate that reduced INPP5D activity induces the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, cleavage of CASP1, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Further, in-depth analyses of human brain tissue across hundreds of individuals using a multi-analytic approach provides evidence that a reduction in function of INPP5D in microglia results in inflammasome activation in AD. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying microglia-mediated processes in AD and highlight the inflammasome as a potential therapeutic target for modulating INPP5D-mediated vulnerability to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Chou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard V Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aimee J Aylward
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Ashour
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariko Taga
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gizem Terzioglu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seeley B Fancher
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alina Sigalov
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Courtney R Benoit
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matti Lam
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Terzioglu G, Young-Pearse TL. Microglial function, INPP5D/SHIP1 signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:89. [PMID: 38017562 PMCID: PMC10685641 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have brought microglia under the spotlight, as loci associated with AD risk are enriched in genes expressed in microglia. Several of these genes have been recognized for their central roles in microglial functions. Increasing evidence suggests that SHIP1, the protein encoded by the AD-associated gene INPP5D, is an important regulator of microglial phagocytosis and immune response. A recent study from our group identified SHIP1 as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human iPSC-derived microglial cells (iMGs). In addition, we found evidence for a connection between SHIP1 activity and inflammasome activation in the AD brain. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines as part of innate immune responses against pathogens and endogenous damage signals. Previously published studies have suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in AD and contributes to AD-related pathology. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of AD-related inflammation. We then review the known intracellular functions of SHIP1, including its role in phosphoinositide signaling, interactions with microglial phagocytic receptors such as TREM2 and evidence for its intersection with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Through rigorous examination of the intricate connections between microglial signaling pathways across several experimental systems and postmortem analyses, the field will be better equipped to tailor newly emerging therapeutic strategies targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Terzioglu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Chou V, Fancher SB, Pearse RV, Lee H, Lam M, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young-Pearse TL. INPP5D/SHIP1 regulates inflammasome activation in human microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530025. [PMID: 36865139 PMCID: PMC9980181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and neuroinflammation are implicated in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To better understand microglia-mediated processes in AD, we studied the function of INPP5D/SHIP1, a gene linked to AD through GWAS. Immunostaining and single nucleus RNA sequencing confirmed that INPP5D expression in the adult human brain is largely restricted to microglia. Examination of prefrontal cortex across a large cohort revealed reduced full length INPP5D protein levels in AD patient brains compared to cognitively normal controls. The functional consequences of reduced INPP5D activity were evaluated in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia (iMGLs), using both pharmacological inhibition of the phosphatase activity of INPP5D and genetic reduction in copy number. Unbiased transcriptional and proteomic profiling of iMGLs suggested an upregulation of innate immune signaling pathways, lower levels of scavenger receptors, and altered inflammasome signaling with INPP5D reduction. INPP5D inhibition induced the secretion of IL-1ß and IL-18, further implicating inflammasome activation. Inflammasome activation was confirmed through visualization of inflammasome formation through ASC immunostaining in INPP5D-inhibited iMGLs, increased cleaved caspase-1 and through rescue of elevated IL-1ß and IL-18 with caspase-1 and NLRP3 inhibitors. This work implicates INPP5D as a regulator of inflammasome signaling in human microglia.
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5
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Chu YN, Akahori A, Takatori S, Tomita T. Pathological Roles of INPP5D in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1423:289-301. [PMID: 37525057 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31978-5_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Current hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) postulates that amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the brain causes tau inclusion in neurons and leads to cognitive decline. The discovery of the genetic association between triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) with increased AD risk points to a causal link between microglia and AD pathogenesis, and revealed a crucial role of TREM2-dependent clustering of microglia around amyloid plaques that prevents Aβ toxicity to facilitate tau deposition near the plaques. Here we review the physiological and pathological roles of another AD risk gene expressed in microglia, inositol polyphosphate-5-polyphosphatase D (INPP5D), which encodes a phosphoinositide phosphatase. Evidence suggests that its risk polymorphisms alter the expression level and/or function of INPP5D, while concomitantly affecting tau levels in cerebrospinal fluids. In β-amyloidosis mice, INPP5D was upregulated upon Aβ deposition and negatively regulated the microglial clustering toward amyloid plaques. INPP5D seems to exert its function by acting antagonistically at downstream of the TREM2 signaling pathway, suggesting that it is a novel regulator of the protective barrier by microglia. Further studies to elucidate INPP5D's role in AD may help in developing new therapeutic targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Ning Chu
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aika Akahori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Stafford JL. An Imaging Flow Cytometry Protocol for Studying Immunoregulatory Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:201-216. [PMID: 34870821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have allowed for innovative functional investigations of innate immune cell responses. Imaging flow cytometers combine the imaging capabilities of microscopy with rapid, high-throughput data acquisition attributes of standard flow cytometers. Here, we describe a detailed method for co-expressing stimulatory and inhibitory immunoregulatory receptor-types in AD293 cells and then measuring receptor cross-talk during the regulation of the phagocytic response. Information on reagent selection, imaging flow cytometry calibration, and automated template analyses are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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7
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DeLuca JM, Murphy MK, Wang X, Wilson TJ. FCRL1 Regulates B Cell Receptor-Induced ERK Activation through GRB2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2688-2698. [PMID: 34697226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of BCR signaling has important consequences for generating effective Ab responses to pathogens and preventing production of autoreactive B cells during development. Currently defined functions of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 1 include positive regulation of BCR-induced calcium flux, proliferation, and Ab production; however, the mechanistic basis of FCRL1 signaling and its contributions to B cell development remain undefined. Molecular characterization of FCRL1 signaling shows phosphotyrosine-dependent associations with GRB2, GRAP, SHIP-1, and SOS1, all of which can profoundly influence MAPK signaling. In contrast with previous characterizations of FCRL1 as a strictly activating receptor, we discover a role for FCRL1 in suppressing ERK activation under homeostatic and BCR-stimulated conditions in a GRB2-dependent manner. Our analysis of B cells in Fcrl1 -/- mice shows that ERK suppression by FCRL1 is associated with a restriction in the number of cells surviving splenic maturation in vivo. The capacity of FCRL1 to modulate ERK activation presents a potential for FCRL1 to be a regulator of peripheral B cell tolerance, homeostasis, and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
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8
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A Fish Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptor Uses a Novel Intracytoplasmic Tail Networking Mechanism to Cross-Inhibit the Phagocytic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145146. [PMID: 32708174 PMCID: PMC7404264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses, including phagocytosis. The precise mechanisms of IpLITR-mediated regulation of the phagocytic process are not entirely understood, but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use classical as well as novel pathways for controlling immune cell-mediated target engulfment. To date, all functional assessments of IpLITR-mediated regulatory actions have focused on the independent characterization of select IpLITR-types in transfected cells. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, many IpLITRs share similar extracellular Ig-like domains, thus it is possible that various IpLITR actions are influenced by cross-talk mechanisms between different IpLITR-types; analogous to the paired innate receptor paradigm in mammals. Here, we describe in detail the co-expression of different IpLITR-types in the human embryonic AD293 cell line and examination of their receptor cross-talk mechanisms during the regulation of the phagocytic response using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and immunoprecipitation protocols. Overall, our data provides interesting new insights into the integrated control of phagocytosis via the antagonistic networking of independent IpLITR-types that requires the selective recruitment of inhibitory signaling molecules for the initiation and sustained cross-inhibition of phagocytosis.
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9
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Walpole GFW, Grinstein S. Endocytosis and the internalization of pathogenic organisms: focus on phosphoinositides. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32494357 PMCID: PMC7233180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their comparatively low abundance in biological membranes, phosphoinositides are key to the regulation of a diverse array of signaling pathways and direct membrane traffic. The role of phosphoinositides in the initiation and progression of endocytic pathways has been studied in considerable depth. Recent advances have revealed that distinct phosphoinositide species feature prominently in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis as well as in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Moreover, a variety of intracellular and cell-associated pathogens have developed strategies to commandeer host cell phosphoinositide metabolism to gain entry and/or metabolic advantage, thereby promoting their survival and proliferation. Here, we briefly survey the current knowledge on the involvement of phosphoinositides in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis and highlight several examples of molecular mimicry employed by pathogens to either “hitch a ride” on endocytic pathways endogenous to the host or create an entry path of their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Wieland A, Ahmed R. Fc Receptors in Antimicrobial Protection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 423:119-150. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Hibbs ML, Raftery AL, Tsantikos E. Regulation of hematopoietic cell signaling by SHIP-1 inositol phosphatase: growth factors and beyond. Growth Factors 2018; 36:213-231. [PMID: 30764683 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2019.1569649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SHIP-1 is a hematopoietic-specific inositol phosphatase activated downstream of a multitude of receptors including those for growth factors, cytokines, antigen, immunoglobulin and toll-like receptor agonists where it exerts inhibitory control. While it is constitutively expressed in all immune cells, SHIP-1 expression is negatively regulated by the inflammatory and oncogenic micro-RNA miR-155. Knockout mouse studies have shown the importance of SHIP-1 in various immune cell subsets and have revealed a range of immune-mediated pathologies that are engendered due to loss of SHIP-1's regulatory activity, impelling investigations into the role of SHIP-1 in human disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature relating to the role of SHIP-1 in hematopoietic cell signaling and function, we summarize recent reports that highlight the dysregulation of the SHIP-1 pathway in cancers, autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases, and lastly we discuss the importance of SHIP-1 in restraining myeloid growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Hibbs
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology , Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - April L Raftery
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology , Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology , Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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12
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Stopforth RJ, Oldham RJ, Tutt AL, Duriez P, Chan HTC, Binkowski BF, Zimprich C, Li D, Hargreaves PG, Cong M, Reddy V, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Cragg MS. Detection of Experimental and Clinical Immune Complexes by Measuring SHIP-1 Recruitment to the Inhibitory FcγRIIB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1937-1950. [PMID: 29351998 PMCID: PMC5837011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) are involved in multiple aspects of immune cell regulation, are central to the success of mAb therapeutics, and underpin the pathology of several autoimmune diseases. However, reliable assays capable of accurately measuring FcγR interactions with their physiological ligands, IgG immune complexes (IC), are limited. A method to study and detect IC interactions with FcγRs was therefore developed. This method, designed to model the signaling pathway of the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B), used NanoLuc Binary Interaction Technology to measure recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase 1 to the ITIM of this receptor. Such recruitment required prior cross-linking of an ITAM-containing activatory receptor, and evoked luciferase activity in discrete clusters at the cell surface, recapitulating the known biology of CD32B signaling. The assay detected varying forms of experimental IC, including heat-aggregated IgG, rituximab-anti-idiotype complexes, and anti-trinitrophenol-trinitrophenol complexes in a sensitive manner (≤1 μg/ml), and discriminated between complexes of varying size and isotype. Proof-of-concept for the detection of circulating ICs in autoimmune disease was provided, as responses to sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis were detected in small pilot studies. Finally, the method was translated to a stable cell line system. In conclusion, a rapid and robust method for the detection of IC was developed, which has numerous potential applications including the monitoring of IC in autoimmune diseases and the study of underlying FcγR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine/Cancer Research U.K. Centre, Protein Core Facility, Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dun Li
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Philip G Hargreaves
- Promega UK Ltd., Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Venkat Reddy
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maria J Leandro
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geraldine Cambridge
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
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13
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Dobranowski P, Sly LM. SHIP negatively regulates type II immune responses in mast cells and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1053-1064. [PMID: 29345374 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-340r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SHIP is a hematopoietic-specific lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates PI3K-generated PI(3,4,5)-trisphosphate. SHIP removes this second messenger from the cell membrane blunting PI3K activity in immune cells. Thus, SHIP negatively regulates mast cell activation downstream of multiple receptors. SHIP has been referred to as the "gatekeeper" of mast cell degranulation as loss of SHIP dramatically increases degranulation or permits degranulation in response to normally inert stimuli. SHIP also negatively regulates Mϕ activation, including both pro-inflammatory cytokine production downstream of pattern recognition receptors, and alternative Mϕ activation by the type II cytokines, IL-4, and IL-13. In the SHIP-deficient (SHIP-/- ) mouse, increased mast cell and Mϕ activation leads to spontaneous inflammatory pathology at mucosal sites, which is characterized by high levels of type II inflammatory cytokines. SHIP-/- mast cells and Mϕs have both been implicated in driving inflammation in the SHIP-/- mouse lung. SHIP-/- Mϕs drive Crohn's disease-like intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, which is dependent on heightened responses to innate immune stimuli generating IL-1, and IL-4 inducing abundant arginase I. Both lung and gut pathology translate to human disease as low SHIP levels and activity have been associated with allergy and with Crohn's disease in people. In this review, we summarize seminal literature and recent advances that provide insight into SHIP's role in mast cells and Mϕs, the contribution of these cell types to pathology in the SHIP-/- mouse, and describe how these findings translate to human disease and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dobranowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura M Sly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Jay TR, von Saucken VE, Landreth GE. TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 28768545 PMCID: PMC5541421 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Jay
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Victoria E. von Saucken
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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15
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Pauls SD, Marshall AJ. Regulation of immune cell signaling by SHIP1: A phosphatase, scaffold protein, and potential therapeutic target. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:932-945. [PMID: 28480512 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP is a critical regulator of immune cell activation. Despite considerable study, the mechanisms controlling SHIP activity to ensure balanced cell activation remain incompletely understood. SHIP dampens BCR signaling in part through its association with the inhibitory coreceptor Fc gamma receptor IIB, and serves as an effector for other inhibitory receptors in various immune cell types. The established paradigm emphasizes SHIP's inhibitory receptor-dependent function in regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 ; however, substantial evidence indicates that SHIP can be activated independently of inhibitory receptors and can function as an intrinsic brake on activation signaling. Here, we integrate historical and recent reports addressing the regulation and function of SHIP in immune cells, which together indicate that SHIP acts as a multifunctional protein controlled by multiple regulatory inputs, and influences downstream signaling via both phosphatase-dependent and -independent means. We further summarize accumulated evidence regarding the functions of SHIP in B cells, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, and macrophages, and data suggesting defective expression or activity of SHIP in autoimmune and malignant disorders. Lastly, we discuss the biological activities, therapeutic promise, and limitations of small molecule modulators of SHIP enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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16
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Park M, Raftery MJ, Thomas PS, Geczy CL, Bryant K, Tedla N. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 regulates key signalling molecules involved in FcγRI-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis and phagocytosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35085. [PMID: 27725776 PMCID: PMC5057125 DOI: 10.1038/srep35085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
FcγRI cross-linking on monocytes may trigger clathrin-mediated endocytosis, likely through interaction of multiple intracellular molecules that are controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. However, the identity of phospho-proteins and their regulation are unknown. We proposed the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) that inhibits FcγRI-mediated cytokine production via Tyr dephosphorylation of multiple kinases, may also regulate endocytosis/phagocytosis through similar mechanisms. FcγRI and/or LILRB4 were antibody-ligated on THP-1 cells, lysates immunoprecipitated using anti-pTyr antibody and peptides sequenced by mass spectrometry. Mascot Search identified 25 Tyr phosphorylated peptides with high confidence. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the most significantly affected pathways were clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Fc-receptor dependent phagocytosis. Tyr phosphorylation of key candidate proteins in these pathways included common γ-chain of the Fc receptors, Syk, clathrin, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Cbl, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate, tripartite motif-containing 21 and heat shock protein 70. Importantly, co-ligation of LILRB4 with FcγRI caused significant dephosphorylation of these proteins and was associated with suppression of Fc receptor-dependent uptake of antibody-opsonised bacterial particles, indicating that LILRB4. These results suggest that Tyr phosphorylation may be critical in FcγRI-dependent endocytosis/phagocytosis that may be regulated by LILRB4 by triggering dephosphorylation of key signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Park
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Paul S Thomas
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Carolyn L Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Katherine Bryant
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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17
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Of ITIMs, ITAMs, and ITAMis: revisiting immunoglobulin Fc receptor signaling. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:66-73. [PMID: 26497513 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for immunoglobulin Fc regions play multiple critical roles in the immune system, mediating functions as diverse as phagocytosis, triggering degranulation of basophils and mast cells, promoting immunoglobulin class switching, and preventing excessive activation. Transmembrane signaling associated with these functions is mediated primarily by two amino acid sequence motifs, ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) and ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs) that act as the receptors' interface with activating and inhibitory signaling pathways, respectively. While ITAMs mobilize activating tyrosine kinases and their consorts, ITIMs mobilize opposing tyrosine and inositol-lipid phosphatases. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of signaling by these receptors/motifs and their sometimes blurred lines of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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B cells biology in systemic lupus erythematosus—from bench to bedside. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1111-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Blanco-Menéndez N, Del Fresno C, Fernandes S, Calvo E, Conde-Garrosa R, Kerr WG, Sancho D. SHIP-1 Couples to the Dectin-1 hemITAM and Selectively Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Dendritic Cells in Response to Candida albicans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4466-4478. [PMID: 26416276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dectin-1 (Clec7a) is a paradigmatic C-type lectin receptor that binds Syk through a hemITAM motif and couples sensing of pathogens such as fungi to induction of innate responses. Dectin-1 engagement triggers a plethora of activating events, but little is known about the modulation of such pathways. Trying to define a more precise picture of early Dectin-1 signaling, we explored the interactome of the intracellular tail of the receptor in mouse dendritic cells. We found unexpected binding of SHIP-1 phosphatase to the phosphorylated hemITAM. SHIP-1 colocalized with Dectin-1 during phagocytosis of zymosan in a hemITAM-dependent fashion. Moreover, endogenous SHIP-1 relocated to live or heat-killed Candida albicans-containing phagosomes in a Dectin-1-dependent manner in GM-CSF-derived bone marrow cells (GM-BM). However, SHIP-1 absence in GM-BM did not affect activation of MAPK or production of cytokines and readouts dependent on NF-κB and NFAT. Notably, ROS production was enhanced in SHIP-1-deficient GM-BM treated with heat-killed C. albicans, live C. albicans, or the specific Dectin-1 agonists curdlan or whole glucan particles. This increased oxidative burst was dependent on Dectin-1, Syk, PI3K, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, and NADPH oxidase. GM-BM from CD11c∆SHIP-1 mice also showed increased killing activity against live C. albicans that was dependent on Dectin-1, Syk, and NADPH oxidase. These results illustrate the complexity of myeloid C-type lectin receptor signaling, and how an activating hemITAM can also couple to intracellular inositol phosphatases to modulate selected functional responses and tightly regulate processes such as ROS production that could be deleterious to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Blanco-Menéndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III" (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III" (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Sandra Fernandes
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Proteomic Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Conde-Garrosa
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III" (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - William G Kerr
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Pediatrics Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Chemistry Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III" (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
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20
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Abstract
Most biological activities of antibodies depend on their ability to engage Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcRs) on a variety of cell types. As FcRs can trigger positive and negative signals, as these signals control several biological activities in individual cells, as FcRs are expressed by many cells of hematopoietic origin, mostly of the myeloid lineage, as these cells express various combinations of FcRs, and as FcR-expressing cells have different functional repertoires, antibodies can exert a wide spectrum of biological activities. Like B and T Cell Receptors (BCRs and TCRs), FcRs are bona fide immunoreceptors. Unlike BCRs and TCRs, however, FcRs are immunoreceptors with an adaptive specificity for antigen, with an adaptive affinity for antibodies, with an adaptive structure and with an adaptive signaling. They induce adaptive biological responses that depend on their tissue distribution and on FcR-expressing cells that are selected locally by antibodies. They critically determine health and disease. They are thus exquisitely adaptive therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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22
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide signalling molecules interact with a plethora of effector proteins to regulate cell proliferation and survival, vesicular trafficking, metabolism, actin dynamics and many other cellular functions. The generation of specific phosphoinositide species is achieved by the activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate, respectively, the inositol headgroup of phosphoinositide molecules. The phosphoinositide phosphatases can be classified as 3-, 4- and 5-phosphatases based on their specificity for dephosphorylating phosphates from specific positions on the inositol head group. The SAC phosphatases show less specificity for the position of the phosphate on the inositol ring. The phosphoinositide phosphatases regulate PI3K/Akt signalling, insulin signalling, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Mouse knockout models of several of the phosphoinositide phosphatases have revealed significant physiological roles for these enzymes, including the regulation of embryonic development, fertility, neurological function, the immune system and insulin sensitivity. Importantly, several phosphoinositide phosphatases have been directly associated with a range of human diseases. Genetic mutations in the 5-phosphatase INPP5E are causative of the ciliopathy syndromes Joubert and MORM, and mutations in the 5-phosphatase OCRL result in Lowe's syndrome and Dent 2 disease. Additionally, polymorphisms in the 5-phosphatase SHIP2 confer diabetes susceptibility in specific populations, whereas reduced protein expression of SHIP1 is reported in several human leukaemias. The 4-phosphatase, INPP4B, has recently been identified as a tumour suppressor in human breast and prostate cancer. Mutations in one SAC phosphatase, SAC3/FIG4, results in the degenerative neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Indeed, an understanding of the precise functions of phosphoinositide phosphatases is not only important in the context of normal human physiology, but to reveal the mechanisms by which these enzyme families are implicated in an increasing repertoire of human diseases.
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23
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Karagiannis P, Gilbert AE, Josephs DH, Ali N, Dodev T, Saul L, Correa I, Roberts L, Beddowes E, Koers A, Hobbs C, Ferreira S, Geh JL, Healy C, Harries M, Acland KM, Blower PJ, Mitchell T, Fear DJ, Spicer JF, Lacy KE, Nestle FO, Karagiannis SN. IgG4 subclass antibodies impair antitumor immunity in melanoma. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1457-74. [PMID: 23454746 PMCID: PMC3613918 DOI: 10.1172/jci65579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-induced antibodies and their contributions to cancer inflammation are largely unexplored. IgG4 subclass antibodies are present in IL-10-driven Th2 immune responses in some inflammatory conditions. Since Th2-biased inflammation is a hallmark of tumor microenvironments, we investigated the presence and functional implications of IgG4 in malignant melanoma. Consistent with Th2 inflammation, CD22+ B cells and IgG4(+)-infiltrating cells accumulated in tumors, and IL-10, IL-4, and tumor-reactive IgG4 were expressed in situ. When compared with B cells from patient lymph nodes and blood, tumor-associated B cells were polarized to produce IgG4. Secreted B cells increased VEGF and IgG4, and tumor cells enhanced IL-10 secretion in cocultures. Unlike IgG1, an engineered tumor antigen-specific IgG4 was ineffective in triggering effector cell-mediated tumor killing in vitro. Antigen-specific and nonspecific IgG4 inhibited IgG1-mediated tumoricidal functions. IgG4 blockade was mediated through reduction of FcγRI activation. Additionally, IgG4 significantly impaired the potency of tumoricidal IgG1 in a human melanoma xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, serum IgG4 was inversely correlated with patient survival. These findings suggest that IgG4 promoted by tumor-induced Th2-biased inflammation may restrict effector cell functions against tumors, providing a previously unexplored aspect of tumor-induced immune escape and a basis for biomarker development and patient-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Karagiannis
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Gilbert
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debra H. Josephs
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niwa Ali
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tihomir Dodev
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Saul
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Correa
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Roberts
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Beddowes
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Koers
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Hobbs
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Ferreira
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L.C. Geh
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Healy
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harries
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Acland
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Blower
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Mitchell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Fear
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Spicer
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E. Lacy
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank O. Nestle
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Skin Tumour Unit, St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London School of Medicine, St. Thomas’ Hospital, and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Academic Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Foster JG, Blunt MD, Carter E, Ward SG. Inhibition of PI3K signaling spurs new therapeutic opportunities in inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 64:1027-54. [PMID: 23023033 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/protein kinase B (PI3K/mTOR/Akt) signaling pathway is central to a plethora of cellular mechanisms in a wide variety of cells including leukocytes. Perturbation of this signaling cascade is implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as hematological malignancies. Proteins within the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. There has been a remarkable evolution of PI3K inhibitors in the past 20 years from the early chemical tool compounds to drugs that are showing promise as anticancer agents in clinical trials. The use of animal models and pharmacological tools has expanded our knowledge about the contribution of individual class I PI3K isoforms to immune cell function. In addition, class II and III PI3K isoforms are emerging as nonredundant regulators of immune cell signaling revealing potentially novel targets for disease treatment. Further complexity is added to the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway by a number of novel signaling inputs and feedback mechanisms. These can present either caveats or opportunities for novel drug targets. Here, we consider recent advances in 1) our understanding of the contribution of individual PI3K isoforms to immune cell function and their relevance to inflammatory/autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoma and 2) development of small molecules with which to inhibit the PI3K pathway. We also consider whether manipulating other proximal elements of the PI3K signaling cascade (such as class II and III PI3Ks or lipid phosphatases) are likely to be successful in fighting off different immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Foster
- Inflammatory Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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25
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Huber M. Activation/Inhibition of mast cells by supra-optimal antigen concentrations. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:7. [PMID: 23339289 PMCID: PMC3598417 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue resident cells of hemopoietic origin and are critically involved in allergic diseases. MCs bind IgE by means of their high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). The FcεRI belongs to a family of multi-chain immune recognition receptors and is activated by cross-linking in response to multivalent antigens (Ags)/allergens. Activation of the FcεRI results in immediate release of preformed granular substances (e.g. histamine, heparin, and proteases), generation of arachidonic acid metabolites, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The FcεRI shows a remarkable, bell-shaped dose-response behavior with weak induction of effector responses at both low and high (so-called supra-optimal) Ag concentrations. This is significantly different from many other receptors, which reach a plateau phase in response to high ligand concentrations. To explain this unusual dose-response behavior of the FcεRI, scientists in the past have drawn parallels to so-called precipitin curves resulting from titration of Ag against a fixed concentration of antibody (Ab) in solution (a.k.a. Heidelberger curves). Thus, for high, supra-optimal Ag concentrations one could assume that every IgE-bound FcεRI formed a monovalent complex with “its own Ag”, thus resulting in marginal induction of effector functions due to absence of receptor cross-linking. However, this was never proven to be the case. More recently, careful studies of FcεRI activation and signaling events in MCs in response to supra-optimal Ag concentrations have suggested a molecular explanation for the descending part of this bell-shaped curve. It is obvious now that extensive FcεRI/IgE/Ag clusters are formed and inhibitory molecules and signalosomes are engaged in response to supra-optimal cross-linking (amongst them the Src family kinase Lyn and the inositol-5′-phosphatase SHIP1) and they actively down-regulate MC effector responses. Thus, the analysis of MC signaling triggered by supra-optimal crosslinking holds great potential for identifying novel targets for pharmacologic therapeutic intervention to benefit patients with acute and chronic allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr, 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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26
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Blunt MD, Ward SG. Pharmacological targeting of phosphoinositide lipid kinases and phosphatases in the immune system: success, disappointment, and new opportunities. Front Immunol 2012; 3:226. [PMID: 22876243 PMCID: PMC3410520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant expression of the γ and δ isoforms of PI3K in cells of hematopoietic lineage prompted speculation that inhibitors of these isoforms could offer opportunities for selective targeting of PI3K in the immune system in a range of immune-related pathologies. While there has been some success in developing PI3Kδ inhibitors, progress in developing selective inhibitors of PI3Kγ has been rather disappointing. This has prompted the search for alternative targets with which to modulate PI3K signaling specifically in the immune system. One such target is the SH2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) which de-phosphorylates PI(3,4,5)P3 at the D5 position of the inositol ring to create PI(3,4)P2. In this article, we first describe the current state of PI3K isoform-selective inhibitor development. We then focus on the structure of SHIP-1 and its function in the immune system. Finally, we consider the current state of development of small molecule compounds that potently and selectively modulate SHIP activity and which offer novel opportunities to manipulate PI3K mediated signaling in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Blunt
- Inflammatory Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath Bath, UK
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27
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Mouse background and IVIG dosage are critical in establishing the role of inhibitory Fcγ receptor for the amelioration of experimental ITP. Blood 2012; 119:5261-4. [PMID: 22508937 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-415695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A recognized paradigm for the therapeutic action of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) involves up-regulation of the inhibitory Fcγ receptor (FcγRIIB) in splenic macrophages. However, published data have indicated that opposing results are obtained when using FcγRIIB-deficient mice on different strain backgrounds. Herein we show BALB/c FcγRIIB(-/-) and wild-type, with or without spleens, all recover ITP with similar dynamics after IVIG (1 g/kg) treatment; however, this was not the case for C57BL/6 (B6) FcγRIIB(-/-). In investigating this conundrum, we found that wild-type B6 mice are much less sensitive than BALB/c to IVIG-mediated amelioration of ITP, requiring approximately 2- to 2.5-fold more IVIG than BALB/c. When using 2.5 g/kg IVIG in FcγRIIB(-/-) B6 mice, amelioration of ITP was as in wild-type in all animals. Our findings led us to the conclusion that different strains of mice respond differently to IVIG and that FcγRIIB plays no role in the mechanism of effect of IVIG in experimental ITP.
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28
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Flannagan RS, Jaumouillé V, Grinstein S. The Cell Biology of Phagocytosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 7:61-98. [PMID: 21910624 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S. Flannagan
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada;
| | - Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada;
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada;
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29
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Dyson JM, Fedele CG, Davies EM, Becanovic J, Mitchell CA. Phosphoinositide phosphatases: just as important as the kinases. Subcell Biochem 2012; 58:215-279. [PMID: 22403078 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3012-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide phosphatases comprise several large enzyme families with over 35 mammalian enzymes identified to date that degrade many phosphoinositide signals. Growth factor or insulin stimulation activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase that phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] to form phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)], which is rapidly dephosphorylated either by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) to PtdIns(4,5)P(2), or by the 5-phosphatases (inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases), generating PtdIns(3,4)P(2). 5-phosphatases also hydrolyze PtdIns(4,5)P(2) forming PtdIns(4)P. Ten mammalian 5-phosphatases have been identified, which regulate hematopoietic cell proliferation, synaptic vesicle recycling, insulin signaling, and embryonic development. Two 5-phosphatase genes, OCRL and INPP5E are mutated in Lowe and Joubert syndrome respectively. SHIP [SH2 (Src homology 2)-domain inositol phosphatase] 2, and SKIP (skeletal muscle- and kidney-enriched inositol phosphatase) negatively regulate insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. SHIP2 polymorphisms are associated with a predisposition to insulin resistance. SHIP1 controls hematopoietic cell proliferation and is mutated in some leukemias. The inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatases, INPP4A and INPP4B degrade PtdIns(3,4)P(2) to PtdIns(3)P and regulate neuroexcitatory cell death, or act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer respectively. The Sac phosphatases degrade multiple phosphoinositides, such as PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P and PtdIns(3,5)P(2) to form PtdIns. Mutation in the Sac phosphatase gene, FIG4, leads to a degenerative neuropathy. Therefore the phosphatases, like the lipid kinases, play major roles in regulating cellular functions and their mutation or altered expression leads to many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, 3800, Clayton, Australia
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30
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Mukherjee O, Weingarten L, Padberg I, Pracht C, Sinha R, Hochdörfer T, Kuppig S, Backofen R, Reth M, Huber M. The SH2-domain of SHIP1 interacts with the SHIP1 C-terminus: impact on SHIP1/Ig-α interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:206-14. [PMID: 22182704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase, SHIP1, negatively regulates signal transduction from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). The mode of coupling between SHIP1 and the BCR has not been elucidated so far. In comparison to wild-type cells, B cells expressing a mutant IgD- or IgM-BCR containing a C-terminally truncated Ig-α respond to pervanadate stimulation with markedly reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of SHIP1 and augmented activation of protein kinase B. This indicates that SHIP1 is capable of interacting with the C-terminus of Ig-α. Employing a system of fluorescence resonance energy transfer in S2 cells, we can clearly demonstrate interaction between the SH2-domain of SHIP1 and Ig-α. Furthermore, a fluorescently labeled SH2-domain of SHIP1 translocates to the plasma membrane in an Ig-α-dependent manner. Interestingly, whereas the SHIP1 SH2-domain can be pulled-down with phospho-peptides corresponding to the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of Ig-α from detergent lysates, no interaction between full-length SHIP1 and the phosphorylated Ig-α ITAM can be observed. Further studies show that the SH2-domain of SHIP1 can bind to the C-terminus of the SHIP1 molecule, most probably by inter- as well as intra-molecular means, and that this interaction regulates the association between different forms of SHIP1 and Ig-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrilla Mukherjee
- RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Park H, Ishihara D, Cox D. Regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:101-11. [PMID: 21356194 PMCID: PMC3114168 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages display a large variety of surface receptors that are critical for their normal cellular functions in host defense, including finding sites of infection (chemotaxis) and removing foreign particles (phagocytosis). However, inappropriate regulation of these processes can lead to human diseases. Many of these receptors utilize tyrosine phosphorylation cascades to initiate and terminate signals leading to cell migration and clearance of infection. Actin remodeling dominates these processes and many regulators have been identified. This review focuses on how tyrosine kinases and phosphatases regulate actin dynamics leading to macrophage chemotaxis and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Park
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Dan Ishihara
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Abstract
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) are used by multiple receptors to activate immune cells. However, ITAM-associated receptors can have paradoxically inhibitory effects, which have been implicated in regulation of inflammatory responses, but mechanisms of inhibitory signaling are poorly understood. New evidence shows that low avidity ligation of the ITAM-associated immunoglobulin A receptor FcαRI (transient engagement of small numbers of FcαRIs) results in translocation of FcαRI and the associated inhibitory Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) to membrane lipid rafts. Subsequent ligation of activating receptors results in their colocalization with FcαRI and SHP-1 and trafficking to an inhibitory intracellular compartment termed the inhibisome. Thus, ITAM suppressive signals subvert the activating function of rafts to promote incorporation of receptors into supramolecular domains where signaling molecules are deactivated by SHP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel B Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Harris SJ, Parry RV, Foster JG, Blunt MD, Wang A, Marelli-Berg F, Westwick J, Ward SG. Evidence That the Lipid Phosphatase SHIP-1 Regulates T Lymphocyte Morphology and Motility. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4936-45. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Peng Q, Malhotra S, Torchia JA, Kerr WG, Coggeshall KM, Humphrey MB. TREM2- and DAP12-dependent activation of PI3K requires DAP10 and is inhibited by SHIP1. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra38. [PMID: 20484116 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation and fusion of macrophages and of osteoclasts require the adaptor molecule DNAX-activating protein of 12 kD (DAP12), which contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) is the main DAP12-associated receptor in osteoclasts and, similar to DAP12 deficiency, loss of TREM2 in humans leads to Nasu-Hakola disease, which is characterized by bone cysts and dementia. Furthermore, in vitro experiments have shown that deficiency in DAP12 or TREM2 leads to impaired osteoclast development and the formation of mononuclear osteoclasts. Here, we demonstrate that the ligation of TREM2 activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2, and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3; induced the mobilization of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) and the reorganization of actin; and prevented apoptosis. The signaling adaptor molecule DAP10 played a key role in the TREM2- and DAP12-dependent recruitment of PI3K to the signaling complex. Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol phosphatase-1 (SHIP1) inhibited TREM2- and DAP12-induced signaling by binding to DAP12 in an SH2 domain-dependent manner and preventing the recruitment of PI3K to DAP12. These results demonstrate a previously uncharacterized interaction of SHIP1 with DAP12 that functionally limits TREM2- and DAP12-dependent signaling and identify a mechanism through which SHIP1 regulates key ITAM-containing receptors by directly blocking the binding and activation of PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Cady CT, Powell MS, Harbeck RJ, Giclas PC, Murphy JR, Katial RK, Weber RW, Hogarth PM, Johnson S, Bonvini E, Koenig S, Cambier JC. IgG antibodies produced during subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy mediate inhibition of basophil activation via a mechanism involving both FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIB. Immunol Lett 2010; 130:57-65. [PMID: 20004689 PMCID: PMC2849848 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of human subjects who receive subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (IT) develop decreased sensitivity to their allergens. Multiple factors may explain the efficacy of IT, some evidence support a role for allergen specific IgG antibodies. There is controversy whether such antibodies act by blocking allergen binding to IgE or initiation of active inhibitory signaling through low affinity IgG receptors (FcgammaRIIB) on mast cells and basophils. In this study, we addressed this question using peripheral blood from cat non-allergic, cat allergic, and immunotherapy-treated cat allergic subjects. Blood from subjects who received IT contain IgG antibodies that mediate inhibition of basophil activation by a mechanism that is blocked by antibodies specific for the inhibitory IgG receptor FcgammaRIIB. Surprisingly, inhibition was also blocked by aglycosylated, putatively non-FcR binding, antibodies that are specific for the FcgammaRIIA, suggesting a contribution of this receptor to the observed effect. Consistent with a cooperative effect, ex vivo basophils were found to express both IgG receptors. In other studies we found that basophils from subjects who were both chronically exposed to allergen and were producing both cat allergen specific IgE and IgG, are hyporesponsive to allergen. These studies confirm that IgG antibodies produced during IT act primarily by stimulation of inhibitory signaling, and suggest that FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIB function cooperatively in activation of inhibitory signaling circuit. We suggest that under normal physiologic conditions in which only a small proportion of FcepsilonRI are occupied by IgE of a single allergen specificity, FcgammaRIIA co-aggregation may, by providing activated Lyn, be required to fuel activation of inhibitory FcgammaRIIB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol T Cady
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
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36
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IL-6 increases B-cell IgG production in a feed-forward proinflammatory mechanism to skew hematopoiesis and elevate myeloid production. Blood 2010; 115:4699-706. [PMID: 20351305 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-230631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP(-/-)) animals display an age-related increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6), a decrease in B lymphopoiesis, and an elevation in myelopoiesis. We investigated the origin of the IL-6 production and show that it is largely produced by peritoneal and splenic macrophages. IL-6 production by these macrophages is not a direct result of the loss of SHIP: IL-6 production is not spontaneous, is absent from bone marrow-derived macrophages, declines with prolonged culture of macrophages, and requires a stimulus present in vivo. The IL-6-rich peritoneal cavity of SHIP(-/-) mice shows more than 700-fold more immunoglobulin G (IgG) than wild-type, approximately 20% of which is aggregated or in an immune complex and contains B220(+) cells that secrete IgG. The SHIP-deficient peritoneal macrophages show evidence of IgG receptor stimulation. Animals lacking both the signal-transducing gamma-chain of IgG receptors and SHIP or Ig and SHIP produce less IL-6. The data indicate a feed-forward process in which peripheral macrophages, responding through IgG receptors to secreted IgG, produce IL-6, to support further B-cell production of IgG. Because of the proinflammatory phenotype of SHIP(-/-) animals, these findings emphasize the importance of IL-6-neutralizing strategies in autoimmune and proinflammatory diseases.
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Parry RV, Harris SJ, Ward SG. Fine tuning T lymphocytes: A role for the lipid phosphatase SHIP-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:592-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Covert J, Mathison AJ, Eskra L, Banai M, Splitter G. Brucella melitensis, B. neotomae and B. ovis elicit common and distinctive macrophage defense transcriptional responses. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1450-67. [PMID: 19934366 DOI: 10.3181/0904-rm-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. establish an intracellular replicative niche in macrophages, while macrophages attempt to eliminate the bacteria by innate defense mechanisms. Brucella spp. possess similar genomes yet exhibit different macrophage infections. Few B. melitensis and B. neotomae enter macrophages with intracellular adaptation occurring over 4-8 hr. Conversely, B. ovis are readily ingested by macrophages and exhibit a persistent plateau of infection. Evaluating early macrophage interaction with Brucella spp. allows discovery of host entry and intracellular translocation mechanisms. Microarray analysis of macrophage transcriptional response following a 4 hr infection by different Brucella spp. revealed common macrophage genes altered in expression compared to uninfected macrophages. Macrophage infection with three different Brucella spp. provokes a common innate immune theme with increased transcript levels of chemokines and defense response genes and decreased transcript levels of GTPase signaling and cytoskeletal function that may affect trafficking of Brucella containing vesicles. For example, transcript levels of genes associated with chemotaxis (IL-1beta, MIP-1alpha), cytokine regulation (Socs3) and defense (Fas, Tnf) were increased, while transcript levels of genes associated with vesicular trafficking (Rab3d) and lysosomal associated enzymes (prosaposin) were decreased. Genes with altered macrophage transcript levels among Brucella spp. infections may correlate with species specific host defenses and intracellular survival strategies. Depending on the infecting Brucella species, gene ontology categorization identified genes differentially involved in cell growth and maintenance, endopeptidase inhibitor activity and G-protein mediated signaling. Examples of decreased gene expression in B. melitensis infection but not other Brucella spp. were growth arrest (Gas2), immunoglobulin receptor (FcgammarI) and chemokine receptor (Cxcr4) genes, suggesting opposing effects on intracellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Covert
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Specific role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110alpha in the regulation of phagocytosis and pinocytosis in macrophages. Biochem J 2009; 423:99-108. [PMID: 19604150 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) alpha has been implicated in phagocytosis and fluid-phase pinocytosis in macrophages. The subtype-specific role of PI3K in these processes is poorly understood. To elucidate this issue, we made Raw 264.7 cells (a mouse leukaemic monocyte-macrophage cell line) deficient in each of the class-I PI3K catalytic subunits: p110alpha, p110beta, p110delta and p110gamma. Among these cells, only the p110alpha-deficient cells exhibited lower phagocytosis of opsonized and non-opsonized zymosan. The p110alpha-deficient cells also showed the impaired phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes and the impaired fluid-phase pinocytosis of dextran (molecular mass of 40 kDa). Receptor-mediated pinocytosis of DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate)-labelled acetylated low-density lipoprotein and fluid-phase pinocytosis of Lucifer Yellow (molecular mass of 500 Da) were resistant to p110alpha depletion. None of these processes were impaired in cells lacking p110beta, p110delta or p110gamma, but were susceptible to a pan-PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. In cells deficient in the enzymes catalysing PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 breakdown [PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) or SHIP-1 (Src-homology-2-domain-containing inositol phosphatase-1)], uptake of IgG-opsonized particles was enhanced. These results indicated that phagocytosis and fluid-phase pinocytosis of larger molecules are dependent on the lipid kinase activity of p110alpha, whereas pinocytosis via clathrin-coated and small non-coated vesicles may depend on subtypes of PI3Ks other than class I.
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40
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Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta are targeted by miR-155 in B cells of Emicro-MiR-155 transgenic mice. Blood 2009. [PMID: 19520806 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009- 05-220814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed that Emicro-MiR-155 transgenic mice develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma. Most of these leukemias start at approximately 9 months irrespective of the mouse strain. They are preceded by a polyclonal pre-B-cell proliferation, have variable clinical presentation, are transplantable, and develop oligo/monoclonal expansion. In this study, we show that in these transgenic mice the B-cell precursors have the highest MiR-155 transgene expression and are at the origin of the leukemias. We determine that Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), 2 important regulators of the interleukin-6 signaling pathway, are direct targets of MiR-155 and become gradually more down-regulated in the leukemic than in the preleukemic mice. We hypothesize that miR-155, by down-modulating Ship and C/EBPbeta, initiates a chain of events that leads to the accumulation of large pre-B cells and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma.
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41
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Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta are targeted by miR-155 in B cells of Emicro-MiR-155 transgenic mice. Blood 2009; 114:1374-82. [PMID: 19520806 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-220814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that Emicro-MiR-155 transgenic mice develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma. Most of these leukemias start at approximately 9 months irrespective of the mouse strain. They are preceded by a polyclonal pre-B-cell proliferation, have variable clinical presentation, are transplantable, and develop oligo/monoclonal expansion. In this study, we show that in these transgenic mice the B-cell precursors have the highest MiR-155 transgene expression and are at the origin of the leukemias. We determine that Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), 2 important regulators of the interleukin-6 signaling pathway, are direct targets of MiR-155 and become gradually more down-regulated in the leukemic than in the preleukemic mice. We hypothesize that miR-155, by down-modulating Ship and C/EBPbeta, initiates a chain of events that leads to the accumulation of large pre-B cells and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma.
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42
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Leung WH, Tarasenko T, Bolland S. Differential roles for the inositol phosphatase SHIP in the regulation of macrophages and lymphocytes. Immunol Res 2009; 43:243-51. [PMID: 18989630 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The SH2 domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase (SHIP) negatively regulates antigen, cytokine, and Fc receptor signaling pathways in immune cells. Our knowledge of the function of SHIP largely derives from in vitro studies that utilized SHIP-deficient cell lines and immune cells isolated from SHIP null mice. To avoid the pleiotropic effects observed in mice with germline deletion of SHIP, we have used the Cre-lox system to generate SHIP conditional knockout mice with deletion in specific immune cell populations. In this review we summarize our observations from mice with deletion of SHIP in lymphocyte and macrophage lineages and contrast them with earlier data gathered by the analysis of SHIP null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hang Leung
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn drive, Twinbrook 2, Room 217, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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43
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Cady CT, Rice JS, Ott VL, Cambier JC. Regulation of hematopoietic cell function by inhibitory immunoglobulin G receptors and their inositol lipid phosphatase effectors. Immunol Rev 2008; 224:44-57. [PMID: 18759919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous autoimmune and inflammatory disorders stem from the dysregulation of hematopoietic cell activation. The activity of inositol lipid and protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the receptors that recruit them, is critical for prevention of these disorders. Balanced signaling by inhibitory and activating receptors is now recognized to be an important factor in tuning cell function and inflammatory potential. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of membrane proximal events in signaling by inhibitory/regulatory receptors focusing on structural and functional characteristics of receptors and their effectors Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 and SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase-1. We review use of new strategies to identify novel regulatory receptors and effectors. Finally, we discuss complementary actions of paired inhibitory and activating receptors, using Fc gammaRIIA and Fc gammaRIIB regulation human basophil activation as a prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol T Cady
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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44
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Kamen LA, Levinsohn J, Cadwallader A, Tridandapani S, Swanson JA. SHIP-1 increases early oxidative burst and regulates phagosome maturation in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7497-505. [PMID: 18490750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 is generally thought to inhibit signaling for Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis, the product of its activity, phosphatidylinositol 3,4 bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P(2)), has been implicated in activation of the NADPH oxidase. This suggests that SHIP-1 positively regulates the generation of reactive oxygen species after phagocytosis. To examine how SHIP-1 activity contributes to Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis, we measured and compared phospholipid dynamics, membrane trafficking, and the oxidative burst in macrophages from SHIP-1-deficient and wild-type mice. SHIP-1-deficient macrophages showed significantly elevated ratios of PI(3,4,5)P(3) to PI(3,4)P(2) on phagosomal membranes. Imaging reactive oxygen intermediate activities in phagosomes revealed decreased early NADPH oxidase activity in SHIP-1-deficient macrophages. SHIP-1 deficiency also altered later stages of phagosome maturation, as indicated by the persistent elevation of PI(3)P and the early localization of Rab5a to phagosomes. These direct measurements of individual organelles indicate that phagosomal SHIP-1 enhances the early oxidative burst through localized alteration of the membrane 3'-phosphoinositide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Kamen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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45
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Kuroda S, Nishio M, Sasaki T, Horie Y, Kawahara K, Sasaki M, Natsui M, Matozaki T, Tezuka H, Ohteki T, Förster I, Mak TW, Nakano T, Suzuki A. Effective clearance of intracellular Leishmania major in vivo requires Pten in macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1331-40. [PMID: 18398930 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a major international public health problem, and macrophages are crucial for host resistance to this parasite. To determine if phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (Pten), a negative regulator of the PI3K pathway, plays a role in macrophage-mediated resistance to Leishmania, we generated C57BL/6 mice lacking Pten specifically in macrophages (LysMCrePten(flox/flox) mice). Examination of lesions resulting from Leishmania major infection showed that LysMCrePten(flox/flox) mice were more susceptible to the parasite than wild-type (WT) mice in the early phase of the infection, but were eventually able to eliminate the pathogen. In vitro Pten-deficient macrophages showed a reduced ability to kill parasites in response to IFN-gamma treatment, possibly because the mutant cells exhibited decreased TNF secretion that correlated with reductions in inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production. In response to various TLR ligands, Pten-deficient macrophages produced less TNF and IL-12 but more IL-10 than WT cells. However, analysis of cells in the lymph nodes draining L. major inoculation sites indicated that both LysMCrePten(flox/flox) and WT mice developed normal Th1 responses following L. major infection, in line with the ability of LysMCrePten(flox/flox) mice to eventually eliminate the parasite. Our results indicate that the efficient clearance of intracellular parasites requires Pten in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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46
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Steinberg BE, Grinstein S. Pathogen destruction versus intracellular survival: the role of lipids as phagosomal fate determinants. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2002-11. [PMID: 18523652 DOI: 10.1172/jci35433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key component of the innate immune response and of the clearance of apoptotic bodies. Phagosome formation and subsequent maturation require extensive cytoskeletal rearrangement and precisely choreographed vesicular fusion and fission events. The objectives of this review are to highlight the functional importance of lipids in the phagocytic process, to discuss how pathogenic microorganisms can in some cases manipulate host lipid metabolism to either co-opt or disrupt phagosome maturation and promote their own survival, and to describe how defective phagosomal lipid metabolism can result in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Steinberg
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Institute of Medical Science and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Pinheiro da Silva F, Aloulou M, Benhamou M, Monteiro RC. Inhibitory ITAMs: a matter of life and death. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:366-73. [PMID: 18602341 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The balance between activating and inhibitory signals is essential to control immune responses to microorganisms. Innate and adaptive immune responses are regulated by receptors that signal through either an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) or an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). When clustered, these motifs are, respectively, responsible for activating and inhibitory signals. Recently, the concept of inhibitory ITAM (ITAM(i)) has emerged as a new means to negatively control the immune response. In this Opinion, we will discuss the ability of Escherichia coli to evade the immune system by eliciting ITAM(i) function through FcgammaRIII (CD16) on phagocytes leading to uncontrolled systemic infection and sepsis. Elucidating such mechanisms will open opportunities for specific therapeutic manipulation of ITAM(i)-based signaling pathways.
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48
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Canetti C, Serezani CH, Atrasz RG, White ES, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Activation of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 mediates the inhibition of FcgammaR phagocytosis by prostaglandin E2 in alveolar macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8350-6. [PMID: 18056380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 has important inhibitory effects on the macrophage host defense functions of phagocytosis and killing, yet the molecular mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. PGE2 causes an elevation of cAMP in alveolar macrophages (AMs), which in turn activates the cAMP effector targets, protein kinase A and the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac)-1. We now report that FcgammaR-induced PI3K/Akt and ERK-1/2 activation are inhibited by PGE2 in AMs. By specifically inhibiting the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in AMs, we attenuated the inhibitory effects of both PGE2 and a specific Epac-1 agonist (8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP) on FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis and Akt/ERK-1/2 activation; PTEN inhibition also decreased PGE2-induced suppression of bacterial killing by AMs. Moreover, PGE2 and the Epac-1 agonist induced an increase in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity, and this was associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation on PTEN-a mechanism known to regulate PTEN activity. Using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrated a role for Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 in the PGE2-induced tyrosine dephosphorylation of PTEN. Collectively, these data reveal that PGE2, via Epac-1 activation, enhances SHP-1 activity, resulting in increased PTEN activity. We suggest that this mechanism contributes to the ability of PGE2 to inhibit PI3K-dependent innate immune signaling in primary macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Canetti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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49
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Horan KA, Watanabe KI, Kong AM, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Sasaki T, Mitchell CA. Regulation of FcγR-stimulated phagocytosis by the 72-kDa inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase: SHIP1, but not the 72-kDa 5-phosphatase, regulates complement receptor 3–mediated phagocytosis by differential recruitment of these 5-phosphatases to the phagocytic cup. Blood 2007; 110:4480-91. [PMID: 17682126 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-073874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages phagocytose particles to resolve infections and remove apoptotic cells. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase generates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] is restricted to the phagocytic cup, promoting phagocytosis. The PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase (5-ptase) Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) inhibits phagocytosis. We report here that another PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-5-ptase, the 72-kDa-5-phosphatase (72-5ptase), inhibits Fcγ receptor (FcγR)– but not complement receptor 3 (CR3)–mediated phagocytosis, affecting pseudopod extension and phagosome closure. In contrast, SHIP1 inhibited FcγR and CR3 phagocytosis with greater effects on CR3-stimulated phagocytosis. The 72-5ptase and SHIP1 were both dynamically recruited to FcγR-stimulated phagocytic cups, but only SHIP1 was recruited to CR3-stimulated phagocytic cups. To determine whether 5-ptases focally degrade PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the phagocytic cup after specific stimuli, time-lapse imaging of specific biosensors was performed. Transfection of dominant-negative 72-5ptase or 72-5ptase small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in amplified and prolonged PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the phagocytic cup in response to FcγR- but not CR3-stimulation. In contrast, macrophages from Ship1−/−/AktPH-GFP transgenic mice exhibited increased and sustained PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the cup in response to CR3 activation, with minimal changes to FcγR activation. Therefore, 72-5ptase and SHIP1 exhibit specificity in regulating FcγR- versus CR3-stimulated phagocytosis by controlling the amplitude and duration of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the phagocytic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Horan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important component of innate and adaptive immunity. The formation of phagosomes and the subsequent maturation that capacitates them for pathogen elimination and antigen presentation are complex processes that involve signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and membrane remodeling. Lipids are increasingly appreciated to play a crucial role in these events. Sphingolipids, cholesterol, and glycerophospholipids, notably the phosphoinositides, are required for the segregation of signaling microdomains and for the generation of second messengers. They are also instrumental in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and in directing membrane traffic. They accomplish these feats by congregating into liquid-ordered domains, by generating active metabolites that activate receptors, and by recruiting and anchoring specific protein ligands to the membrane, often altering their conformation and catalytic activity. A less appreciated role of acidic phospholipids is their contribution to the negative surface charge of the inner leaflet of the plasmalemma. The unique negativity of the inner aspect of the plasma membrane serves to attract and anchor key signaling and effector molecules that are required to initiate phagosome formation. Conversely, the loss of charge that accompanies phospholipid metabolism as phagosomes seal facilitates the dissociation of proteins and the termination of signaling and cytoskeleton assembly. In this manner, lipids provide a binary electrostatic switch to control phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Yeung
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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